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Hey everyone, many of you know that in

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Hey everyone, many of you know that in
 

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Hey everyone, many of you know that in
between debunking science denying

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between debunking science denying
 

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between debunking science denying
charlatans, I like to highlight new and

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charlatans, I like to highlight new and
 

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charlatans, I like to highlight new and
innovative research being done by the

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innovative research being done by the
 

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innovative research being done by the
scientific community. You may have seen

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scientific community. You may have seen
 

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scientific community. You may have seen
headlines regarding a synthetic cell

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headlines regarding a synthetic cell
 

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headlines regarding a synthetic cell
named Spud cell. What's that all about?

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named Spud cell. What's that all about?
 

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named Spud cell. What's that all about?
Let's go over some information and then

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Let's go over some information and then
 

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Let's go over some information and then
chat with the scientist behind it all.

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chat with the scientist behind it all.
 

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chat with the scientist behind it all.
Kate Adamala is a synthetic biologist

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Kate Adamala is a synthetic biologist
 

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Kate Adamala is a synthetic biologist
working at the University of Minnesota.

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working at the University of Minnesota.
 

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working at the University of Minnesota.
For anyone who is unfamiliar with this

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For anyone who is unfamiliar with this
 

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For anyone who is unfamiliar with this
field, it essentially entails using

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field, it essentially entails using
 

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field, it essentially entails using
modern knowledge in a variety of

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modern knowledge in a variety of
 

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modern knowledge in a variety of
scientific fields in order to physically

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scientific fields in order to physically
 

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scientific fields in order to physically
construct biological systems from an

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construct biological systems from an
 

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construct biological systems from an
engineering perspective. This could mean

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engineering perspective. This could mean
 

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engineering perspective. This could mean
redesigning existing organisms or even

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redesigning existing organisms or even
 

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redesigning existing organisms or even
creating totally new systems completely

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creating totally new systems completely
 

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creating totally new systems completely
from scratch. It's an incredibly bold

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from scratch. It's an incredibly bold
 

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from scratch. It's an incredibly bold
field which promises a wide variety of

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field which promises a wide variety of
 

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field which promises a wide variety of
potential applications. Most obviously,

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potential applications. Most obviously,
 

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potential applications. Most obviously,
this includes the capacity for

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this includes the capacity for
 

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this includes the capacity for
engineered microorganisms to synthesize

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engineered microorganisms to synthesize
 

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engineered microorganisms to synthesize
useful compounds such as life-saving

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useful compounds such as life-saving
 

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useful compounds such as life-saving
drugs, biofuels, plastics, and more, all

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drugs, biofuels, plastics, and more, all
 

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drugs, biofuels, plastics, and more, all
in eco-friendly sustainable manner. In

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in eco-friendly sustainable manner. In
 

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in eco-friendly sustainable manner. In
fact, we have highlighted research in

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fact, we have highlighted research in
 

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fact, we have highlighted research in
this area in other content when

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this area in other content when
 

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this area in other content when
discussing genetically modified

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discussing genetically modified
 

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discussing genetically modified
microorganisms that can express a

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microorganisms that can express a
 

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microorganisms that can express a
desired set of enzymes which allow them

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desired set of enzymes which allow them
 

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desired set of enzymes which allow them
to synthesize certain materials in as

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to synthesize certain materials in as
 

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to synthesize certain materials in as
straightforward a manner as brewing

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straightforward a manner as brewing
 

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straightforward a manner as brewing
beer. But beyond these applications, the

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beer. But beyond these applications, the
 

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beer. But beyond these applications, the
field inevitably brushes up against

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field inevitably brushes up against
 

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field inevitably brushes up against
territory of a philosophical nature,

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territory of a philosophical nature,
 

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territory of a philosophical nature,
given that one of the stated goals of

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given that one of the stated goals of
 

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given that one of the stated goals of
the field involves creating life from

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the field involves creating life from
 

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the field involves creating life from
non-living materials. In other words,

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non-living materials. In other words,
 

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non-living materials. In other words,
life from non-life. Given my extensive

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life from non-life. Given my extensive
 

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life from non-life. Given my extensive
efforts combating anti-science

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efforts combating anti-science
 

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efforts combating anti-science
propaganda surrounding origin of life

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propaganda surrounding origin of life
 

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propaganda surrounding origin of life
research, it's worth noting that

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research, it's worth noting that
 

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research, it's worth noting that
synthetic biology has only some overlap

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synthetic biology has only some overlap
 

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synthetic biology has only some overlap
with the notion of abiogenesis. Methods

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with the notion of abiogenesis. Methods
 

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with the notion of abiogenesis. Methods
that can be devised to synthesize life

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that can be devised to synthesize life
 

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that can be devised to synthesize life
in a modern lab, as remarkable as they

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in a modern lab, as remarkable as they
 

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in a modern lab, as remarkable as they
may be, are very unlikely to bear any

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may be, are very unlikely to bear any
 

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may be, are very unlikely to bear any
resemblance to the processes by which

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resemblance to the processes by which
 

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resemblance to the processes by which
life initially evolved on Earth several

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life initially evolved on Earth several
 

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life initially evolved on Earth several
billion years ago. And those are the

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billion years ago. And those are the
 

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billion years ago. And those are the
specific processes that origin of life

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specific processes that origin of life
 

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specific processes that origin of life
researchers are hunting for. It's a

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researchers are hunting for. It's a
 

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researchers are hunting for. It's a
question of what is possible versus what

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question of what is possible versus what
 

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question of what is possible versus what
specifically happened. Nevertheless,

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specifically happened. Nevertheless,
 

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specifically happened. Nevertheless,
illustrating a variety of potentiality

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illustrating a variety of potentiality
 

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illustrating a variety of potentiality
for the assembly of a living cell does

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for the assembly of a living cell does
 

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for the assembly of a living cell does
help us better understand the

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help us better understand the
 

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help us better understand the
possibilities that are available to

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possibilities that are available to
 

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possibilities that are available to
natural systems and which ones are more

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natural systems and which ones are more
 

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natural systems and which ones are more
probable than others. So, what is this

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probable than others. So, what is this
 

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probable than others. So, what is this
so-called spud cell? In short, it's some

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so-called spud cell? In short, it's some
 

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so-called spud cell? In short, it's some
water enclosed in a fatty membrane that

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water enclosed in a fatty membrane that
 

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water enclosed in a fatty membrane that
is filled with DNA and other cellular

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is filled with DNA and other cellular
 

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is filled with DNA and other cellular
components, which is capable of growth

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components, which is capable of growth
 

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components, which is capable of growth
and cell division. Not quite to the

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and cell division. Not quite to the
 

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and cell division. Not quite to the
degree of an actual living cell, but it

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degree of an actual living cell, but it
 

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degree of an actual living cell, but it
exhibits select behaviors that are of

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exhibits select behaviors that are of
 

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exhibits select behaviors that are of
the nature of a living cell. So, we

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the nature of a living cell. So, we
 

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the nature of a living cell. So, we
would not call it alive, but on a

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would not call it alive, but on a
 

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would not call it alive, but on a
physicochemical continuum that spans

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physicochemical continuum that spans
 

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physicochemical continuum that spans
from the completely inert to the

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from the completely inert to the
 

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from the completely inert to the
completely alive, it sits somewhere in

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completely alive, it sits somewhere in
 

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completely alive, it sits somewhere in
the middle and it is almost certainly

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the middle and it is almost certainly
 

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the middle and it is almost certainly
the closest we have come to building a

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the closest we have come to building a
 

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the closest we have come to building a
living cell from scratch. Other highly

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living cell from scratch. Other highly
 

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living cell from scratch. Other highly
publicized achievements in this field,

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publicized achievements in this field,
 

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publicized achievements in this field,
such as Craig Venter's synthetic

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such as Craig Venter's synthetic
 

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such as Craig Venter's synthetic
organisms, have involved designing and

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organisms, have involved designing and
 

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organisms, have involved designing and
synthesizing a novel million-base pair

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synthesizing a novel million-base pair
 

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synthesizing a novel million-base pair
genome from scratch and then

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genome from scratch and then
 

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genome from scratch and then
transfecting it into an existing

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transfecting it into an existing
 

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transfecting it into an existing
bacterial cell. So, the genome was

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bacterial cell. So, the genome was
 

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bacterial cell. So, the genome was
synthesized, resulting in a totally

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synthesized, resulting in a totally
 

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synthesized, resulting in a totally
novel organism that had never existed

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novel organism that had never existed
 

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novel organism that had never existed
before, but no other aspect of the

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before, but no other aspect of the
 

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before, but no other aspect of the
bacterium was synthesized. Demonstrating

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bacterium was synthesized. Demonstrating
 

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bacterium was synthesized. Demonstrating
that a living organism could be

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that a living organism could be
 

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that a living organism could be
sustained by synthetic genome was an

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sustained by synthetic genome was an
 

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sustained by synthetic genome was an
incredible milestone. Whereas, Kate's

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incredible milestone. Whereas, Kate's
 

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incredible milestone. Whereas, Kate's
spud cell appears to be a milestone of a

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spud cell appears to be a milestone of a
 

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spud cell appears to be a milestone of a
different nature. Spud cell is not a

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different nature. Spud cell is not a
 

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different nature. Spud cell is not a
pre-existing cell at all, but rather

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pre-existing cell at all, but rather
 

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pre-existing cell at all, but rather
involves droplets forming, fusing, and

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involves droplets forming, fusing, and
 

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involves droplets forming, fusing, and
replicating of their own accord. Cell

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replicating of their own accord. Cell
 

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replicating of their own accord. Cell
division is not reliable over many

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division is not reliable over many
 

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division is not reliable over many
generations, so the process is clearly

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generations, so the process is clearly
 

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generations, so the process is clearly
not as robust as what occurs in even the

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not as robust as what occurs in even the
 

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not as robust as what occurs in even the
simplest extant living cells. But, it is

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simplest extant living cells. But, it is
 

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simplest extant living cells. But, it is
a remarkable result that can be regarded

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a remarkable result that can be regarded
 

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a remarkable result that can be regarded
as a stepping stone towards a more

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as a stepping stone towards a more
 

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as a stepping stone towards a more
concretely viable fully synthetic

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concretely viable fully synthetic
 

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concretely viable fully synthetic
organism. Spud cell's genome consists of

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organism. Spud cell's genome consists of
 

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organism. Spud cell's genome consists of
only 36 genes taken from various

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only 36 genes taken from various
 

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only 36 genes taken from various
existing species across several domains,

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existing species across several domains,
 

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existing species across several domains,
making it much simpler than the simplest

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making it much simpler than the simplest
 

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making it much simpler than the simplest
bacterium. Some of these genes encode

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bacterium. Some of these genes encode
 

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bacterium. Some of these genes encode
molecular tags that present on the

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molecular tags that present on the
 

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molecular tags that present on the
surface of the droplet, kind of like

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surface of the droplet, kind of like
 

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surface of the droplet, kind of like
membrane surface proteins. Some of these

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membrane surface proteins. Some of these
 

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membrane surface proteins. Some of these
tags act as attachment points for feeder

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tags act as attachment points for feeder
 

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tags act as attachment points for feeder
vesicles or smaller liposomes that

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vesicles or smaller liposomes that
 

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vesicles or smaller liposomes that
contain enzymes and other crucial

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contain enzymes and other crucial
 

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contain enzymes and other crucial
molecules for the core droplet, which is

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molecules for the core droplet, which is
 

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molecules for the core droplet, which is
incapable of biosynthesizing its own

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incapable of biosynthesizing its own
 

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incapable of biosynthesizing its own
building blocks. Other tags bind to a

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building blocks. Other tags bind to a
 

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building blocks. Other tags bind to a
protein named streptavidin, which

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protein named streptavidin, which
 

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protein named streptavidin, which
creates enough repulsion among the

238
00:03:57,590 --> 00:03:57,600
creates enough repulsion among the
 

239
00:03:57,600 --> 00:04:00,070
creates enough repulsion among the
surface molecules to force cell division

240
00:04:00,070 --> 00:04:00,080
surface molecules to force cell division
 

241
00:04:00,080 --> 00:04:02,510
surface molecules to force cell division
in a crude and inefficient manner. One

242
00:04:02,510 --> 00:04:02,520
in a crude and inefficient manner. One
 

243
00:04:02,520 --> 00:04:04,590
in a crude and inefficient manner. One
obvious barrier to extended division and

244
00:04:04,590 --> 00:04:04,600
obvious barrier to extended division and
 

245
00:04:04,600 --> 00:04:06,670
obvious barrier to extended division and
replication involves the fidelity of

246
00:04:06,670 --> 00:04:06,680
replication involves the fidelity of
 

247
00:04:06,680 --> 00:04:08,910
replication involves the fidelity of
genome replication. Living cells have

248
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genome replication. Living cells have
 

249
00:04:08,920 --> 00:04:11,190
genome replication. Living cells have
systems in place to segregate replicated

250
00:04:11,190 --> 00:04:11,200
systems in place to segregate replicated
 

251
00:04:11,200 --> 00:04:13,550
systems in place to segregate replicated
chromosomes such that each new cell has

252
00:04:13,550 --> 00:04:13,560
chromosomes such that each new cell has
 

253
00:04:13,560 --> 00:04:15,670
chromosomes such that each new cell has
a full copy of the genome. Spud cell

254
00:04:15,670 --> 00:04:15,680
a full copy of the genome. Spud cell
 

255
00:04:15,680 --> 00:04:18,550
a full copy of the genome. Spud cell
can't do that, so only 30% of spud cells

256
00:04:18,550 --> 00:04:18,560
can't do that, so only 30% of spud cells
 

257
00:04:18,560 --> 00:04:20,349
can't do that, so only 30% of spud cells
carry the full genome after five

258
00:04:20,349 --> 00:04:20,359
carry the full genome after five
 

259
00:04:20,359 --> 00:04:22,350
carry the full genome after five
division cycles. But it remains the

260
00:04:22,350 --> 00:04:22,360
division cycles. But it remains the
 

261
00:04:22,360 --> 00:04:24,350
division cycles. But it remains the
first achievement of its precise kind,

262
00:04:24,350 --> 00:04:24,360
first achievement of its precise kind,
 

263
00:04:24,360 --> 00:04:26,190
first achievement of its precise kind,
the first instance in which a complete

264
00:04:26,190 --> 00:04:26,200
the first instance in which a complete
 

265
00:04:26,200 --> 00:04:28,430
the first instance in which a complete
cell cycle has been demonstrated by this

266
00:04:28,430 --> 00:04:28,440
cell cycle has been demonstrated by this
 

267
00:04:28,440 --> 00:04:30,230
cell cycle has been demonstrated by this
sort of bottom-up system, which is

268
00:04:30,230 --> 00:04:30,240
sort of bottom-up system, which is
 

269
00:04:30,240 --> 00:04:32,390
sort of bottom-up system, which is
totally unlike the more common top-down

270
00:04:32,390 --> 00:04:32,400
totally unlike the more common top-down
 

271
00:04:32,400 --> 00:04:34,750
totally unlike the more common top-down
approach of deconstructing an existing

272
00:04:34,750 --> 00:04:34,760
approach of deconstructing an existing
 

273
00:04:34,760 --> 00:04:37,030
approach of deconstructing an existing
microorganism. This means that the door

274
00:04:37,030 --> 00:04:37,040
microorganism. This means that the door
 

275
00:04:37,040 --> 00:04:38,950
microorganism. This means that the door
is wide open for iterative improvement

276
00:04:38,950 --> 00:04:38,960
is wide open for iterative improvement
 

277
00:04:38,960 --> 00:04:40,350
is wide open for iterative improvement
of this approach.

278
00:04:40,350 --> 00:04:40,360
of this approach.
 

279
00:04:40,360 --> 00:04:42,230
of this approach.
Kate's team's work on spud cell

280
00:04:42,230 --> 00:04:42,240
Kate's team's work on spud cell
 

281
00:04:42,240 --> 00:04:44,030
Kate's team's work on spud cell
currently exists in the form of a

282
00:04:44,030 --> 00:04:44,040
currently exists in the form of a
 

283
00:04:44,040 --> 00:04:46,790
currently exists in the form of a
preprint on bioRxiv and thus has not yet

284
00:04:46,790 --> 00:04:46,800
preprint on bioRxiv and thus has not yet
 

285
00:04:46,800 --> 00:04:48,150
preprint on bioRxiv and thus has not yet
been peer-reviewed or formally

286
00:04:48,150 --> 00:04:48,160
been peer-reviewed or formally
 

287
00:04:48,160 --> 00:04:50,510
been peer-reviewed or formally
published. It's nearly 200 pages with

288
00:04:50,510 --> 00:04:50,520
published. It's nearly 200 pages with
 

289
00:04:50,520 --> 00:04:52,390
published. It's nearly 200 pages with
all the data, so it's not a short read,

290
00:04:52,390 --> 00:04:52,400
all the data, so it's not a short read,
 

291
00:04:52,400 --> 00:04:54,110
all the data, so it's not a short read,
but it is linked below should anyone be

292
00:04:54,110 --> 00:04:54,120
but it is linked below should anyone be
 

293
00:04:54,120 --> 00:04:55,950
but it is linked below should anyone be
curious to get a closer look. And

294
00:04:55,950 --> 00:04:55,960
curious to get a closer look. And
 

295
00:04:55,960 --> 00:04:57,670
curious to get a closer look. And
indeed, the intention is to make all of

296
00:04:57,670 --> 00:04:57,680
indeed, the intention is to make all of
 

297
00:04:57,680 --> 00:04:59,710
indeed, the intention is to make all of
this methodology publicly available for

298
00:04:59,710 --> 00:04:59,720
this methodology publicly available for
 

299
00:04:59,720 --> 00:05:01,870
this methodology publicly available for
other groups to mimic. For our purposes

300
00:05:01,870 --> 00:05:01,880
other groups to mimic. For our purposes
 

301
00:05:01,880 --> 00:05:03,630
other groups to mimic. For our purposes
here, we can simply take a moment to

302
00:05:03,630 --> 00:05:03,640
here, we can simply take a moment to
 

303
00:05:03,640 --> 00:05:05,909
here, we can simply take a moment to
examine some of the key figures. Figure

304
00:05:05,909 --> 00:05:05,919
examine some of the key figures. Figure
 

305
00:05:05,919 --> 00:05:07,870
examine some of the key figures. Figure
one depicts the complete cell cycle that

306
00:05:07,870 --> 00:05:07,880
one depicts the complete cell cycle that
 

307
00:05:07,880 --> 00:05:09,909
one depicts the complete cell cycle that
was observed, including replication of

308
00:05:09,909 --> 00:05:09,919
was observed, including replication of
 

309
00:05:09,919 --> 00:05:11,909
was observed, including replication of
the multi-plasmid genome, gene

310
00:05:11,909 --> 00:05:11,919
the multi-plasmid genome, gene
 

311
00:05:11,919 --> 00:05:14,190
the multi-plasmid genome, gene
expression, nutrient uptake and waste

312
00:05:14,190 --> 00:05:14,200
expression, nutrient uptake and waste
 

313
00:05:14,200 --> 00:05:15,909
expression, nutrient uptake and waste
removal, as well as division and

314
00:05:15,909 --> 00:05:15,919
removal, as well as division and
 

315
00:05:15,919 --> 00:05:18,550
removal, as well as division and
selection. Figures three and four depict

316
00:05:18,550 --> 00:05:18,560
selection. Figures three and four depict
 

317
00:05:18,560 --> 00:05:20,550
selection. Figures three and four depict
five generations of the cell cycle and

318
00:05:20,550 --> 00:05:20,560
five generations of the cell cycle and
 

319
00:05:20,560 --> 00:05:22,590
five generations of the cell cycle and
selection in populations of synthetic

320
00:05:22,590 --> 00:05:22,600
selection in populations of synthetic
 

321
00:05:22,600 --> 00:05:24,590
selection in populations of synthetic
cells, respectively. But as this will

322
00:05:24,590 --> 00:05:24,600
cells, respectively. But as this will
 

323
00:05:24,600 --> 00:05:26,670
cells, respectively. But as this will
get quite esoteric very quickly, we will

324
00:05:26,670 --> 00:05:26,680
get quite esoteric very quickly, we will
 

325
00:05:26,680 --> 00:05:28,550
get quite esoteric very quickly, we will
do best to move along and speak with

326
00:05:28,550 --> 00:05:28,560
do best to move along and speak with
 

327
00:05:28,560 --> 00:05:30,590
do best to move along and speak with
Kate directly. Enjoy this conversation

328
00:05:30,590 --> 00:05:30,600
Kate directly. Enjoy this conversation
 

329
00:05:30,600 --> 00:05:32,550
Kate directly. Enjoy this conversation
now. Kate, thanks so much for joining

330
00:05:32,550 --> 00:05:32,560
now. Kate, thanks so much for joining
 

331
00:05:32,560 --> 00:05:34,070
now. Kate, thanks so much for joining
us. So, we're going to talk a little bit

332
00:05:34,070 --> 00:05:34,080
us. So, we're going to talk a little bit
 

333
00:05:34,080 --> 00:05:35,909
us. So, we're going to talk a little bit
about spud cell today, but maybe just to

334
00:05:35,909 --> 00:05:35,919
about spud cell today, but maybe just to
 

335
00:05:35,919 --> 00:05:37,830
about spud cell today, but maybe just to
start, can you tell us a little bit

336
00:05:37,830 --> 00:05:37,840
start, can you tell us a little bit
 

337
00:05:37,840 --> 00:05:39,790
start, can you tell us a little bit
about your background? How did you

338
00:05:39,790 --> 00:05:39,800
about your background? How did you
 

339
00:05:39,800 --> 00:05:42,350
about your background? How did you
arrive at this research interest that

340
00:05:42,350 --> 00:05:42,360
arrive at this research interest that
 

341
00:05:42,360 --> 00:05:44,190
arrive at this research interest that
you have currently?

342
00:05:44,190 --> 00:05:44,200
you have currently?
 

343
00:05:44,200 --> 00:05:45,990
you have currently?
>> Hi and hi everyone. Thanks for having

344
00:05:45,990 --> 00:05:46,000
>> Hi and hi everyone. Thanks for having
 

345
00:05:46,000 --> 00:05:49,630
>> Hi and hi everyone. Thanks for having
me. I I am a synthetic biologist, which

346
00:05:49,630 --> 00:05:49,640
me. I I am a synthetic biologist, which
 

347
00:05:49,640 --> 00:05:53,350
me. I I am a synthetic biologist, which
means I am interested in biology, but I

348
00:05:53,350 --> 00:05:53,360
means I am interested in biology, but I
 

349
00:05:53,360 --> 00:05:56,470
means I am interested in biology, but I
recognize the limitations of biology. I

350
00:05:56,470 --> 00:05:56,480
recognize the limitations of biology. I
 

351
00:05:56,480 --> 00:05:59,430
recognize the limitations of biology. I
I'm trained originally as a chemist.

352
00:05:59,430 --> 00:05:59,440
I'm trained originally as a chemist.
 

353
00:05:59,440 --> 00:06:01,630
I'm trained originally as a chemist.
And I really like to know where

354
00:06:01,630 --> 00:06:01,640
And I really like to know where
 

355
00:06:01,640 --> 00:06:03,790
And I really like to know where
molecules go when I work with something.

356
00:06:03,790 --> 00:06:03,800
molecules go when I work with something.
 

357
00:06:03,800 --> 00:06:06,750
molecules go when I work with something.
And then when I started learning

358
00:06:06,750 --> 00:06:06,760
And then when I started learning
 

359
00:06:06,760 --> 00:06:08,550
And then when I started learning
biology, I realized that biologists

360
00:06:08,550 --> 00:06:08,560
biology, I realized that biologists
 

361
00:06:08,560 --> 00:06:10,150
biology, I realized that biologists
don't really know where their molecules

362
00:06:10,150 --> 00:06:10,160
don't really know where their molecules
 

363
00:06:10,160 --> 00:06:11,270
don't really know where their molecules
go.

364
00:06:11,270 --> 00:06:11,280
go.
 

365
00:06:11,280 --> 00:06:13,710
go.
A natural cell is like a black box. We

366
00:06:13,710 --> 00:06:13,720
A natural cell is like a black box. We
 

367
00:06:13,720 --> 00:06:15,430
A natural cell is like a black box. We
don't have a full

368
00:06:15,430 --> 00:06:15,440
don't have a full
 

369
00:06:15,440 --> 00:06:17,630
don't have a full
chemical ingredient list. We don't have

370
00:06:17,630 --> 00:06:17,640
chemical ingredient list. We don't have
 

371
00:06:17,640 --> 00:06:19,550
chemical ingredient list. We don't have
full blueprints of it.

372
00:06:19,550 --> 00:06:19,560
full blueprints of it.
 

373
00:06:19,560 --> 00:06:20,830
full blueprints of it.
So,

374
00:06:20,830 --> 00:06:20,840
So,
 

375
00:06:20,840 --> 00:06:22,990
So,
I wanted to call myself a bioengineer,

376
00:06:22,990 --> 00:06:23,000
I wanted to call myself a bioengineer,
 

377
00:06:23,000 --> 00:06:25,270
I wanted to call myself a bioengineer,
but I really can't with a straight face

378
00:06:25,270 --> 00:06:25,280
but I really can't with a straight face
 

379
00:06:25,280 --> 00:06:27,430
but I really can't with a straight face
because what kind of engineer doesn't

380
00:06:27,430 --> 00:06:27,440
because what kind of engineer doesn't
 

381
00:06:27,440 --> 00:06:29,350
because what kind of engineer doesn't
have like the full plans of what they're

382
00:06:29,350 --> 00:06:29,360
have like the full plans of what they're
 

383
00:06:29,360 --> 00:06:30,830
have like the full plans of what they're
working with.

384
00:06:30,830 --> 00:06:30,840
working with.
 

385
00:06:30,840 --> 00:06:33,510
working with.
So, that was that that was what really

386
00:06:33,510 --> 00:06:33,520
So, that was that that was what really
 

387
00:06:33,520 --> 00:06:35,230
So, that was that that was what really
motivated um

388
00:06:35,230 --> 00:06:35,240
motivated um
 

389
00:06:35,240 --> 00:06:37,909
motivated um
my field, motivated my my work in this.

390
00:06:37,909 --> 00:06:37,919
my field, motivated my my work in this.
 

391
00:06:37,919 --> 00:06:38,950
my field, motivated my my work in this.
And

392
00:06:38,950 --> 00:06:38,960
And
 

393
00:06:38,960 --> 00:06:41,030
And
I ended up wanting to build a synthetic

394
00:06:41,030 --> 00:06:41,040
I ended up wanting to build a synthetic
 

395
00:06:41,040 --> 00:06:44,390
I ended up wanting to build a synthetic
cell for two reasons. Um one, to show

396
00:06:44,390 --> 00:06:44,400
cell for two reasons. Um one, to show
 

397
00:06:44,400 --> 00:06:46,070
cell for two reasons. Um one, to show
that we can, to show that we can

398
00:06:46,070 --> 00:06:46,080
that we can, to show that we can
 

399
00:06:46,080 --> 00:06:47,990
that we can, to show that we can
assemble molecules into something that

400
00:06:47,990 --> 00:06:48,000
assemble molecules into something that
 

401
00:06:48,000 --> 00:06:50,870
assemble molecules into something that
looks like a cell, that there's nothing

402
00:06:50,870 --> 00:06:50,880
looks like a cell, that there's nothing
 

403
00:06:50,880 --> 00:06:54,270
looks like a cell, that there's nothing
magical about life as a phenomena, that

404
00:06:54,270 --> 00:06:54,280
magical about life as a phenomena, that
 

405
00:06:54,280 --> 00:06:56,230
magical about life as a phenomena, that
we can assemble those molecules and they

406
00:06:56,230 --> 00:06:56,240
we can assemble those molecules and they
 

407
00:06:56,240 --> 00:06:59,190
we can assemble those molecules and they
start performing certain functions of

408
00:06:59,190 --> 00:06:59,200
start performing certain functions of
 

409
00:06:59,200 --> 00:07:00,390
start performing certain functions of
life.

410
00:07:00,390 --> 00:07:00,400
life.
 

411
00:07:00,400 --> 00:07:03,110
life.
And that's the scientific kind of a big

412
00:07:03,110 --> 00:07:03,120
And that's the scientific kind of a big
 

413
00:07:03,120 --> 00:07:05,950
And that's the scientific kind of a big
picture philosophical motivation. And

414
00:07:05,950 --> 00:07:05,960
picture philosophical motivation. And
 

415
00:07:05,960 --> 00:07:07,830
picture philosophical motivation. And
then there was the practical motivation.

416
00:07:07,830 --> 00:07:07,840
then there was the practical motivation.
 

417
00:07:07,840 --> 00:07:09,750
then there was the practical motivation.
And um

418
00:07:09,750 --> 00:07:09,760
And um
 

419
00:07:09,760 --> 00:07:12,870
And um
that motivation basically um

420
00:07:12,870 --> 00:07:12,880
that motivation basically um
 

421
00:07:12,880 --> 00:07:14,950
that motivation basically um
came from the fact that

422
00:07:14,950 --> 00:07:14,960
came from the fact that
 

423
00:07:14,960 --> 00:07:17,470
came from the fact that
if you think about it, the invention of

424
00:07:17,470 --> 00:07:17,480
if you think about it, the invention of
 

425
00:07:17,480 --> 00:07:20,030
if you think about it, the invention of
an electrical light didn't come from a

426
00:07:20,030 --> 00:07:20,040
an electrical light didn't come from a
 

427
00:07:20,040 --> 00:07:22,430
an electrical light didn't come from a
continuous improvement of a candle.

428
00:07:22,430 --> 00:07:22,440
continuous improvement of a candle.
 

429
00:07:22,440 --> 00:07:24,710
continuous improvement of a candle.
That's a quote that's very overused, but

430
00:07:24,710 --> 00:07:24,720
That's a quote that's very overused, but
 

431
00:07:24,720 --> 00:07:26,710
That's a quote that's very overused, but
it explains our motivation really well.

432
00:07:26,710 --> 00:07:26,720
it explains our motivation really well.
 

433
00:07:26,720 --> 00:07:29,630
it explains our motivation really well.
If we want to improve biology, we want

434
00:07:29,630 --> 00:07:29,640
If we want to improve biology, we want
 

435
00:07:29,640 --> 00:07:32,670
If we want to improve biology, we want
to build bioeconomy, we want to have a

436
00:07:32,670 --> 00:07:32,680
to build bioeconomy, we want to have a
 

437
00:07:32,680 --> 00:07:34,870
to build bioeconomy, we want to have a
carbon neutral economy that allows us to

438
00:07:34,870 --> 00:07:34,880
carbon neutral economy that allows us to
 

439
00:07:34,880 --> 00:07:36,550
carbon neutral economy that allows us to
produce everything we need, everything

440
00:07:36,550 --> 00:07:36,560
produce everything we need, everything
 

441
00:07:36,560 --> 00:07:40,630
produce everything we need, everything
the civilization needs, using renewable

442
00:07:40,630 --> 00:07:40,640
the civilization needs, using renewable
 

443
00:07:40,640 --> 00:07:44,070
the civilization needs, using renewable
biosynthesis methods with biology. And

444
00:07:44,070 --> 00:07:44,080
biosynthesis methods with biology. And
 

445
00:07:44,080 --> 00:07:45,310
biosynthesis methods with biology. And
we're not going to get there by

446
00:07:45,310 --> 00:07:45,320
we're not going to get there by
 

447
00:07:45,320 --> 00:07:48,230
we're not going to get there by
improving a natural heavily evolutionary

448
00:07:48,230 --> 00:07:48,240
improving a natural heavily evolutionary
 

449
00:07:48,240 --> 00:07:50,390
improving a natural heavily evolutionary
constrained cell.

450
00:07:50,390 --> 00:07:50,400
constrained cell.
 

451
00:07:50,400 --> 00:07:53,070
constrained cell.
I do believe it's possible to run world

452
00:07:53,070 --> 00:07:53,080
I do believe it's possible to run world
 

453
00:07:53,080 --> 00:07:56,150
I do believe it's possible to run world
economy on bioproduction, but I don't

454
00:07:56,150 --> 00:07:56,160
economy on bioproduction, but I don't
 

455
00:07:56,160 --> 00:07:58,070
economy on bioproduction, but I don't
think it's possible to do that with

456
00:07:58,070 --> 00:07:58,080
think it's possible to do that with
 

457
00:07:58,080 --> 00:08:00,470
think it's possible to do that with
natural cells, the cells that evolved in

458
00:08:00,470 --> 00:08:00,480
natural cells, the cells that evolved in
 

459
00:08:00,480 --> 00:08:01,750
natural cells, the cells that evolved in
nature cuz they evolved for very

460
00:08:01,750 --> 00:08:01,760
nature cuz they evolved for very
 

461
00:08:01,760 --> 00:08:02,670
nature cuz they evolved for very
different purpose.

462
00:08:02,670 --> 00:08:02,680
different purpose.
 

463
00:08:02,680 --> 00:08:03,790
different purpose.
>> Right.

464
00:08:03,790 --> 00:08:03,800
>> Right.
 

465
00:08:03,800 --> 00:08:05,990
>> Right.
>> So that was that practical motivation

466
00:08:05,990 --> 00:08:06,000
>> So that was that practical motivation
 

467
00:08:06,000 --> 00:08:08,070
>> So that was that practical motivation
behind wanting to make a synthetic cell.

468
00:08:08,070 --> 00:08:08,080
behind wanting to make a synthetic cell.
 

469
00:08:08,080 --> 00:08:09,950
behind wanting to make a synthetic cell.
>> Yeah, I I totally feel you on the I I

470
00:08:09,950 --> 00:08:09,960
>> Yeah, I I totally feel you on the I I
 

471
00:08:09,960 --> 00:08:11,950
>> Yeah, I I totally feel you on the I I
studied chemistry as well and so for me

472
00:08:11,950 --> 00:08:11,960
studied chemistry as well and so for me
 

473
00:08:11,960 --> 00:08:13,710
studied chemistry as well and so for me
in learning biology, there is sort of

474
00:08:13,710 --> 00:08:13,720
in learning biology, there is sort of
 

475
00:08:13,720 --> 00:08:15,350
in learning biology, there is sort of
that chasm when you get all even the

476
00:08:15,350 --> 00:08:15,360
that chasm when you get all even the
 

477
00:08:15,360 --> 00:08:17,470
that chasm when you get all even the
most the simplest extant cell. I I think

478
00:08:17,470 --> 00:08:17,480
most the simplest extant cell. I I think
 

479
00:08:17,480 --> 00:08:19,070
most the simplest extant cell. I I think
that a lot of people right there's a lot

480
00:08:19,070 --> 00:08:19,080
that a lot of people right there's a lot
 

481
00:08:19,080 --> 00:08:20,950
that a lot of people right there's a lot
of heavily publicized stuff in synthetic

482
00:08:20,950 --> 00:08:20,960
of heavily publicized stuff in synthetic
 

483
00:08:20,960 --> 00:08:23,390
of heavily publicized stuff in synthetic
in synthetic biology where I think the

484
00:08:23,390 --> 00:08:23,400
in synthetic biology where I think the
 

485
00:08:23,400 --> 00:08:24,870
in synthetic biology where I think the
general public doesn't fully understand

486
00:08:24,870 --> 00:08:24,880
general public doesn't fully understand
 

487
00:08:24,880 --> 00:08:26,630
general public doesn't fully understand
that it is very top-down just sort of

488
00:08:26,630 --> 00:08:26,640
that it is very top-down just sort of
 

489
00:08:26,640 --> 00:08:28,230
that it is very top-down just sort of
the redesigning of a genome or something

490
00:08:28,230 --> 00:08:28,240
the redesigning of a genome or something
 

491
00:08:28,240 --> 00:08:30,430
the redesigning of a genome or something
like that. This is totally bottom-up. So

492
00:08:30,430 --> 00:08:30,440
like that. This is totally bottom-up. So
 

493
00:08:30,440 --> 00:08:32,350
like that. This is totally bottom-up. So
let's let's dig into Spud Cell. Please

494
00:08:32,350 --> 00:08:32,360
let's let's dig into Spud Cell. Please
 

495
00:08:32,360 --> 00:08:34,430
let's let's dig into Spud Cell. Please
tell us a little bit about uh I we

496
00:08:34,430 --> 00:08:34,440
tell us a little bit about uh I we
 

497
00:08:34,440 --> 00:08:35,390
tell us a little bit about uh I we
really want to understand the

498
00:08:35,390 --> 00:08:35,400
really want to understand the
 

499
00:08:35,400 --> 00:08:37,510
really want to understand the
composition of Spud Cell, the functions

500
00:08:37,510 --> 00:08:37,520
composition of Spud Cell, the functions
 

501
00:08:37,520 --> 00:08:39,870
composition of Spud Cell, the functions
it can perform, and how it compares to

502
00:08:39,870 --> 00:08:39,880
it can perform, and how it compares to
 

503
00:08:39,880 --> 00:08:41,510
it can perform, and how it compares to
something like a modern prokaryotic

504
00:08:41,510 --> 00:08:41,520
something like a modern prokaryotic
 

505
00:08:41,520 --> 00:08:42,750
something like a modern prokaryotic
cell. So maybe starting with like the

506
00:08:42,750 --> 00:08:42,760
cell. So maybe starting with like the
 

507
00:08:42,760 --> 00:08:45,470
cell. So maybe starting with like the
genome, let's talk about that.

508
00:08:45,470 --> 00:08:45,480
genome, let's talk about that.
 

509
00:08:45,480 --> 00:08:49,710
genome, let's talk about that.
>> The genome is um multiple plasmids that

510
00:08:49,710 --> 00:08:49,720
>> The genome is um multiple plasmids that
 

511
00:08:49,720 --> 00:08:53,150
>> The genome is um multiple plasmids that
contain all the proteins you need for

512
00:08:53,150 --> 00:08:53,160
contain all the proteins you need for
 

513
00:08:53,160 --> 00:08:55,110
contain all the proteins you need for
DNA replication,

514
00:08:55,110 --> 00:08:55,120
DNA replication,
 

515
00:08:55,120 --> 00:08:58,870
DNA replication,
protein expression, so transcription, um

516
00:08:58,870 --> 00:08:58,880
protein expression, so transcription, um
 

517
00:08:58,880 --> 00:09:00,550
protein expression, so transcription, um
making

518
00:09:00,550 --> 00:09:00,560
making
 

519
00:09:00,560 --> 00:09:01,990
making
all the um

520
00:09:01,990 --> 00:09:02,000
all the um
 

521
00:09:02,000 --> 00:09:05,190
all the um
copies of the mRNA that you need, making

522
00:09:05,190 --> 00:09:05,200
copies of the mRNA that you need, making
 

523
00:09:05,200 --> 00:09:07,670
copies of the mRNA that you need, making
some of the ribosomal proteins, although

524
00:09:07,670 --> 00:09:07,680
some of the ribosomal proteins, although
 

525
00:09:07,680 --> 00:09:09,990
some of the ribosomal proteins, although
we do not make ribosomes in a Spud Cell

526
00:09:09,990 --> 00:09:10,000
we do not make ribosomes in a Spud Cell
 

527
00:09:10,000 --> 00:09:11,030
we do not make ribosomes in a Spud Cell
yet.

528
00:09:11,030 --> 00:09:11,040
yet.
 

529
00:09:11,040 --> 00:09:13,470
yet.
Um all the proteins you need for growth,

530
00:09:13,470 --> 00:09:13,480
Um all the proteins you need for growth,
 

531
00:09:13,480 --> 00:09:15,390
Um all the proteins you need for growth,
so the growth is genetically encoded,

532
00:09:15,390 --> 00:09:15,400
so the growth is genetically encoded,
 

533
00:09:15,400 --> 00:09:17,710
so the growth is genetically encoded,
it's coupled to the genome, and all the

534
00:09:17,710 --> 00:09:17,720
it's coupled to the genome, and all the
 

535
00:09:17,720 --> 00:09:19,990
it's coupled to the genome, and all the
proteins you need for uh replication,

536
00:09:19,990 --> 00:09:20,000
proteins you need for uh replication,
 

537
00:09:20,000 --> 00:09:22,750
proteins you need for uh replication,
which also is genetically encoded. And

538
00:09:22,750 --> 00:09:22,760
which also is genetically encoded. And
 

539
00:09:22,760 --> 00:09:25,350
which also is genetically encoded. And
that's pretty much it. Um there's some

540
00:09:25,350 --> 00:09:25,360
that's pretty much it. Um there's some
 

541
00:09:25,360 --> 00:09:27,790
that's pretty much it. Um there's some
helper proteins like um reporter

542
00:09:27,790 --> 00:09:27,800
helper proteins like um reporter
 

543
00:09:27,800 --> 00:09:29,270
helper proteins like um reporter
proteins that tell us something about

544
00:09:29,270 --> 00:09:29,280
proteins that tell us something about
 

545
00:09:29,280 --> 00:09:30,990
proteins that tell us something about
the healthy that that

546
00:09:30,990 --> 00:09:31,000
the healthy that that
 

547
00:09:31,000 --> 00:09:32,630
the healthy that that
organ that I don't know if you could

548
00:09:32,630 --> 00:09:32,640
organ that I don't know if you could
 

549
00:09:32,640 --> 00:09:35,030
organ that I don't know if you could
call it organism that thing is.

550
00:09:35,030 --> 00:09:35,040
call it organism that thing is.
 

551
00:09:35,040 --> 00:09:38,350
call it organism that thing is.
Uh but that's the minimal absolute

552
00:09:38,350 --> 00:09:38,360
Uh but that's the minimal absolute
 

553
00:09:38,360 --> 00:09:40,870
Uh but that's the minimal absolute
minimal amount of genes you need to to

554
00:09:40,870 --> 00:09:40,880
minimal amount of genes you need to to
 

555
00:09:40,880 --> 00:09:42,510
minimal amount of genes you need to to
be able to complete a cell cycle.

556
00:09:42,510 --> 00:09:42,520
be able to complete a cell cycle.
 

557
00:09:42,520 --> 00:09:44,750
be able to complete a cell cycle.
>> Right. Yeah, so I mean, I know that

558
00:09:44,750 --> 00:09:44,760
>> Right. Yeah, so I mean, I know that
 

559
00:09:44,760 --> 00:09:46,221
>> Right. Yeah, so I mean, I know that
there's this sort of like

560
00:09:46,221 --> 00:09:46,231
there's this sort of like
 

561
00:09:46,231 --> 00:09:46,270
there's this sort of like
>> [clears throat]

562
00:09:46,270 --> 00:09:46,280
>> [clears throat]
 

563
00:09:46,280 --> 00:09:49,190
>> [clears throat]
>> fear theoretical minimum genome length

564
00:09:49,190 --> 00:09:49,200
>> fear theoretical minimum genome length
 

565
00:09:49,200 --> 00:09:50,590
>> fear theoretical minimum genome length
for a living organism, and this is

566
00:09:50,590 --> 00:09:50,600
for a living organism, and this is
 

567
00:09:50,600 --> 00:09:52,270
for a living organism, and this is
dramatically less than that, but but

568
00:09:52,270 --> 00:09:52,280
dramatically less than that, but but
 

569
00:09:52,280 --> 00:09:53,910
dramatically less than that, but but
perhaps that's not surprising because

570
00:09:53,910 --> 00:09:53,920
perhaps that's not surprising because
 

571
00:09:53,920 --> 00:09:56,430
perhaps that's not surprising because
it's not considered alive formally.

572
00:09:56,430 --> 00:09:56,440
it's not considered alive formally.
 

573
00:09:56,440 --> 00:09:58,830
it's not considered alive formally.
>> Yes. Um, I [clears throat]

574
00:09:58,830 --> 00:09:58,840
>> Yes. Um, I [clears throat]
 

575
00:09:58,840 --> 00:10:01,830
>> Yes. Um, I [clears throat]
I'm I strongly believe it is not alive

576
00:10:01,830 --> 00:10:01,840
I'm I strongly believe it is not alive
 

577
00:10:01,840 --> 00:10:04,590
I'm I strongly believe it is not alive
because it's not robust enough, and also

578
00:10:04,590 --> 00:10:04,600
because it's not robust enough, and also
 

579
00:10:04,600 --> 00:10:07,350
because it's not robust enough, and also
it doesn't continuously replicate. Um,

580
00:10:07,350 --> 00:10:07,360
it doesn't continuously replicate. Um,
 

581
00:10:07,360 --> 00:10:08,670
it doesn't continuously replicate. Um,
it can go through a few replication

582
00:10:08,670 --> 00:10:08,680
it can go through a few replication
 

583
00:10:08,680 --> 00:10:10,990
it can go through a few replication
cycles and then it stops. And I think

584
00:10:10,990 --> 00:10:11,000
cycles and then it stops. And I think
 

585
00:10:11,000 --> 00:10:12,470
cycles and then it stops. And I think
that's where the gap comes from in the

586
00:10:12,470 --> 00:10:12,480
that's where the gap comes from in the
 

587
00:10:12,480 --> 00:10:15,390
that's where the gap comes from in the
genome size. Our genome is still smaller

588
00:10:15,390 --> 00:10:15,400
genome size. Our genome is still smaller
 

589
00:10:15,400 --> 00:10:17,950
genome size. Our genome is still smaller
than that theoretically predicted um

590
00:10:17,950 --> 00:10:17,960
than that theoretically predicted um
 

591
00:10:17,960 --> 00:10:19,910
than that theoretically predicted um
smallest genome size, and I think that

592
00:10:19,910 --> 00:10:19,920
smallest genome size, and I think that
 

593
00:10:19,920 --> 00:10:22,470
smallest genome size, and I think that
gap will be filled by the proteins we

594
00:10:22,470 --> 00:10:22,480
gap will be filled by the proteins we
 

595
00:10:22,480 --> 00:10:24,710
gap will be filled by the proteins we
need to be able to continuously

596
00:10:24,710 --> 00:10:24,720
need to be able to continuously
 

597
00:10:24,720 --> 00:10:26,110
need to be able to continuously
indefinitely replicate.

598
00:10:26,110 --> 00:10:26,120
indefinitely replicate.
 

599
00:10:26,120 --> 00:10:27,950
indefinitely replicate.
>> Right. So, so would that be some kind of

600
00:10:27,950 --> 00:10:27,960
>> Right. So, so would that be some kind of
 

601
00:10:27,960 --> 00:10:30,030
>> Right. So, so would that be some kind of
cellular machinery? Like obviously in in

602
00:10:30,030 --> 00:10:30,040
cellular machinery? Like obviously in in
 

603
00:10:30,040 --> 00:10:32,510
cellular machinery? Like obviously in in
accident life, there there might has to

604
00:10:32,510 --> 00:10:32,520
accident life, there there might has to
 

605
00:10:32,520 --> 00:10:33,910
accident life, there there might has to
be a way to kind of segregate the

606
00:10:33,910 --> 00:10:33,920
be a way to kind of segregate the
 

607
00:10:33,920 --> 00:10:36,870
be a way to kind of segregate the
chromosomes to ensure that each uh

608
00:10:36,870 --> 00:10:36,880
chromosomes to ensure that each uh
 

609
00:10:36,880 --> 00:10:38,990
chromosomes to ensure that each uh
daughter cell has the full So, you'd

610
00:10:38,990 --> 00:10:39,000
daughter cell has the full So, you'd
 

611
00:10:39,000 --> 00:10:41,750
daughter cell has the full So, you'd
need to design some kind of apparatus,

612
00:10:41,750 --> 00:10:41,760
need to design some kind of apparatus,
 

613
00:10:41,760 --> 00:10:43,190
need to design some kind of apparatus,
whether it be natural or something

614
00:10:43,190 --> 00:10:43,200
whether it be natural or something
 

615
00:10:43,200 --> 00:10:44,990
whether it be natural or something
completely of your own invention, that

616
00:10:44,990 --> 00:10:45,000
completely of your own invention, that
 

617
00:10:45,000 --> 00:10:46,550
completely of your own invention, that
would successfully perform that

618
00:10:46,550 --> 00:10:46,560
would successfully perform that
 

619
00:10:46,560 --> 00:10:48,070
would successfully perform that
function. Is that kind of one of the

620
00:10:48,070 --> 00:10:48,080
function. Is that kind of one of the
 

621
00:10:48,080 --> 00:10:50,070
function. Is that kind of one of the
main barriers?

622
00:10:50,070 --> 00:10:50,080
main barriers?
 

623
00:10:50,080 --> 00:10:52,950
main barriers?
>> That's correct. That's my personally the

624
00:10:52,950 --> 00:10:52,960
>> That's correct. That's my personally the
 

625
00:10:52,960 --> 00:10:55,390
>> That's correct. That's my personally the
biggest obstacle right now is that we

626
00:10:55,390 --> 00:10:55,400
biggest obstacle right now is that we
 

627
00:10:55,400 --> 00:10:57,150
biggest obstacle right now is that we
don't have something called

628
00:10:57,150 --> 00:10:57,160
don't have something called
 

629
00:10:57,160 --> 00:10:59,870
don't have something called
cytoskeleton. Like every cell has this

630
00:10:59,870 --> 00:10:59,880
cytoskeleton. Like every cell has this
 

631
00:10:59,880 --> 00:11:01,870
cytoskeleton. Like every cell has this
protein structure inside it that acts

632
00:11:01,870 --> 00:11:01,880
protein structure inside it that acts
 

633
00:11:01,880 --> 00:11:04,070
protein structure inside it that acts
like a skeleton, and we don't have that

634
00:11:04,070 --> 00:11:04,080
like a skeleton, and we don't have that
 

635
00:11:04,080 --> 00:11:05,590
like a skeleton, and we don't have that
in a cell cell.

636
00:11:05,590 --> 00:11:05,600
in a cell cell.
 

637
00:11:05,600 --> 00:11:07,350
in a cell cell.
It's significant that we've achieved

638
00:11:07,350 --> 00:11:07,360
It's significant that we've achieved
 

639
00:11:07,360 --> 00:11:10,030
It's significant that we've achieved
replication without cytoskeleton,

640
00:11:10,030 --> 00:11:10,040
replication without cytoskeleton,
 

641
00:11:10,040 --> 00:11:13,270
replication without cytoskeleton,
but it's also notably poor replication.

642
00:11:13,270 --> 00:11:13,280
but it's also notably poor replication.
 

643
00:11:13,280 --> 00:11:15,150
but it's also notably poor replication.
I think it's really important to

644
00:11:15,150 --> 00:11:15,160
I think it's really important to
 

645
00:11:15,160 --> 00:11:17,910
I think it's really important to
introduce cytoskeleton, which is going

646
00:11:17,910 --> 00:11:17,920
introduce cytoskeleton, which is going
 

647
00:11:17,920 --> 00:11:20,270
introduce cytoskeleton, which is going
to be some of those missing genes, and

648
00:11:20,270 --> 00:11:20,280
to be some of those missing genes, and
 

649
00:11:20,280 --> 00:11:21,829
to be some of those missing genes, and
that's going to help with two things.

650
00:11:21,829 --> 00:11:21,839
that's going to help with two things.
 

651
00:11:21,839 --> 00:11:23,350
that's going to help with two things.
One is the

652
00:11:23,350 --> 00:11:23,360
One is the
 

653
00:11:23,360 --> 00:11:26,070
One is the
indefinite growth and ability for the

654
00:11:26,070 --> 00:11:26,080
indefinite growth and ability for the
 

655
00:11:26,080 --> 00:11:28,190
indefinite growth and ability for the
cell to be more rigid and robust, and

656
00:11:28,190 --> 00:11:28,200
cell to be more rigid and robust, and
 

657
00:11:28,200 --> 00:11:30,150
cell to be more rigid and robust, and
the other one will be the segregation of

658
00:11:30,150 --> 00:11:30,160
the other one will be the segregation of
 

659
00:11:30,160 --> 00:11:31,710
the other one will be the segregation of
the cellular components, and most

660
00:11:31,710 --> 00:11:31,720
the cellular components, and most
 

661
00:11:31,720 --> 00:11:32,910
the cellular components, and most
notably the genome.

662
00:11:32,910 --> 00:11:32,920
notably the genome.
 

663
00:11:32,920 --> 00:11:34,750
notably the genome.
>> Mhm. Mhm. Yeah, it would be very

664
00:11:34,750 --> 00:11:34,760
>> Mhm. Mhm. Yeah, it would be very
 

665
00:11:34,760 --> 00:11:36,550
>> Mhm. Mhm. Yeah, it would be very
fascinating if you could install

666
00:11:36,550 --> 00:11:36,560
fascinating if you could install
 

667
00:11:36,560 --> 00:11:38,870
fascinating if you could install
something like that and then you had

668
00:11:38,870 --> 00:11:38,880
something like that and then you had
 

669
00:11:38,880 --> 00:11:40,870
something like that and then you had
continued replication with full fidelity

670
00:11:40,870 --> 00:11:40,880
continued replication with full fidelity
 

671
00:11:40,880 --> 00:11:43,190
continued replication with full fidelity
of the genome. Would that then be alive?

672
00:11:43,190 --> 00:11:43,200
of the genome. Would that then be alive?
 

673
00:11:43,200 --> 00:11:45,190
of the genome. Would that then be alive?
And if not, why not? And what would be

674
00:11:45,190 --> 00:11:45,200
And if not, why not? And what would be
 

675
00:11:45,200 --> 00:11:46,590
And if not, why not? And what would be
the next

676
00:11:46,590 --> 00:11:46,600
the next
 

677
00:11:46,600 --> 00:11:48,790
the next
uh you know, what issue metabolically

678
00:11:48,790 --> 00:11:48,800
uh you know, what issue metabolically
 

679
00:11:48,800 --> 00:11:50,110
uh you know, what issue metabolically
would be preventing it from being called

680
00:11:50,110 --> 00:11:50,120
would be preventing it from being called
 

681
00:11:50,120 --> 00:11:52,710
would be preventing it from being called
alive or something like that? Um

682
00:11:52,710 --> 00:11:52,720
alive or something like that? Um
 

683
00:11:52,720 --> 00:11:53,110
alive or something like that? Um
yeah.

684
00:11:53,110 --> 00:11:53,120
yeah.
 

685
00:11:53,120 --> 00:11:54,750
yeah.
>> That's a tricky question because we

686
00:11:54,750 --> 00:11:54,760
>> That's a tricky question because we
 

687
00:11:54,760 --> 00:11:56,150
>> That's a tricky question because we
don't really have a good definition of

688
00:11:56,150 --> 00:11:56,160
don't really have a good definition of
 

689
00:11:56,160 --> 00:11:56,870
don't really have a good definition of
life.

690
00:11:56,870 --> 00:11:56,880
life.
 

691
00:11:56,880 --> 00:11:57,910
life.
>> Yeah.

692
00:11:57,910 --> 00:11:57,920
>> Yeah.
 

693
00:11:57,920 --> 00:11:59,670
>> Yeah.
>> There is no scientific definition of

694
00:11:59,670 --> 00:11:59,680
>> There is no scientific definition of
 

695
00:11:59,680 --> 00:12:02,230
>> There is no scientific definition of
life that I would find sufficient.

696
00:12:02,230 --> 00:12:02,240
life that I would find sufficient.
 

697
00:12:02,240 --> 00:12:03,830
life that I would find sufficient.
>> I mean, I I find the I find the

698
00:12:03,830 --> 00:12:03,840
>> I mean, I I find the I find the
 

699
00:12:03,840 --> 00:12:06,110
>> I mean, I I find the I find the
definition sufficient in in its ability

700
00:12:06,110 --> 00:12:06,120
definition sufficient in in its ability
 

701
00:12:06,120 --> 00:12:07,550
definition sufficient in in its ability
to describe

702
00:12:07,550 --> 00:12:07,560
to describe
 

703
00:12:07,560 --> 00:12:09,550
to describe
extant life. But when you get really,

704
00:12:09,550 --> 00:12:09,560
extant life. But when you get really,
 

705
00:12:09,560 --> 00:12:11,390
extant life. But when you get really,
really granular, we're talking about

706
00:12:11,390 --> 00:12:11,400
really granular, we're talking about
 

707
00:12:11,400 --> 00:12:12,790
really granular, we're talking about
systems that we've never observed

708
00:12:12,790 --> 00:12:12,800
systems that we've never observed
 

709
00:12:12,800 --> 00:12:14,550
systems that we've never observed
before, then there is a point where it

710
00:12:14,550 --> 00:12:14,560
before, then there is a point where it
 

711
00:12:14,560 --> 00:12:16,430
before, then there is a point where it
breaks down, obviously, because we've

712
00:12:16,430 --> 00:12:16,440
breaks down, obviously, because we've
 

713
00:12:16,440 --> 00:12:18,990
breaks down, obviously, because we've
never seen the simplest possible thing

714
00:12:18,990 --> 00:12:19,000
never seen the simplest possible thing
 

715
00:12:19,000 --> 00:12:20,830
never seen the simplest possible thing
that could possibly be considered alive.

716
00:12:20,830 --> 00:12:20,840
that could possibly be considered alive.
 

717
00:12:20,840 --> 00:12:23,190
that could possibly be considered alive.
We don't know what that is, you know. So

718
00:12:23,190 --> 00:12:23,200
We don't know what that is, you know. So
 

719
00:12:23,200 --> 00:12:25,150
We don't know what that is, you know. So
>> Exactly. And we might There might not be

720
00:12:25,150 --> 00:12:25,160
>> Exactly. And we might There might not be
 

721
00:12:25,160 --> 00:12:26,230
>> Exactly. And we might There might not be
a line, you know, it might be a

722
00:12:26,230 --> 00:12:26,240
a line, you know, it might be a
 

723
00:12:26,240 --> 00:12:27,190
a line, you know, it might be a
continuum.

724
00:12:27,190 --> 00:12:27,200
continuum.
 

725
00:12:27,200 --> 00:12:27,670
continuum.
>> Yeah.

726
00:12:27,670 --> 00:12:27,680
>> Yeah.
 

727
00:12:27,680 --> 00:12:29,550
>> Yeah.
>> It's possible that there is no like a

728
00:12:29,550 --> 00:12:29,560
>> It's possible that there is no like a
 

729
00:12:29,560 --> 00:12:31,790
>> It's possible that there is no like a
very clear boundary between life and

730
00:12:31,790 --> 00:12:31,800
very clear boundary between life and
 

731
00:12:31,800 --> 00:12:32,990
very clear boundary between life and
non-life, and I would actually be very

732
00:12:32,990 --> 00:12:33,000
non-life, and I would actually be very
 

733
00:12:33,000 --> 00:12:34,190
non-life, and I would actually be very
happy with that.

734
00:12:34,190 --> 00:12:34,200
happy with that.
 

735
00:12:34,200 --> 00:12:36,550
happy with that.
>> Yeah. I think that's probably the case.

736
00:12:36,550 --> 00:12:36,560
>> Yeah. I think that's probably the case.
 

737
00:12:36,560 --> 00:12:37,550
>> Yeah. I think that's probably the case.
Yeah.

738
00:12:37,550 --> 00:12:37,560
Yeah.
 

739
00:12:37,560 --> 00:12:37,990
Yeah.
Um

740
00:12:37,990 --> 00:12:38,000
Um
 

741
00:12:38,000 --> 00:12:39,829
Um
>> life isn't anything special. Life is

742
00:12:39,829 --> 00:12:39,839
>> life isn't anything special. Life is
 

743
00:12:39,839 --> 00:12:41,829
>> life isn't anything special. Life is
just behavior of molecules, so

744
00:12:41,829 --> 00:12:41,839
just behavior of molecules, so
 

745
00:12:41,839 --> 00:12:42,670
just behavior of molecules, so
>> That's right. Yeah.

746
00:12:42,670 --> 00:12:42,680
>> That's right. Yeah.
 

747
00:12:42,680 --> 00:12:43,190
>> That's right. Yeah.
>> Yeah.

748
00:12:43,190 --> 00:12:43,200
>> Yeah.
 

749
00:12:43,200 --> 00:12:45,190
>> Yeah.
>> It's an emergent property of of a

750
00:12:45,190 --> 00:12:45,200
>> It's an emergent property of of a
 

751
00:12:45,200 --> 00:12:46,910
>> It's an emergent property of of a
sufficiently complex system of

752
00:12:46,910 --> 00:12:46,920
sufficiently complex system of
 

753
00:12:46,920 --> 00:12:49,670
sufficiently complex system of
molecules, yeah. Um I I would I'd like

754
00:12:49,670 --> 00:12:49,680
molecules, yeah. Um I I would I'd like
 

755
00:12:49,680 --> 00:12:51,590
molecules, yeah. Um I I would I'd like
to know a bit about the membrane as well

756
00:12:51,590 --> 00:12:51,600
to know a bit about the membrane as well
 

757
00:12:51,600 --> 00:12:53,270
to know a bit about the membrane as well
because it's it's not like a

758
00:12:53,270 --> 00:12:53,280
because it's it's not like a
 

759
00:12:53,280 --> 00:12:54,990
because it's it's not like a
phospholipid bilayer or anything like

760
00:12:54,990 --> 00:12:55,000
phospholipid bilayer or anything like
 

761
00:12:55,000 --> 00:12:57,110
phospholipid bilayer or anything like
that, right? What is Oh, it is? Oh,

762
00:12:57,110 --> 00:12:57,120
that, right? What is Oh, it is? Oh,
 

763
00:12:57,120 --> 00:12:58,350
that, right? What is Oh, it is? Oh,
okay.

764
00:12:58,350 --> 00:12:58,360
okay.
 

765
00:12:58,360 --> 00:13:01,150
okay.
>> It is a very simple, plain phospholipid

766
00:13:01,150 --> 00:13:01,160
>> It is a very simple, plain phospholipid
 

767
00:13:01,160 --> 00:13:03,670
>> It is a very simple, plain phospholipid
bilayer, which is different than extant

768
00:13:03,670 --> 00:13:03,680
bilayer, which is different than extant
 

769
00:13:03,680 --> 00:13:05,750
bilayer, which is different than extant
cells because, as you know, in extant

770
00:13:05,750 --> 00:13:05,760
cells because, as you know, in extant
 

771
00:13:05,760 --> 00:13:07,310
cells because, as you know, in extant
cells, the the

772
00:13:07,310 --> 00:13:07,320
cells, the the
 

773
00:13:07,320 --> 00:13:09,670
cells, the the
membrane it's called a phospholipid

774
00:13:09,670 --> 00:13:09,680
membrane it's called a phospholipid
 

775
00:13:09,680 --> 00:13:11,590
membrane it's called a phospholipid
bilayer, but it really isn't. It's It's

776
00:13:11,590 --> 00:13:11,600
bilayer, but it really isn't. It's It's
 

777
00:13:11,600 --> 00:13:15,110
bilayer, but it really isn't. It's It's
a It's a protein, glycoprotein,

778
00:13:15,110 --> 00:13:15,120
a It's a protein, glycoprotein,
 

779
00:13:15,120 --> 00:13:16,630
a It's a protein, glycoprotein,
lipids,

780
00:13:16,630 --> 00:13:16,640
lipids,
 

781
00:13:16,640 --> 00:13:18,790
lipids,
sugar mix

782
00:13:18,790 --> 00:13:18,800
sugar mix
 

783
00:13:18,800 --> 00:13:20,670
sugar mix
membrane. It's It's more more like a

784
00:13:20,670 --> 00:13:20,680
membrane. It's It's more more like a
 

785
00:13:20,680 --> 00:13:22,910
membrane. It's It's more more like a
liquid crystal made

786
00:13:22,910 --> 00:13:22,920
liquid crystal made
 

787
00:13:22,920 --> 00:13:25,390
liquid crystal made
in part from lipids, but also a lot of

788
00:13:25,390 --> 00:13:25,400
in part from lipids, but also a lot of
 

789
00:13:25,400 --> 00:13:26,270
in part from lipids, but also a lot of
other things.

790
00:13:26,270 --> 00:13:26,280
other things.
 

791
00:13:26,280 --> 00:13:27,750
other things.
>> Yeah, teeming with with surface

792
00:13:27,750 --> 00:13:27,760
>> Yeah, teeming with with surface
 

793
00:13:27,760 --> 00:13:29,590
>> Yeah, teeming with with surface
proteins, obviously, right? But there

794
00:13:29,590 --> 00:13:29,600
proteins, obviously, right? But there
 

795
00:13:29,600 --> 00:13:31,550
proteins, obviously, right? But there
are But there are there are a small

796
00:13:31,550 --> 00:13:31,560
are But there are there are a small
 

797
00:13:31,560 --> 00:13:33,470
are But there are there are a small
handful of surface proteins in Smudge

798
00:13:33,470 --> 00:13:33,480
handful of surface proteins in Smudge
 

799
00:13:33,480 --> 00:13:34,670
handful of surface proteins in Smudge
cell, right? Can you tell us about

800
00:13:34,670 --> 00:13:34,680
cell, right? Can you tell us about
 

801
00:13:34,680 --> 00:13:35,590
cell, right? Can you tell us about
those?

802
00:13:35,590 --> 00:13:35,600
those?
 

803
00:13:35,600 --> 00:13:37,030
those?
>> They are Those proteins have three

804
00:13:37,030 --> 00:13:37,040
>> They are Those proteins have three
 

805
00:13:37,040 --> 00:13:39,390
>> They are Those proteins have three
functions. Um they're membrane channels,

806
00:13:39,390 --> 00:13:39,400
functions. Um they're membrane channels,
 

807
00:13:39,400 --> 00:13:41,550
functions. Um they're membrane channels,
so they allow us to uptake nutrients

808
00:13:41,550 --> 00:13:41,560
so they allow us to uptake nutrients
 

809
00:13:41,560 --> 00:13:43,630
so they allow us to uptake nutrients
from the growth media.

810
00:13:43,630 --> 00:13:43,640
from the growth media.
 

811
00:13:43,640 --> 00:13:45,750
from the growth media.
And they also present tags on the

812
00:13:45,750 --> 00:13:45,760
And they also present tags on the
 

813
00:13:45,760 --> 00:13:48,150
And they also present tags on the
surface, and those tags are used for

814
00:13:48,150 --> 00:13:48,160
surface, and those tags are used for
 

815
00:13:48,160 --> 00:13:50,990
surface, and those tags are used for
feeding, so inducing the process of the

816
00:13:50,990 --> 00:13:51,000
feeding, so inducing the process of the
 

817
00:13:51,000 --> 00:13:53,270
feeding, so inducing the process of the
the feeding and division, inducing the

818
00:13:53,270 --> 00:13:53,280
the feeding and division, inducing the
 

819
00:13:53,280 --> 00:13:54,990
the feeding and division, inducing the
process of division. And these are the

820
00:13:54,990 --> 00:13:55,000
process of division. And these are the
 

821
00:13:55,000 --> 00:13:56,950
process of division. And these are the
three functions of the membrane proteins

822
00:13:56,950 --> 00:13:56,960
three functions of the membrane proteins
 

823
00:13:56,960 --> 00:13:57,830
three functions of the membrane proteins
and nothing else.

824
00:13:57,830 --> 00:13:57,840
and nothing else.
 

825
00:13:57,840 --> 00:13:59,790
and nothing else.
>> Mhm. So, a channel protein so that it

826
00:13:59,790 --> 00:13:59,800
>> Mhm. So, a channel protein so that it
 

827
00:13:59,800 --> 00:14:01,630
>> Mhm. So, a channel protein so that it
can uptake substance just from its

828
00:14:01,630 --> 00:14:01,640
can uptake substance just from its
 

829
00:14:01,640 --> 00:14:04,510
can uptake substance just from its
surroundings, but then sort of a tag to

830
00:14:04,510 --> 00:14:04,520
surroundings, but then sort of a tag to
 

831
00:14:04,520 --> 00:14:07,710
surroundings, but then sort of a tag to
to fuse with these liposomes, which that

832
00:14:07,710 --> 00:14:07,720
to fuse with these liposomes, which that
 

833
00:14:07,720 --> 00:14:09,230
to fuse with these liposomes, which that
basically you you have to feed your

834
00:14:09,230 --> 00:14:09,240
basically you you have to feed your
 

835
00:14:09,240 --> 00:14:11,670
basically you you have to feed your
Smudge cell intentionally, essentially,

836
00:14:11,670 --> 00:14:11,680
Smudge cell intentionally, essentially,
 

837
00:14:11,680 --> 00:14:13,230
Smudge cell intentionally, essentially,
right? So, that that might also be

838
00:14:13,230 --> 00:14:13,240
right? So, that that might also be
 

839
00:14:13,240 --> 00:14:15,150
right? So, that that might also be
considered another barrier to it being

840
00:14:15,150 --> 00:14:15,160
considered another barrier to it being
 

841
00:14:15,160 --> 00:14:17,230
considered another barrier to it being
considered alive as it's it can't really

842
00:14:17,230 --> 00:14:17,240
considered alive as it's it can't really
 

843
00:14:17,240 --> 00:14:19,830
considered alive as it's it can't really
self-sustain without being fed the the

844
00:14:19,830 --> 00:14:19,840
self-sustain without being fed the the
 

845
00:14:19,840 --> 00:14:21,190
self-sustain without being fed the the
liposomes.

846
00:14:21,190 --> 00:14:21,200
liposomes.
 

847
00:14:21,200 --> 00:14:23,950
liposomes.
>> That's I mean, I I'm firmly that this is

848
00:14:23,950 --> 00:14:23,960
>> That's I mean, I I'm firmly that this is
 

849
00:14:23,960 --> 00:14:26,070
>> That's I mean, I I'm firmly that this is
not a living system, but I do have

850
00:14:26,070 --> 00:14:26,080
not a living system, but I do have
 

851
00:14:26,080 --> 00:14:28,230
not a living system, but I do have
problem with that feeding intentionally.

852
00:14:28,230 --> 00:14:28,240
problem with that feeding intentionally.
 

853
00:14:28,240 --> 00:14:30,470
problem with that feeding intentionally.
I mean, you have to feed intentionally,

854
00:14:30,470 --> 00:14:30,480
I mean, you have to feed intentionally,
 

855
00:14:30,480 --> 00:14:32,150
I mean, you have to feed intentionally,
too. It

856
00:14:32,150 --> 00:14:32,160
too. It
 

857
00:14:32,160 --> 00:14:33,590
too. It
Every organism has to feed

858
00:14:33,590 --> 00:14:33,600
Every organism has to feed
 

859
00:14:33,600 --> 00:14:36,270
Every organism has to feed
intentionally, so I I actually don't

860
00:14:36,270 --> 00:14:36,280
intentionally, so I I actually don't
 

861
00:14:36,280 --> 00:14:38,350
intentionally, so I I actually don't
think the feeding is a barrier. I think

862
00:14:38,350 --> 00:14:38,360
think the feeding is a barrier. I think
 

863
00:14:38,360 --> 00:14:40,390
think the feeding is a barrier. I think
that metabolism and replication are

864
00:14:40,390 --> 00:14:40,400
that metabolism and replication are
 

865
00:14:40,400 --> 00:14:44,150
that metabolism and replication are
bigger roadblocks towards aliveness.

866
00:14:44,150 --> 00:14:44,160
bigger roadblocks towards aliveness.
 

867
00:14:44,160 --> 00:14:45,470
bigger roadblocks towards aliveness.
>> Okay, yeah, let let's talk about

868
00:14:45,470 --> 00:14:45,480
>> Okay, yeah, let let's talk about
 

869
00:14:45,480 --> 00:14:47,829
>> Okay, yeah, let let's talk about
metabolism then. So, so we have the we

870
00:14:47,829 --> 00:14:47,839
metabolism then. So, so we have the we
 

871
00:14:47,839 --> 00:14:49,150
metabolism then. So, so we have the we
have metabolic processes that are

872
00:14:49,150 --> 00:14:49,160
have metabolic processes that are
 

873
00:14:49,160 --> 00:14:50,950
have metabolic processes that are
occurring. Obviously, the there's

874
00:14:50,950 --> 00:14:50,960
occurring. Obviously, the there's
 

875
00:14:50,960 --> 00:14:53,230
occurring. Obviously, the there's
there's protein synthesis happening.

876
00:14:53,230 --> 00:14:53,240
there's protein synthesis happening.
 

877
00:14:53,240 --> 00:14:55,270
there's protein synthesis happening.
Um what else in terms of like energy

878
00:14:55,270 --> 00:14:55,280
Um what else in terms of like energy
 

879
00:14:55,280 --> 00:14:56,710
Um what else in terms of like energy
production? What else is going on in

880
00:14:56,710 --> 00:14:56,720
production? What else is going on in
 

881
00:14:56,720 --> 00:14:57,630
production? What else is going on in
there?

882
00:14:57,630 --> 00:14:57,640
there?
 

883
00:14:57,640 --> 00:15:01,070
there?
>> Not much, really. It It makes It has

884
00:15:01,070 --> 00:15:01,080
>> Not much, really. It It makes It has
 

885
00:15:01,080 --> 00:15:03,150
>> Not much, really. It It makes It has
a very simple energy regeneration

886
00:15:03,150 --> 00:15:03,160
a very simple energy regeneration
 

887
00:15:03,160 --> 00:15:05,470
a very simple energy regeneration
pathway, but it also has to be fed some

888
00:15:05,470 --> 00:15:05,480
pathway, but it also has to be fed some
 

889
00:15:05,480 --> 00:15:08,350
pathway, but it also has to be fed some
amount of straight ATP and GTP.

890
00:15:08,350 --> 00:15:08,360
amount of straight ATP and GTP.
 

891
00:15:08,360 --> 00:15:12,230
amount of straight ATP and GTP.
And it has um ability to obviously make

892
00:15:12,230 --> 00:15:12,240
And it has um ability to obviously make
 

893
00:15:12,240 --> 00:15:15,470
And it has um ability to obviously make
RNA and proteins. It It's easier to to

894
00:15:15,470 --> 00:15:15,480
RNA and proteins. It It's easier to to
 

895
00:15:15,480 --> 00:15:17,470
RNA and proteins. It It's easier to to
to list what it can than what it cannot,

896
00:15:17,470 --> 00:15:17,480
to list what it can than what it cannot,
 

897
00:15:17,480 --> 00:15:20,470
to list what it can than what it cannot,
because it cannot do many things. It

898
00:15:20,470 --> 00:15:20,480
because it cannot do many things. It
 

899
00:15:20,480 --> 00:15:22,470
because it cannot do many things. It
cannot biosynthesize building most

900
00:15:22,470 --> 00:15:22,480
cannot biosynthesize building most
 

901
00:15:22,480 --> 00:15:24,550
cannot biosynthesize building most
building blocks. Um so, I mean acids and

902
00:15:24,550 --> 00:15:24,560
building blocks. Um so, I mean acids and
 

903
00:15:24,560 --> 00:15:26,030
building blocks. Um so, I mean acids and
nucleotides have to be fed from the

904
00:15:26,030 --> 00:15:26,040
nucleotides have to be fed from the
 

905
00:15:26,040 --> 00:15:28,710
nucleotides have to be fed from the
outside. And it also cannot break things

906
00:15:28,710 --> 00:15:28,720
outside. And it also cannot break things
 

907
00:15:28,720 --> 00:15:30,790
outside. And it also cannot break things
down. So, once you made a protein on

908
00:15:30,790 --> 00:15:30,800
down. So, once you made a protein on
 

909
00:15:30,800 --> 00:15:32,670
down. So, once you made a protein on
RNA, it's there to stay until chemical

910
00:15:32,670 --> 00:15:32,680
RNA, it's there to stay until chemical
 

911
00:15:32,680 --> 00:15:35,030
RNA, it's there to stay until chemical
degradation takes over. And that's

912
00:15:35,030 --> 00:15:35,040
degradation takes over. And that's
 

913
00:15:35,040 --> 00:15:38,030
degradation takes over. And that's
another big downside of that metabolism

914
00:15:38,030 --> 00:15:38,040
another big downside of that metabolism
 

915
00:15:38,040 --> 00:15:39,510
another big downside of that metabolism
is that it doesn't take its own trash

916
00:15:39,510 --> 00:15:39,520
is that it doesn't take its own trash
 

917
00:15:39,520 --> 00:15:43,070
is that it doesn't take its own trash
out. It doesn't recycle components.

918
00:15:43,070 --> 00:15:43,080
out. It doesn't recycle components.
 

919
00:15:43,080 --> 00:15:44,670
out. It doesn't recycle components.
>> Mhm. Mhm.

920
00:15:44,670 --> 00:15:44,680
>> Mhm. Mhm.
 

921
00:15:44,680 --> 00:15:46,710
>> Mhm. Mhm.
Okay, yeah. So, so certainly just like a

922
00:15:46,710 --> 00:15:46,720
Okay, yeah. So, so certainly just like a
 

923
00:15:46,720 --> 00:15:49,670
Okay, yeah. So, so certainly just like a
lack of enzyme diversity would probably

924
00:15:49,670 --> 00:15:49,680
lack of enzyme diversity would probably
 

925
00:15:49,680 --> 00:15:52,870
lack of enzyme diversity would probably
be one thing. Is that Which Which could

926
00:15:52,870 --> 00:15:52,880
be one thing. Is that Which Which could
 

927
00:15:52,880 --> 00:15:55,430
be one thing. Is that Which Which could
we summarize? Is it possible to distill

928
00:15:55,430 --> 00:15:55,440
we summarize? Is it possible to distill
 

929
00:15:55,440 --> 00:15:58,550
we summarize? Is it possible to distill
it into a short list of bullet points of

930
00:15:58,550 --> 00:15:58,560
it into a short list of bullet points of
 

931
00:15:58,560 --> 00:15:59,830
it into a short list of bullet points of
what prevents Spud cell from being

932
00:15:59,830 --> 00:15:59,840
what prevents Spud cell from being
 

933
00:15:59,840 --> 00:16:02,430
what prevents Spud cell from being
alive? We have the the lack of of

934
00:16:02,430 --> 00:16:02,440
alive? We have the the lack of of
 

935
00:16:02,440 --> 00:16:04,830
alive? We have the the lack of of
continuous cell division. What How would

936
00:16:04,830 --> 00:16:04,840
continuous cell division. What How would
 

937
00:16:04,840 --> 00:16:07,630
continuous cell division. What How would
you state that state this?

938
00:16:07,630 --> 00:16:07,640
you state that state this?
 

939
00:16:07,640 --> 00:16:09,190
you state that state this?
>> Yeah, to me it would be lack of

940
00:16:09,190 --> 00:16:09,200
>> Yeah, to me it would be lack of
 

941
00:16:09,200 --> 00:16:12,830
>> Yeah, to me it would be lack of
continuous cell division, lack of the

942
00:16:12,830 --> 00:16:12,840
continuous cell division, lack of the
 

943
00:16:12,840 --> 00:16:15,750
continuous cell division, lack of the
ability to evolve. The Darwinian

944
00:16:15,750 --> 00:16:15,760
ability to evolve. The Darwinian
 

945
00:16:15,760 --> 00:16:17,670
ability to evolve. The Darwinian
evolution right now is not possible

946
00:16:17,670 --> 00:16:17,680
evolution right now is not possible
 

947
00:16:17,680 --> 00:16:20,510
evolution right now is not possible
because the genome replication fidelity

948
00:16:20,510 --> 00:16:20,520
because the genome replication fidelity
 

949
00:16:20,520 --> 00:16:23,470
because the genome replication fidelity
is too high to induce correct rate of

950
00:16:23,470 --> 00:16:23,480
is too high to induce correct rate of
 

951
00:16:23,480 --> 00:16:26,750
is too high to induce correct rate of
spontaneous mutations, and lack of any

952
00:16:26,750 --> 00:16:26,760
spontaneous mutations, and lack of any
 

953
00:16:26,760 --> 00:16:27,990
spontaneous mutations, and lack of any
sort of

954
00:16:27,990 --> 00:16:28,000
sort of
 

955
00:16:28,000 --> 00:16:30,190
sort of
advanced robustness. So, there's no

956
00:16:30,190 --> 00:16:30,200
advanced robustness. So, there's no
 

957
00:16:30,200 --> 00:16:31,750
advanced robustness. So, there's no
biosynthesis pathways for most

958
00:16:31,750 --> 00:16:31,760
biosynthesis pathways for most
 

959
00:16:31,760 --> 00:16:34,150
biosynthesis pathways for most
metabolites, so it cannot really respond

960
00:16:34,150 --> 00:16:34,160
metabolites, so it cannot really respond
 

961
00:16:34,160 --> 00:16:36,110
metabolites, so it cannot really respond
to changes in the environmental

962
00:16:36,110 --> 00:16:36,120
to changes in the environmental
 

963
00:16:36,120 --> 00:16:38,950
to changes in the environmental
conditions. It cannot compensate.

964
00:16:38,950 --> 00:16:38,960
conditions. It cannot compensate.
 

965
00:16:38,960 --> 00:16:40,270
conditions. It cannot compensate.
>> Right.

966
00:16:40,270 --> 00:16:40,280
>> Right.
 

967
00:16:40,280 --> 00:16:42,310
>> Right.
Right. So, but I did read something

968
00:16:42,310 --> 00:16:42,320
Right. So, but I did read something
 

969
00:16:42,320 --> 00:16:43,990
Right. So, but I did read something
about

970
00:16:43,990 --> 00:16:44,000
about
 

971
00:16:44,000 --> 00:16:46,670
about
describing aspects of competition and

972
00:16:46,670 --> 00:16:46,680
describing aspects of competition and
 

973
00:16:46,680 --> 00:16:49,470
describing aspects of competition and
selection for Spud cell. So, does that

974
00:16:49,470 --> 00:16:49,480
selection for Spud cell. So, does that
 

975
00:16:49,480 --> 00:16:53,510
selection for Spud cell. So, does that
occur indeed? And And if so, in

976
00:16:53,510 --> 00:16:53,520
occur indeed? And And if so, in
 

977
00:16:53,520 --> 00:16:56,390
occur indeed? And And if so, in
why does it not qualify as Darwinian?

978
00:16:56,390 --> 00:16:56,400
why does it not qualify as Darwinian?
 

979
00:16:56,400 --> 00:16:58,790
why does it not qualify as Darwinian?
>> It does have competition and selection,

980
00:16:58,790 --> 00:16:58,800
>> It does have competition and selection,
 

981
00:16:58,800 --> 00:17:01,030
>> It does have competition and selection,
but it has to use mutations that are

982
00:17:01,030 --> 00:17:01,040
but it has to use mutations that are
 

983
00:17:01,040 --> 00:17:03,670
but it has to use mutations that are
artificially introduced. So, we've shown

984
00:17:03,670 --> 00:17:03,680
artificially introduced. So, we've shown
 

985
00:17:03,680 --> 00:17:05,990
artificially introduced. So, we've shown
that we can have competition. For

986
00:17:05,990 --> 00:17:06,000
that we can have competition. For
 

987
00:17:06,000 --> 00:17:08,030
that we can have competition. For
example, we have a gene that allows for

988
00:17:08,030 --> 00:17:08,040
example, we have a gene that allows for
 

989
00:17:08,040 --> 00:17:10,630
example, we have a gene that allows for
faster replication. And if you introduce

990
00:17:10,630 --> 00:17:10,640
faster replication. And if you introduce
 

991
00:17:10,640 --> 00:17:12,309
faster replication. And if you introduce
that gene into the population, after a

992
00:17:12,309 --> 00:17:12,319
that gene into the population, after a
 

993
00:17:12,319 --> 00:17:14,150
that gene into the population, after a
few generations that gene becomes more

994
00:17:14,150 --> 00:17:14,160
few generations that gene becomes more
 

995
00:17:14,160 --> 00:17:15,470
few generations that gene becomes more
prevalent, like it takes over the

996
00:17:15,470 --> 00:17:15,480
prevalent, like it takes over the
 

997
00:17:15,480 --> 00:17:17,230
prevalent, like it takes over the
population, which makes sense. That's

998
00:17:17,230 --> 00:17:17,240
population, which makes sense. That's
 

999
00:17:17,240 --> 00:17:19,429
population, which makes sense. That's
what a competition is, but it's been

1000
00:17:19,429 --> 00:17:19,439
what a competition is, but it's been
 

1001
00:17:19,439 --> 00:17:21,309
what a competition is, but it's been
introduced that mutation's been

1002
00:17:21,309 --> 00:17:21,319
introduced that mutation's been
 

1003
00:17:21,319 --> 00:17:23,309
introduced that mutation's been
introduced artificially by me.

1004
00:17:23,309 --> 00:17:23,319
introduced artificially by me.
 

1005
00:17:23,319 --> 00:17:23,630
introduced artificially by me.
>> Okay.

1006
00:17:23,630 --> 00:17:23,640
>> Okay.
 

1007
00:17:23,640 --> 00:17:26,150
>> Okay.
>> It's not arising spontaneously, which is

1008
00:17:26,150 --> 00:17:26,160
>> It's not arising spontaneously, which is
 

1009
00:17:26,160 --> 00:17:29,230
>> It's not arising spontaneously, which is
why it's not to me it's not a Darwinian

1010
00:17:29,230 --> 00:17:29,240
why it's not to me it's not a Darwinian
 

1011
00:17:29,240 --> 00:17:29,910
why it's not to me it's not a Darwinian
evolution.

1012
00:17:29,910 --> 00:17:29,920
evolution.
 

1013
00:17:29,920 --> 00:17:31,950
evolution.
>> Right. It's non-random mutation,

1014
00:17:31,950 --> 00:17:31,960
>> Right. It's non-random mutation,
 

1015
00:17:31,960 --> 00:17:34,670
>> Right. It's non-random mutation,
therefore, okay, that makes sense.

1016
00:17:34,670 --> 00:17:34,680
therefore, okay, that makes sense.
 

1017
00:17:34,680 --> 00:17:34,910
therefore, okay, that makes sense.
>> Yes.

1018
00:17:34,910 --> 00:17:34,920
>> Yes.
 

1019
00:17:34,920 --> 00:17:36,830
>> Yes.
>> Um interesting, but but yes, we could

1020
00:17:36,830 --> 00:17:36,840
>> Um interesting, but but yes, we could
 

1021
00:17:36,840 --> 00:17:39,950
>> Um interesting, but but yes, we could
see yeah, if if the the cell division

1022
00:17:39,950 --> 00:17:39,960
see yeah, if if the the cell division
 

1023
00:17:39,960 --> 00:17:42,870
see yeah, if if the the cell division
could be prolonged, then we might have

1024
00:17:42,870 --> 00:17:42,880
could be prolonged, then we might have
 

1025
00:17:42,880 --> 00:17:44,710
could be prolonged, then we might have
enough time to see because you're you're

1026
00:17:44,710 --> 00:17:44,720
enough time to see because you're you're
 

1027
00:17:44,720 --> 00:17:46,150
enough time to see because you're you're
I think you said it was about around

1028
00:17:46,150 --> 00:17:46,160
I think you said it was about around
 

1029
00:17:46,160 --> 00:17:49,710
I think you said it was about around
five cycles before it becomes untenable.

1030
00:17:49,710 --> 00:17:49,720
five cycles before it becomes untenable.
 

1031
00:17:49,720 --> 00:17:51,230
five cycles before it becomes untenable.
So, what if that could be extended to

1032
00:17:51,230 --> 00:17:51,240
So, what if that could be extended to
 

1033
00:17:51,240 --> 00:17:53,430
So, what if that could be extended to
several hundred, then then we start to

1034
00:17:53,430 --> 00:17:53,440
several hundred, then then we start to
 

1035
00:17:53,440 --> 00:17:56,390
several hundred, then then we start to
see uh random mutation and and what that

1036
00:17:56,390 --> 00:17:56,400
see uh random mutation and and what that
 

1037
00:17:56,400 --> 00:17:57,150
see uh random mutation and and what that
does.

1038
00:17:57,150 --> 00:17:57,160
does.
 

1039
00:17:57,160 --> 00:17:58,990
does.
>> That's what I'm hoping for. Yes, and I

1040
00:17:58,990 --> 00:17:59,000
>> That's what I'm hoping for. Yes, and I
 

1041
00:17:59,000 --> 00:18:00,910
>> That's what I'm hoping for. Yes, and I
think that's why that that list of what

1042
00:18:00,910 --> 00:18:00,920
think that's why that that list of what
 

1043
00:18:00,920 --> 00:18:03,110
think that's why that that list of what
it needs to be alive is is kind of all

1044
00:18:03,110 --> 00:18:03,120
it needs to be alive is is kind of all
 

1045
00:18:03,120 --> 00:18:05,190
it needs to be alive is is kind of all
of it is tied to each other. None of

1046
00:18:05,190 --> 00:18:05,200
of it is tied to each other. None of
 

1047
00:18:05,200 --> 00:18:07,390
of it is tied to each other. None of
those things by itself are going to do

1048
00:18:07,390 --> 00:18:07,400
those things by itself are going to do
 

1049
00:18:07,400 --> 00:18:09,510
those things by itself are going to do
it, but I think all of it arising

1050
00:18:09,510 --> 00:18:09,520
it, but I think all of it arising
 

1051
00:18:09,520 --> 00:18:10,870
it, but I think all of it arising
together will give this emergent

1052
00:18:10,870 --> 00:18:10,880
together will give this emergent
 

1053
00:18:10,880 --> 00:18:13,470
together will give this emergent
property of of increased complexity.

1054
00:18:13,470 --> 00:18:13,480
property of of increased complexity.
 

1055
00:18:13,480 --> 00:18:15,110
property of of increased complexity.
>> Mhm. Mhm.

1056
00:18:15,110 --> 00:18:15,120
>> Mhm. Mhm.
 

1057
00:18:15,120 --> 00:18:17,910
>> Mhm. Mhm.
What what would you say it would might

1058
00:18:17,910 --> 00:18:17,920
What what would you say it would might
 

1059
00:18:17,920 --> 00:18:21,070
What what would you say it would might
be the absolute next step in going from

1060
00:18:21,070 --> 00:18:21,080
be the absolute next step in going from
 

1061
00:18:21,080 --> 00:18:23,030
be the absolute next step in going from
Spud cell to something even closer to a

1062
00:18:23,030 --> 00:18:23,040
Spud cell to something even closer to a
 

1063
00:18:23,040 --> 00:18:25,710
Spud cell to something even closer to a
fully synthetic living cell?

1064
00:18:25,710 --> 00:18:25,720
fully synthetic living cell?
 

1065
00:18:25,720 --> 00:18:28,390
fully synthetic living cell?
>> Make cytoskeleton, make ribosomes, and

1066
00:18:28,390 --> 00:18:28,400
>> Make cytoskeleton, make ribosomes, and
 

1067
00:18:28,400 --> 00:18:30,070
>> Make cytoskeleton, make ribosomes, and
make better metabolism.

1068
00:18:30,070 --> 00:18:30,080
make better metabolism.
 

1069
00:18:30,080 --> 00:18:30,310
make better metabolism.
>> Mhm.

1070
00:18:30,310 --> 00:18:30,320
>> Mhm.
 

1071
00:18:30,320 --> 00:18:33,070
>> Mhm.
>> Um then add genome construction tool.

1072
00:18:33,070 --> 00:18:33,080
>> Um then add genome construction tool.
 

1073
00:18:33,080 --> 00:18:35,670
>> Um then add genome construction tool.
Right now, the genome is and I I'm

1074
00:18:35,670 --> 00:18:35,680
Right now, the genome is and I I'm
 

1075
00:18:35,680 --> 00:18:37,110
Right now, the genome is and I I'm
allowed to say that cuz I made it. The

1076
00:18:37,110 --> 00:18:37,120
allowed to say that cuz I made it. The
 

1077
00:18:37,120 --> 00:18:40,470
allowed to say that cuz I made it. The
genome's messy as heck. It's um it's a a

1078
00:18:40,470 --> 00:18:40,480
genome's messy as heck. It's um it's a a
 

1079
00:18:40,480 --> 00:18:42,950
genome's messy as heck. It's um it's a a
set of multiple plasmids and there are

1080
00:18:42,950 --> 00:18:42,960
set of multiple plasmids and there are
 

1081
00:18:42,960 --> 00:18:44,950
set of multiple plasmids and there are
practical research considerations why

1082
00:18:44,950 --> 00:18:44,960
practical research considerations why
 

1083
00:18:44,960 --> 00:18:47,070
practical research considerations why
it's like that cuz we had to iterate on

1084
00:18:47,070 --> 00:18:47,080
it's like that cuz we had to iterate on
 

1085
00:18:47,080 --> 00:18:49,270
it's like that cuz we had to iterate on
many of those genes. It's easier to do

1086
00:18:49,270 --> 00:18:49,280
many of those genes. It's easier to do
 

1087
00:18:49,280 --> 00:18:50,870
many of those genes. It's easier to do
it if they're smaller plasmids.

1088
00:18:50,870 --> 00:18:50,880
it if they're smaller plasmids.
 

1089
00:18:50,880 --> 00:18:52,990
it if they're smaller plasmids.
Eventually, I do want it switch to a

1090
00:18:52,990 --> 00:18:53,000
Eventually, I do want it switch to a
 

1091
00:18:53,000 --> 00:18:54,750
Eventually, I do want it switch to a
single mega plasmid like a bacterial

1092
00:18:54,750 --> 00:18:54,760
single mega plasmid like a bacterial
 

1093
00:18:54,760 --> 00:18:56,350
single mega plasmid like a bacterial
chromosome style.

1094
00:18:56,350 --> 00:18:56,360
chromosome style.
 

1095
00:18:56,360 --> 00:18:57,790
chromosome style.
>> Mhm. And that's that's more of a

1096
00:18:57,790 --> 00:18:57,800
>> Mhm. And that's that's more of a
 

1097
00:18:57,800 --> 00:19:00,310
>> Mhm. And that's that's more of a
technical than conceptual research step,

1098
00:19:00,310 --> 00:19:00,320
technical than conceptual research step,
 

1099
00:19:00,320 --> 00:19:01,670
technical than conceptual research step,
but I think that's going to help a lot

1100
00:19:01,670 --> 00:19:01,680
but I think that's going to help a lot
 

1101
00:19:01,680 --> 00:19:03,510
but I think that's going to help a lot
in division fidelity.

1102
00:19:03,510 --> 00:19:03,520
in division fidelity.
 

1103
00:19:03,520 --> 00:19:05,550
in division fidelity.
>> Right. If you're on if you just have one

1104
00:19:05,550 --> 00:19:05,560
>> Right. If you're on if you just have one
 

1105
00:19:05,560 --> 00:19:07,550
>> Right. If you're on if you just have one
circular chromosome and then you get

1106
00:19:07,550 --> 00:19:07,560
circular chromosome and then you get
 

1107
00:19:07,560 --> 00:19:09,630
circular chromosome and then you get
two, what each gets one, that seems a

1108
00:19:09,630 --> 00:19:09,640
two, what each gets one, that seems a
 

1109
00:19:09,640 --> 00:19:11,830
two, what each gets one, that seems a
lot simpler than how many is it seven

1110
00:19:11,830 --> 00:19:11,840
lot simpler than how many is it seven
 

1111
00:19:11,840 --> 00:19:13,670
lot simpler than how many is it seven
plasmids or how many

1112
00:19:13,670 --> 00:19:13,680
plasmids or how many
 

1113
00:19:13,680 --> 00:19:15,590
plasmids or how many
>> Depends on which version that's seven to

1114
00:19:15,590 --> 00:19:15,600
>> Depends on which version that's seven to
 

1115
00:19:15,600 --> 00:19:16,350
>> Depends on which version that's seven to
nine is

1116
00:19:16,350 --> 00:19:16,360
nine is
 

1117
00:19:16,360 --> 00:19:17,870
nine is
>> Seven to nine.

1118
00:19:17,870 --> 00:19:17,880
>> Seven to nine.
 

1119
00:19:17,880 --> 00:19:18,830
>> Seven to nine.
>> is is what we use.

1120
00:19:18,830 --> 00:19:18,840
>> is is what we use.
 

1121
00:19:18,840 --> 00:19:20,590
>> is is what we use.
>> Yeah, seems tricky seems like you'd need

1122
00:19:20,590 --> 00:19:20,600
>> Yeah, seems tricky seems like you'd need
 

1123
00:19:20,600 --> 00:19:23,310
>> Yeah, seems tricky seems like you'd need
some more sophisticated machinery. Yeah,

1124
00:19:23,310 --> 00:19:23,320
some more sophisticated machinery. Yeah,
 

1125
00:19:23,320 --> 00:19:25,550
some more sophisticated machinery. Yeah,
yeah, condensing into one could reduce

1126
00:19:25,550 --> 00:19:25,560
yeah, condensing into one could reduce
 

1127
00:19:25,560 --> 00:19:27,590
yeah, condensing into one could reduce
the complexity of the machinery you'd

1128
00:19:27,590 --> 00:19:27,600
the complexity of the machinery you'd
 

1129
00:19:27,600 --> 00:19:30,110
the complexity of the machinery you'd
need to install to segregate those.

1130
00:19:30,110 --> 00:19:30,120
need to install to segregate those.
 

1131
00:19:30,120 --> 00:19:32,830
need to install to segregate those.
>> the experimental complexity because one

1132
00:19:32,830 --> 00:19:32,840
>> the experimental complexity because one
 

1133
00:19:32,840 --> 00:19:35,150
>> the experimental complexity because one
giant plasmid is incredibly difficult to

1134
00:19:35,150 --> 00:19:35,160
giant plasmid is incredibly difficult to
 

1135
00:19:35,160 --> 00:19:35,910
giant plasmid is incredibly difficult to
make. It's

1136
00:19:35,910 --> 00:19:35,920
make. It's
 

1137
00:19:35,920 --> 00:19:36,430
make. It's
>> Right.

1138
00:19:36,430 --> 00:19:36,440
>> Right.
 

1139
00:19:36,440 --> 00:19:38,310
>> Right.
>> There are ways to make it but they're

1140
00:19:38,310 --> 00:19:38,320
>> There are ways to make it but they're
 

1141
00:19:38,320 --> 00:19:39,670
>> There are ways to make it but they're
pain in the lower back which is why

1142
00:19:39,670 --> 00:19:39,680
pain in the lower back which is why
 

1143
00:19:39,680 --> 00:19:41,910
pain in the lower back which is why
we've been using smaller plasmids but

1144
00:19:41,910 --> 00:19:41,920
we've been using smaller plasmids but
 

1145
00:19:41,920 --> 00:19:43,710
we've been using smaller plasmids but
it's on the on the to-do list.

1146
00:19:43,710 --> 00:19:43,720
it's on the on the to-do list.
 

1147
00:19:43,720 --> 00:19:46,070
it's on the on the to-do list.
>> Okay. Okay, that yeah, that makes sense

1148
00:19:46,070 --> 00:19:46,080
>> Okay. Okay, that yeah, that makes sense
 

1149
00:19:46,080 --> 00:19:47,518
>> Okay. Okay, that yeah, that makes sense
as kind of the next step here.

1150
00:19:47,518 --> 00:19:47,528
as kind of the next step here.
 

1151
00:19:47,528 --> 00:19:47,950
as kind of the next step here.
>> [snorts]

1152
00:19:47,950 --> 00:19:47,960
>> [snorts]
 

1153
00:19:47,960 --> 00:19:50,030
>> [snorts]
>> So I I have a question which you you may

1154
00:19:50,030 --> 00:19:50,040
>> So I I have a question which you you may
 

1155
00:19:50,040 --> 00:19:51,910
>> So I I have a question which you you may
or may not be able to answer.

1156
00:19:51,910 --> 00:19:51,920
or may not be able to answer.
 

1157
00:19:51,920 --> 00:19:53,630
or may not be able to answer.
My viewers know that I've done a lot of

1158
00:19:53,630 --> 00:19:53,640
My viewers know that I've done a lot of
 

1159
00:19:53,640 --> 00:19:56,150
My viewers know that I've done a lot of
work combating anti-science propaganda

1160
00:19:56,150 --> 00:19:56,160
work combating anti-science propaganda
 

1161
00:19:56,160 --> 00:19:58,510
work combating anti-science propaganda
in the field of origin of life research.

1162
00:19:58,510 --> 00:19:58,520
in the field of origin of life research.
 

1163
00:19:58,520 --> 00:20:00,270
in the field of origin of life research.
And so

1164
00:20:00,270 --> 00:20:00,280
And so
 

1165
00:20:00,280 --> 00:20:02,030
And so
among the propaganda peddlers there's a

1166
00:20:02,030 --> 00:20:02,040
among the propaganda peddlers there's a
 

1167
00:20:02,040 --> 00:20:05,150
among the propaganda peddlers there's a
lot of conflation between origin of life

1168
00:20:05,150 --> 00:20:05,160
lot of conflation between origin of life
 

1169
00:20:05,160 --> 00:20:06,990
lot of conflation between origin of life
research and synthetic biology where

1170
00:20:06,990 --> 00:20:07,000
research and synthetic biology where
 

1171
00:20:07,000 --> 00:20:09,470
research and synthetic biology where
obviously there is some overlap there.

1172
00:20:09,470 --> 00:20:09,480
obviously there is some overlap there.
 

1173
00:20:09,480 --> 00:20:11,270
obviously there is some overlap there.
But

1174
00:20:11,270 --> 00:20:11,280
But
 

1175
00:20:11,280 --> 00:20:14,270
But
work such as yours is not directly

1176
00:20:14,270 --> 00:20:14,280
work such as yours is not directly
 

1177
00:20:14,280 --> 00:20:17,350
work such as yours is not directly
pertaining to right your your quest to

1178
00:20:17,350 --> 00:20:17,360
pertaining to right your your quest to
 

1179
00:20:17,360 --> 00:20:19,510
pertaining to right your your quest to
build cell from scratch is not

1180
00:20:19,510 --> 00:20:19,520
build cell from scratch is not
 

1181
00:20:19,520 --> 00:20:22,430
build cell from scratch is not
necessarily specifically elucidating the

1182
00:20:22,430 --> 00:20:22,440
necessarily specifically elucidating the
 

1183
00:20:22,440 --> 00:20:24,630
necessarily specifically elucidating the
process by which life originally arose.

1184
00:20:24,630 --> 00:20:24,640
process by which life originally arose.
 

1185
00:20:24,640 --> 00:20:26,310
process by which life originally arose.
But um

1186
00:20:26,310 --> 00:20:26,320
But um
 

1187
00:20:26,320 --> 00:20:29,550
But um
Can you speak to what you might see as

1188
00:20:29,550 --> 00:20:29,560
Can you speak to what you might see as
 

1189
00:20:29,560 --> 00:20:31,790
Can you speak to what you might see as
potential overlap? Is there any kind of

1190
00:20:31,790 --> 00:20:31,800
potential overlap? Is there any kind of
 

1191
00:20:31,800 --> 00:20:35,390
potential overlap? Is there any kind of
like functional simplicity to spud cell

1192
00:20:35,390 --> 00:20:35,400
like functional simplicity to spud cell
 

1193
00:20:35,400 --> 00:20:36,670
like functional simplicity to spud cell
that you think

1194
00:20:36,670 --> 00:20:36,680
that you think
 

1195
00:20:36,680 --> 00:20:38,950
that you think
does have some application to features

1196
00:20:38,950 --> 00:20:38,960
does have some application to features
 

1197
00:20:38,960 --> 00:20:41,550
does have some application to features
of like early protocells? Is this

1198
00:20:41,550 --> 00:20:41,560
of like early protocells? Is this
 

1199
00:20:41,560 --> 00:20:43,990
of like early protocells? Is this
completely exclusively bioengineering or

1200
00:20:43,990 --> 00:20:44,000
completely exclusively bioengineering or
 

1201
00:20:44,000 --> 00:20:45,270
completely exclusively bioengineering or
or or do you think your work has

1202
00:20:45,270 --> 00:20:45,280
or or do you think your work has
 

1203
00:20:45,280 --> 00:20:47,750
or or do you think your work has
application to origin of life?

1204
00:20:47,750 --> 00:20:47,760
application to origin of life?
 

1205
00:20:47,760 --> 00:20:49,230
application to origin of life?
>> It definitely has conceptual

1206
00:20:49,230 --> 00:20:49,240
>> It definitely has conceptual
 

1207
00:20:49,240 --> 00:20:51,670
>> It definitely has conceptual
applications with origins. The spud cell

1208
00:20:51,670 --> 00:20:51,680
applications with origins. The spud cell
 

1209
00:20:51,680 --> 00:20:54,550
applications with origins. The spud cell
itself is not an origins model because

1210
00:20:54,550 --> 00:20:54,560
itself is not an origins model because
 

1211
00:20:54,560 --> 00:20:56,950
itself is not an origins model because
it uses modern enzymes. But it's a

1212
00:20:56,950 --> 00:20:56,960
it uses modern enzymes. But it's a
 

1213
00:20:56,960 --> 00:20:59,670
it uses modern enzymes. But it's a
platform that allows us two things. One

1214
00:20:59,670 --> 00:20:59,680
platform that allows us two things. One
 

1215
00:20:59,680 --> 00:21:01,470
platform that allows us two things. One
is you can imagine doing ancestral

1216
00:21:01,470 --> 00:21:01,480
is you can imagine doing ancestral
 

1217
00:21:01,480 --> 00:21:03,990
is you can imagine doing ancestral
protein reconstitution and using the

1218
00:21:03,990 --> 00:21:04,000
protein reconstitution and using the
 

1219
00:21:04,000 --> 00:21:06,630
protein reconstitution and using the
spud cell platform to for example test

1220
00:21:06,630 --> 00:21:06,640
spud cell platform to for example test
 

1221
00:21:06,640 --> 00:21:09,030
spud cell platform to for example test
how an ancestral ribosome or some other

1222
00:21:09,030 --> 00:21:09,040
how an ancestral ribosome or some other
 

1223
00:21:09,040 --> 00:21:11,150
how an ancestral ribosome or some other
ancestral pathway could work.

1224
00:21:11,150 --> 00:21:11,160
ancestral pathway could work.
 

1225
00:21:11,160 --> 00:21:14,430
ancestral pathway could work.
So, rebuild some of that earliest cell.

1226
00:21:14,430 --> 00:21:14,440
So, rebuild some of that earliest cell.
 

1227
00:21:14,440 --> 00:21:17,150
So, rebuild some of that earliest cell.
And it also is on a more kind of a

1228
00:21:17,150 --> 00:21:17,160
And it also is on a more kind of a
 

1229
00:21:17,160 --> 00:21:19,950
And it also is on a more kind of a
conceptual level, it shows you how

1230
00:21:19,950 --> 00:21:19,960
conceptual level, it shows you how
 

1231
00:21:19,960 --> 00:21:22,990
conceptual level, it shows you how
molecule behavior can lead to emergence

1232
00:21:22,990 --> 00:21:23,000
molecule behavior can lead to emergence
 

1233
00:21:23,000 --> 00:21:24,830
molecule behavior can lead to emergence
of life-like properties. So,

1234
00:21:24,830 --> 00:21:24,840
of life-like properties. So,
 

1235
00:21:24,840 --> 00:21:25,390
of life-like properties. So,
>> Mhm. Mhm.

1236
00:21:25,390 --> 00:21:25,400
>> Mhm. Mhm.
 

1237
00:21:25,400 --> 00:21:27,590
>> Mhm. Mhm.
>> even though it doesn't directly describe

1238
00:21:27,590 --> 00:21:27,600
>> even though it doesn't directly describe
 

1239
00:21:27,600 --> 00:21:30,150
>> even though it doesn't directly describe
the identity of the molecules that were

1240
00:21:30,150 --> 00:21:30,160
the identity of the molecules that were
 

1241
00:21:30,160 --> 00:21:32,870
the identity of the molecules that were
present 4 billion years ago on Earth, it

1242
00:21:32,870 --> 00:21:32,880
present 4 billion years ago on Earth, it
 

1243
00:21:32,880 --> 00:21:34,870
present 4 billion years ago on Earth, it
does help us kind of a conceptualize

1244
00:21:34,870 --> 00:21:34,880
does help us kind of a conceptualize
 

1245
00:21:34,880 --> 00:21:36,830
does help us kind of a conceptualize
that process, figure out, okay, we need

1246
00:21:36,830 --> 00:21:36,840
that process, figure out, okay, we need
 

1247
00:21:36,840 --> 00:21:40,030
that process, figure out, okay, we need
this pathway, that pathway together

1248
00:21:40,030 --> 00:21:40,040
this pathway, that pathway together
 

1249
00:21:40,040 --> 00:21:42,510
this pathway, that pathway together
in that order, in that kind of a

1250
00:21:42,510 --> 00:21:42,520
in that order, in that kind of a
 

1251
00:21:42,520 --> 00:21:45,510
in that order, in that kind of a
type of interactions to reconstitute how

1252
00:21:45,510 --> 00:21:45,520
type of interactions to reconstitute how
 

1253
00:21:45,520 --> 00:21:46,910
type of interactions to reconstitute how
early life could behave.

1254
00:21:46,910 --> 00:21:46,920
early life could behave.
 

1255
00:21:46,920 --> 00:21:49,190
early life could behave.
>> Mhm. So, we can we can elucidate some of

1256
00:21:49,190 --> 00:21:49,200
>> Mhm. So, we can we can elucidate some of
 

1257
00:21:49,200 --> 00:21:51,110
>> Mhm. So, we can we can elucidate some of
the emergent properties

1258
00:21:51,110 --> 00:21:51,120
the emergent properties
 

1259
00:21:51,120 --> 00:21:54,150
the emergent properties
that can more broadly apply to to to

1260
00:21:54,150 --> 00:21:54,160
that can more broadly apply to to to
 

1261
00:21:54,160 --> 00:21:55,750
that can more broadly apply to to to
different sets of molecules, including

1262
00:21:55,750 --> 00:21:55,760
different sets of molecules, including
 

1263
00:21:55,760 --> 00:21:57,750
different sets of molecules, including
the ones that would have been present in

1264
00:21:57,750 --> 00:21:57,760
the ones that would have been present in
 

1265
00:21:57,760 --> 00:21:58,750
the ones that would have been present in
in the first protocell.

1266
00:21:58,750 --> 00:21:58,760
in the first protocell.
 

1267
00:21:58,760 --> 00:22:00,870
in the first protocell.
>> Yes, that's correct. Even though I want

1268
00:22:00,870 --> 00:22:00,880
>> Yes, that's correct. Even though I want
 

1269
00:22:00,880 --> 00:22:02,390
>> Yes, that's correct. Even though I want
to make it very clear that the Spud cell

1270
00:22:02,390 --> 00:22:02,400
to make it very clear that the Spud cell
 

1271
00:22:02,400 --> 00:22:04,590
to make it very clear that the Spud cell
itself is not an origins model because

1272
00:22:04,590 --> 00:22:04,600
itself is not an origins model because
 

1273
00:22:04,600 --> 00:22:05,910
itself is not an origins model because
it is a modern

1274
00:22:05,910 --> 00:22:05,920
it is a modern
 

1275
00:22:05,920 --> 00:22:08,150
it is a modern
>> Yeah, I I mean, it has a DNA genome

1276
00:22:08,150 --> 00:22:08,160
>> Yeah, I I mean, it has a DNA genome
 

1277
00:22:08,160 --> 00:22:11,150
>> Yeah, I I mean, it has a DNA genome
already that disqualifies it, but

1278
00:22:11,150 --> 00:22:11,160
already that disqualifies it, but
 

1279
00:22:11,160 --> 00:22:12,790
already that disqualifies it, but
but yeah, it is yeah, it it is quite

1280
00:22:12,790 --> 00:22:12,800
but yeah, it is yeah, it it is quite
 

1281
00:22:12,800 --> 00:22:15,190
but yeah, it is yeah, it it is quite
interesting to see the propaganda

1282
00:22:15,190 --> 00:22:15,200
interesting to see the propaganda
 

1283
00:22:15,200 --> 00:22:17,190
interesting to see the propaganda
conflating synthetic biology with origin

1284
00:22:17,190 --> 00:22:17,200
conflating synthetic biology with origin
 

1285
00:22:17,200 --> 00:22:18,590
conflating synthetic biology with origin
of life research and then having to kind

1286
00:22:18,590 --> 00:22:18,600
of life research and then having to kind
 

1287
00:22:18,600 --> 00:22:20,910
of life research and then having to kind
of go in and and and and separate the

1288
00:22:20,910 --> 00:22:20,920
of go in and and and and separate the
 

1289
00:22:20,920 --> 00:22:22,870
of go in and and and and separate the
two without

1290
00:22:22,870 --> 00:22:22,880
two without
 

1291
00:22:22,880 --> 00:22:25,630
two without
without denying the conceptual

1292
00:22:25,630 --> 00:22:25,640
without denying the conceptual
 

1293
00:22:25,640 --> 00:22:27,110
without denying the conceptual
application, right? There is something

1294
00:22:27,110 --> 00:22:27,120
application, right? There is something
 

1295
00:22:27,120 --> 00:22:29,190
application, right? There is something
here. We have very very minimalistic

1296
00:22:29,190 --> 00:22:29,200
here. We have very very minimalistic
 

1297
00:22:29,200 --> 00:22:30,150
here. We have very very minimalistic
sets of

1298
00:22:30,150 --> 00:22:30,160
sets of
 

1299
00:22:30,160 --> 00:22:32,110
sets of
of molecules and we're seeing how life

1300
00:22:32,110 --> 00:22:32,120
of molecules and we're seeing how life
 

1301
00:22:32,120 --> 00:22:33,590
of molecules and we're seeing how life
can arise from that. So, obviously that

1302
00:22:33,590 --> 00:22:33,600
can arise from that. So, obviously that
 

1303
00:22:33,600 --> 00:22:35,830
can arise from that. So, obviously that
has some appli- cation, but just with a

1304
00:22:35,830 --> 00:22:35,840
has some appli- cation, but just with a
 

1305
00:22:35,840 --> 00:22:37,950
has some appli- cation, but just with a
totally different set of molecules.

1306
00:22:37,950 --> 00:22:37,960
totally different set of molecules.
 

1307
00:22:37,960 --> 00:22:38,910
totally different set of molecules.
Yeah.

1308
00:22:38,910 --> 00:22:38,920
Yeah.
 

1309
00:22:38,920 --> 00:22:42,110
Yeah.
Um what would you see I I think that

1310
00:22:42,110 --> 00:22:42,120
Um what would you see I I think that
 

1311
00:22:42,120 --> 00:22:44,030
Um what would you see I I think that
with synthetic biology in general, there

1312
00:22:44,030 --> 00:22:44,040
with synthetic biology in general, there
 

1313
00:22:44,040 --> 00:22:46,830
with synthetic biology in general, there
are a lot of applications. So, I'd love

1314
00:22:46,830 --> 00:22:46,840
are a lot of applications. So, I'd love
 

1315
00:22:46,840 --> 00:22:49,630
are a lot of applications. So, I'd love
to hear you talk more broadly about the

1316
00:22:49,630 --> 00:22:49,640
to hear you talk more broadly about the
 

1317
00:22:49,640 --> 00:22:52,070
to hear you talk more broadly about the
applications of of synthetic biology,

1318
00:22:52,070 --> 00:22:52,080
applications of of synthetic biology,
 

1319
00:22:52,080 --> 00:22:54,070
applications of of synthetic biology,
but also very specifically in terms of

1320
00:22:54,070 --> 00:22:54,080
but also very specifically in terms of
 

1321
00:22:54,080 --> 00:22:56,310
but also very specifically in terms of
Spud cell, what kind of practical

1322
00:22:56,310 --> 00:22:56,320
Spud cell, what kind of practical
 

1323
00:22:56,320 --> 00:22:58,110
Spud cell, what kind of practical
applications there could be beyond

1324
00:22:58,110 --> 00:22:58,120
applications there could be beyond
 

1325
00:22:58,120 --> 00:23:00,790
applications there could be beyond
simply the the the you know, the this

1326
00:23:00,790 --> 00:23:00,800
simply the the the you know, the this
 

1327
00:23:00,800 --> 00:23:04,750
simply the the the you know, the this
incredible task of synthesizing a cell.

1328
00:23:04,750 --> 00:23:04,760
incredible task of synthesizing a cell.
 

1329
00:23:04,760 --> 00:23:08,470
incredible task of synthesizing a cell.
>> Short term, it can be a platform to

1330
00:23:08,470 --> 00:23:08,480
>> Short term, it can be a platform to
 

1331
00:23:08,480 --> 00:23:11,190
>> Short term, it can be a platform to
create biologically active molecules,

1332
00:23:11,190 --> 00:23:11,200
create biologically active molecules,
 

1333
00:23:11,200 --> 00:23:13,750
create biologically active molecules,
mostly drugs, um high value added

1334
00:23:13,750 --> 00:23:13,760
mostly drugs, um high value added
 

1335
00:23:13,760 --> 00:23:15,590
mostly drugs, um high value added
molecules that use non-canonical

1336
00:23:15,590 --> 00:23:15,600
molecules that use non-canonical
 

1337
00:23:15,600 --> 00:23:17,030
molecules that use non-canonical
building blocks.

1338
00:23:17,030 --> 00:23:17,040
building blocks.
 

1339
00:23:17,040 --> 00:23:19,750
building blocks.
Um it runs on a translation system

1340
00:23:19,750 --> 00:23:19,760
Um it runs on a translation system
 

1341
00:23:19,760 --> 00:23:21,750
Um it runs on a translation system
called pure, which allows for

1342
00:23:21,750 --> 00:23:21,760
called pure, which allows for
 

1343
00:23:21,760 --> 00:23:24,470
called pure, which allows for
incorporation of many non-canonical

1344
00:23:24,470 --> 00:23:24,480
incorporation of many non-canonical
 

1345
00:23:24,480 --> 00:23:26,510
incorporation of many non-canonical
amino acids into proteins, for example.

1346
00:23:26,510 --> 00:23:26,520
amino acids into proteins, for example.
 

1347
00:23:26,520 --> 00:23:26,910
amino acids into proteins, for example.
>> Mhm.

1348
00:23:26,910 --> 00:23:26,920
>> Mhm.
 

1349
00:23:26,920 --> 00:23:28,670
>> Mhm.
>> And there's many drugs and drug

1350
00:23:28,670 --> 00:23:28,680
>> And there's many drugs and drug
 

1351
00:23:28,680 --> 00:23:31,230
>> And there's many drugs and drug
candidates that use those

1352
00:23:31,230 --> 00:23:31,240
candidates that use those
 

1353
00:23:31,240 --> 00:23:32,510
candidates that use those
building blocks and they're right now

1354
00:23:32,510 --> 00:23:32,520
building blocks and they're right now
 

1355
00:23:32,520 --> 00:23:33,990
building blocks and they're right now
difficult to synthesize because you have

1356
00:23:33,990 --> 00:23:34,000
difficult to synthesize because you have
 

1357
00:23:34,000 --> 00:23:35,830
difficult to synthesize because you have
to make them chemically. So, that's kind

1358
00:23:35,830 --> 00:23:35,840
to make them chemically. So, that's kind
 

1359
00:23:35,840 --> 00:23:37,790
to make them chemically. So, that's kind
of a short-term, in the few years time

1360
00:23:37,790 --> 00:23:37,800
of a short-term, in the few years time
 

1361
00:23:37,800 --> 00:23:40,430
of a short-term, in the few years time
scale, um when we start seeing first

1362
00:23:40,430 --> 00:23:40,440
scale, um when we start seeing first
 

1363
00:23:40,440 --> 00:23:42,310
scale, um when we start seeing first
applications of this technology.

1364
00:23:42,310 --> 00:23:42,320
applications of this technology.
 

1365
00:23:42,320 --> 00:23:46,510
applications of this technology.
Long-term, the our 2050 goal and beyond

1366
00:23:46,510 --> 00:23:46,520
Long-term, the our 2050 goal and beyond
 

1367
00:23:46,520 --> 00:23:49,030
Long-term, the our 2050 goal and beyond
is bioeconomy. It's being able to move

1368
00:23:49,030 --> 00:23:49,040
is bioeconomy. It's being able to move
 

1369
00:23:49,040 --> 00:23:51,310
is bioeconomy. It's being able to move
all the atoms that our economy needs

1370
00:23:51,310 --> 00:23:51,320
all the atoms that our economy needs
 

1371
00:23:51,320 --> 00:23:53,710
all the atoms that our economy needs
with biology instead of dead biology,

1372
00:23:53,710 --> 00:23:53,720
with biology instead of dead biology,
 

1373
00:23:53,720 --> 00:23:55,550
with biology instead of dead biology,
the petrochemicals.

1374
00:23:55,550 --> 00:23:55,560
the petrochemicals.
 

1375
00:23:55,560 --> 00:23:56,550
the petrochemicals.
>> Mhm.

1376
00:23:56,550 --> 00:23:56,560
>> Mhm.
 

1377
00:23:56,560 --> 00:23:58,790
>> Mhm.
I've done a little bit of work

1378
00:23:58,790 --> 00:23:58,800
I've done a little bit of work
 

1379
00:23:58,800 --> 00:24:01,870
I've done a little bit of work
elucidating how we use uh synthetically

1380
00:24:01,870 --> 00:24:01,880
elucidating how we use uh synthetically
 

1381
00:24:01,880 --> 00:24:04,110
elucidating how we use uh synthetically
or sorry, genetically modified

1382
00:24:04,110 --> 00:24:04,120
or sorry, genetically modified
 

1383
00:24:04,120 --> 00:24:06,630
or sorry, genetically modified
microorganisms to kind of install suites

1384
00:24:06,630 --> 00:24:06,640
microorganisms to kind of install suites
 

1385
00:24:06,640 --> 00:24:09,230
microorganisms to kind of install suites
of enzymes to then build So, what what

1386
00:24:09,230 --> 00:24:09,240
of enzymes to then build So, what what
 

1387
00:24:09,240 --> 00:24:10,830
of enzymes to then build So, what what
would be the difference here with a

1388
00:24:10,830 --> 00:24:10,840
would be the difference here with a
 

1389
00:24:10,840 --> 00:24:12,830
would be the difference here with a
bottom-up cell, like really on the on

1390
00:24:12,830 --> 00:24:12,840
bottom-up cell, like really on the on
 

1391
00:24:12,840 --> 00:24:14,790
bottom-up cell, like really on the on
the molecular level? How how would it

1392
00:24:14,790 --> 00:24:14,800
the molecular level? How how would it
 

1393
00:24:14,800 --> 00:24:17,190
the molecular level? How how would it
How would a spud cell-like

1394
00:24:17,190 --> 00:24:17,200
How would a spud cell-like
 

1395
00:24:17,200 --> 00:24:20,230
How would a spud cell-like
um system up approach synthesis

1396
00:24:20,230 --> 00:24:20,240
um system up approach synthesis
 

1397
00:24:20,240 --> 00:24:22,470
um system up approach synthesis
differently from like E. coli or

1398
00:24:22,470 --> 00:24:22,480
differently from like E. coli or
 

1399
00:24:22,480 --> 00:24:23,830
differently from like E. coli or
something like that?

1400
00:24:23,830 --> 00:24:23,840
something like that?
 

1401
00:24:23,840 --> 00:24:26,510
something like that?
>> It allows you to go farther. Um for

1402
00:24:26,510 --> 00:24:26,520
>> It allows you to go farther. Um for
 

1403
00:24:26,520 --> 00:24:28,750
>> It allows you to go farther. Um for
applications that are not toxic to

1404
00:24:28,750 --> 00:24:28,760
applications that are not toxic to
 

1405
00:24:28,760 --> 00:24:30,630
applications that are not toxic to
cells, so like products that are not

1406
00:24:30,630 --> 00:24:30,640
cells, so like products that are not
 

1407
00:24:30,640 --> 00:24:31,470
cells, so like products that are not
toxic or

1408
00:24:31,470 --> 00:24:31,480
toxic or
 

1409
00:24:31,480 --> 00:24:32,110
toxic or
>> Oh, okay.

1410
00:24:32,110 --> 00:24:32,120
>> Oh, okay.
 

1411
00:24:32,120 --> 00:24:33,990
>> Oh, okay.
>> or chemical transitions that biology

1412
00:24:33,990 --> 00:24:34,000
>> or chemical transitions that biology
 

1413
00:24:34,000 --> 00:24:36,670
>> or chemical transitions that biology
already knows how to do, E. coli is your

1414
00:24:36,670 --> 00:24:36,680
already knows how to do, E. coli is your
 

1415
00:24:36,680 --> 00:24:38,390
already knows how to do, E. coli is your
first choice because it grows the

1416
00:24:38,390 --> 00:24:38,400
first choice because it grows the
 

1417
00:24:38,400 --> 00:24:40,070
first choice because it grows the
fastest, it's the cheapest, we know how

1418
00:24:40,070 --> 00:24:40,080
fastest, it's the cheapest, we know how
 

1419
00:24:40,080 --> 00:24:41,070
fastest, it's the cheapest, we know how
to work with it.

1420
00:24:41,070 --> 00:24:41,080
to work with it.
 

1421
00:24:41,080 --> 00:24:41,390
to work with it.
>> Mhm.

1422
00:24:41,390 --> 00:24:41,400
>> Mhm.
 

1423
00:24:41,400 --> 00:24:44,110
>> Mhm.
>> But for there are many products that we

1424
00:24:44,110 --> 00:24:44,120
>> But for there are many products that we
 

1425
00:24:44,120 --> 00:24:46,550
>> But for there are many products that we
cannot access right now with with live

1426
00:24:46,550 --> 00:24:46,560
cannot access right now with with live
 

1427
00:24:46,560 --> 00:24:48,790
cannot access right now with with live
cell biosynthesis because they're either

1428
00:24:48,790 --> 00:24:48,800
cell biosynthesis because they're either
 

1429
00:24:48,800 --> 00:24:51,150
cell biosynthesis because they're either
toxic or there just are no enzymes in

1430
00:24:51,150 --> 00:24:51,160
toxic or there just are no enzymes in
 

1431
00:24:51,160 --> 00:24:52,830
toxic or there just are no enzymes in
biology to make those products.

1432
00:24:52,830 --> 00:24:52,840
biology to make those products.
 

1433
00:24:52,840 --> 00:24:53,430
biology to make those products.
>> Okay.

1434
00:24:53,430 --> 00:24:53,440
>> Okay.
 

1435
00:24:53,440 --> 00:24:54,590
>> Okay.
>> And

1436
00:24:54,590 --> 00:24:54,600
>> And
 

1437
00:24:54,600 --> 00:24:56,350
>> And
that's These are the two things that we

1438
00:24:56,350 --> 00:24:56,360
that's These are the two things that we
 

1439
00:24:56,360 --> 00:24:59,230
that's These are the two things that we
can do in a bottom-up cell is one is we

1440
00:24:59,230 --> 00:24:59,240
can do in a bottom-up cell is one is we
 

1441
00:24:59,240 --> 00:25:02,430
can do in a bottom-up cell is one is we
can develop new enzymes that use novel

1442
00:25:02,430 --> 00:25:02,440
can develop new enzymes that use novel
 

1443
00:25:02,440 --> 00:25:04,310
can develop new enzymes that use novel
non-canonical chemistries, novel

1444
00:25:04,310 --> 00:25:04,320
non-canonical chemistries, novel
 

1445
00:25:04,320 --> 00:25:07,630
non-canonical chemistries, novel
building blocks, and we can make

1446
00:25:07,630 --> 00:25:07,640
building blocks, and we can make
 

1447
00:25:07,640 --> 00:25:10,030
building blocks, and we can make
products that would be toxic to natural

1448
00:25:10,030 --> 00:25:10,040
products that would be toxic to natural
 

1449
00:25:10,040 --> 00:25:11,630
products that would be toxic to natural
metabolism because we can design the

1450
00:25:11,630 --> 00:25:11,640
metabolism because we can design the
 

1451
00:25:11,640 --> 00:25:13,590
metabolism because we can design the
metabolism around that toxicity.

1452
00:25:13,590 --> 00:25:13,600
metabolism around that toxicity.
 

1453
00:25:13,600 --> 00:25:15,190
metabolism around that toxicity.
>> Mhm. Mhm. Mhm. So, you won't be

1454
00:25:15,190 --> 00:25:15,200
>> Mhm. Mhm. Mhm. So, you won't be
 

1455
00:25:15,200 --> 00:25:17,750
>> Mhm. Mhm. Mhm. So, you won't be
constrained by what life knows how to

1456
00:25:17,750 --> 00:25:17,760
constrained by what life knows how to
 

1457
00:25:17,760 --> 00:25:19,550
constrained by what life knows how to
do, and you won't be constrained by

1458
00:25:19,550 --> 00:25:19,560
do, and you won't be constrained by
 

1459
00:25:19,560 --> 00:25:21,750
do, and you won't be constrained by
chemistry that doesn't kill a living

1460
00:25:21,750 --> 00:25:21,760
chemistry that doesn't kill a living
 

1461
00:25:21,760 --> 00:25:22,750
chemistry that doesn't kill a living
cell.

1462
00:25:22,750 --> 00:25:22,760
cell.
 

1463
00:25:22,760 --> 00:25:25,390
cell.
>> That's correct. That's These are These

1464
00:25:25,390 --> 00:25:25,400
>> That's correct. That's These are These
 

1465
00:25:25,400 --> 00:25:27,350
>> That's correct. That's These are These
are the things that I need I think are

1466
00:25:27,350 --> 00:25:27,360
are the things that I need I think are
 

1467
00:25:27,360 --> 00:25:29,510
are the things that I need I think are
absolutely needed to realize bioeconomy

1468
00:25:29,510 --> 00:25:29,520
absolutely needed to realize bioeconomy
 

1469
00:25:29,520 --> 00:25:31,510
absolutely needed to realize bioeconomy
because we won't be able to make

1470
00:25:31,510 --> 00:25:31,520
because we won't be able to make
 

1471
00:25:31,520 --> 00:25:34,110
because we won't be able to make
everything with natural cells.

1472
00:25:34,110 --> 00:25:34,120
everything with natural cells.
 

1473
00:25:34,120 --> 00:25:36,830
everything with natural cells.
>> Yes. Yes, that's true. And And yeah, so

1474
00:25:36,830 --> 00:25:36,840
>> Yes. Yes, that's true. And And yeah, so
 

1475
00:25:36,840 --> 00:25:39,110
>> Yes. Yes, that's true. And And yeah, so
so obviously just kind of the greening

1476
00:25:39,110 --> 00:25:39,120
so obviously just kind of the greening
 

1477
00:25:39,120 --> 00:25:41,070
so obviously just kind of the greening
of of of industry, right? If we're able

1478
00:25:41,070 --> 00:25:41,080
of of of industry, right? If we're able
 

1479
00:25:41,080 --> 00:25:44,830
of of of industry, right? If we're able
to make biofuels and

1480
00:25:44,830 --> 00:25:44,840
to make biofuels and
 

1481
00:25:44,840 --> 00:25:46,590
to make biofuels and
obviously drugs, but

1482
00:25:46,590 --> 00:25:46,600
obviously drugs, but
 

1483
00:25:46,600 --> 00:25:49,550
obviously drugs, but
all kind like are there any materials

1484
00:25:49,550 --> 00:25:49,560
all kind like are there any materials
 

1485
00:25:49,560 --> 00:25:51,950
all kind like are there any materials
that we're targeting that aren't so

1486
00:25:51,950 --> 00:25:51,960
that we're targeting that aren't so
 

1487
00:25:51,960 --> 00:25:53,950
that we're targeting that aren't so
hyped up in the news? Is there

1488
00:25:53,950 --> 00:25:53,960
hyped up in the news? Is there
 

1489
00:25:53,960 --> 00:25:55,830
hyped up in the news? Is there
Or is it pretty much just just those

1490
00:25:55,830 --> 00:25:55,840
Or is it pretty much just just those
 

1491
00:25:55,840 --> 00:25:57,110
Or is it pretty much just just those
couple?

1492
00:25:57,110 --> 00:25:57,120
couple?
 

1493
00:25:57,120 --> 00:25:57,910
couple?
>> Um

1494
00:25:57,910 --> 00:25:57,920
>> Um
 

1495
00:25:57,920 --> 00:26:00,590
>> Um
the high-volume things like certain

1496
00:26:00,590 --> 00:26:00,600
the high-volume things like certain
 

1497
00:26:00,600 --> 00:26:02,750
the high-volume things like certain
kinds of polymers, plastics, these are

1498
00:26:02,750 --> 00:26:02,760
kinds of polymers, plastics, these are
 

1499
00:26:02,760 --> 00:26:05,070
kinds of polymers, plastics, these are
the the things that are in the news. The

1500
00:26:05,070 --> 00:26:05,080
the the things that are in the news. The
 

1501
00:26:05,080 --> 00:26:06,630
the the things that are in the news. The
the one thing that sort of flies under

1502
00:26:06,630 --> 00:26:06,640
the one thing that sort of flies under
 

1503
00:26:06,640 --> 00:26:09,390
the one thing that sort of flies under
the radar is fertilizers. Um right now

1504
00:26:09,390 --> 00:26:09,400
the radar is fertilizers. Um right now
 

1505
00:26:09,400 --> 00:26:13,030
the radar is fertilizers. Um right now
we use fertilizers that use a

1506
00:26:13,030 --> 00:26:13,040
we use fertilizers that use a
 

1507
00:26:13,040 --> 00:26:14,950
we use fertilizers that use a
petrochemically derived

1508
00:26:14,950 --> 00:26:14,960
petrochemically derived
 

1509
00:26:14,960 --> 00:26:17,790
petrochemically derived
process to synthesize them. And those

1510
00:26:17,790 --> 00:26:17,800
process to synthesize them. And those
 

1511
00:26:17,800 --> 00:26:19,710
process to synthesize them. And those
fertilizers are absolutely necessary for

1512
00:26:19,710 --> 00:26:19,720
fertilizers are absolutely necessary for
 

1513
00:26:19,720 --> 00:26:21,590
fertilizers are absolutely necessary for
the crop yields we need to feed the

1514
00:26:21,590 --> 00:26:21,600
the crop yields we need to feed the
 

1515
00:26:21,600 --> 00:26:24,110
the crop yields we need to feed the
current population of of the world. And

1516
00:26:24,110 --> 00:26:24,120
current population of of the world. And
 

1517
00:26:24,120 --> 00:26:26,230
current population of of the world. And
that's Many people don't know that

1518
00:26:26,230 --> 00:26:26,240
that's Many people don't know that
 

1519
00:26:26,240 --> 00:26:28,270
that's Many people don't know that
that's why there is a direct link

1520
00:26:28,270 --> 00:26:28,280
that's why there is a direct link
 

1521
00:26:28,280 --> 00:26:30,990
that's why there is a direct link
between food prices and fuel prices and

1522
00:26:30,990 --> 00:26:31,000
between food prices and fuel prices and
 

1523
00:26:31,000 --> 00:26:33,750
between food prices and fuel prices and
oil prices. It's not just because fuel

1524
00:26:33,750 --> 00:26:33,760
oil prices. It's not just because fuel
 

1525
00:26:33,760 --> 00:26:35,830
oil prices. It's not just because fuel
prices, it's also because fertilizer

1526
00:26:35,830 --> 00:26:35,840
prices, it's also because fertilizer
 

1527
00:26:35,840 --> 00:26:39,110
prices, it's also because fertilizer
prices. Those directly are tied to oil

1528
00:26:39,110 --> 00:26:39,120
prices. Those directly are tied to oil
 

1529
00:26:39,120 --> 00:26:41,790
prices. Those directly are tied to oil
because that's a petrochemical process.

1530
00:26:41,790 --> 00:26:41,800
because that's a petrochemical process.
 

1531
00:26:41,800 --> 00:26:44,030
because that's a petrochemical process.
And those are compounds that are and

1532
00:26:44,030 --> 00:26:44,040
And those are compounds that are and
 

1533
00:26:44,040 --> 00:26:45,750
And those are compounds that are and
reactions that are toxic to natural

1534
00:26:45,750 --> 00:26:45,760
reactions that are toxic to natural
 

1535
00:26:45,760 --> 00:26:47,590
reactions that are toxic to natural
cells, which is why we don't have a

1536
00:26:47,590 --> 00:26:47,600
cells, which is why we don't have a
 

1537
00:26:47,600 --> 00:26:50,510
cells, which is why we don't have a
biosynthesis pathway for them. So, to to

1538
00:26:50,510 --> 00:26:50,520
biosynthesis pathway for them. So, to to
 

1539
00:26:50,520 --> 00:26:52,910
biosynthesis pathway for them. So, to to
this biologically accessible nitrogen

1540
00:26:52,910 --> 00:26:52,920
this biologically accessible nitrogen
 

1541
00:26:52,920 --> 00:26:54,310
this biologically accessible nitrogen
cuz that's basically what a fertilizer

1542
00:26:54,310 --> 00:26:54,320
cuz that's basically what a fertilizer
 

1543
00:26:54,320 --> 00:26:57,470
cuz that's basically what a fertilizer
is, um, into at the scale that we need

1544
00:26:57,470 --> 00:26:57,480
is, um, into at the scale that we need
 

1545
00:26:57,480 --> 00:26:59,390
is, um, into at the scale that we need
to fertilize the fields to get the crop

1546
00:26:59,390 --> 00:26:59,400
to fertilize the fields to get the crop
 

1547
00:26:59,400 --> 00:27:02,470
to fertilize the fields to get the crop
yield, right now we need oil, and that's

1548
00:27:02,470 --> 00:27:02,480
yield, right now we need oil, and that's
 

1549
00:27:02,480 --> 00:27:05,910
yield, right now we need oil, and that's
one of the things that is not very

1550
00:27:05,910 --> 00:27:05,920
one of the things that is not very
 

1551
00:27:05,920 --> 00:27:07,830
one of the things that is not very
media, like it's not it's not people

1552
00:27:07,830 --> 00:27:07,840
media, like it's not it's not people
 

1553
00:27:07,840 --> 00:27:09,110
media, like it's not it's not people
don't talk about it much, but that's a

1554
00:27:09,110 --> 00:27:09,120
don't talk about it much, but that's a
 

1555
00:27:09,120 --> 00:27:11,910
don't talk about it much, but that's a
huge thing when we think about carbon

1556
00:27:11,910 --> 00:27:11,920
huge thing when we think about carbon
 

1557
00:27:11,920 --> 00:27:13,990
huge thing when we think about carbon
neutral economy.

1558
00:27:13,990 --> 00:27:14,000
neutral economy.
 

1559
00:27:14,000 --> 00:27:16,310
neutral economy.
>> Understood. Okay. Yeah, that's the

1560
00:27:16,310 --> 00:27:16,320
>> Understood. Okay. Yeah, that's the
 

1561
00:27:16,320 --> 00:27:18,510
>> Understood. Okay. Yeah, that's the
really is the most, uh, incredible

1562
00:27:18,510 --> 00:27:18,520
really is the most, uh, incredible
 

1563
00:27:18,520 --> 00:27:20,190
really is the most, uh, incredible
science that which really pushes the

1564
00:27:20,190 --> 00:27:20,200
science that which really pushes the
 

1565
00:27:20,200 --> 00:27:22,710
science that which really pushes the
boundaries of of what we can know and

1566
00:27:22,710 --> 00:27:22,720
boundaries of of what we can know and
 

1567
00:27:22,720 --> 00:27:24,710
boundaries of of what we can know and
understand about the the natural world

1568
00:27:24,710 --> 00:27:24,720
understand about the the natural world
 

1569
00:27:24,720 --> 00:27:26,790
understand about the the natural world
while also having this incredible

1570
00:27:26,790 --> 00:27:26,800
while also having this incredible
 

1571
00:27:26,800 --> 00:27:28,590
while also having this incredible
economic application. It's kind of the

1572
00:27:28,590 --> 00:27:28,600
economic application. It's kind of the
 

1573
00:27:28,600 --> 00:27:30,270
economic application. It's kind of the
best of both worlds, which you you don't

1574
00:27:30,270 --> 00:27:30,280
best of both worlds, which you you don't
 

1575
00:27:30,280 --> 00:27:31,790
best of both worlds, which you you don't
you don't always see,

1576
00:27:31,790 --> 00:27:31,800
you don't always see,
 

1577
00:27:31,800 --> 00:27:33,670
you don't always see,
uh, in science.

1578
00:27:33,670 --> 00:27:33,680
uh, in science.
 

1579
00:27:33,680 --> 00:27:35,990
uh, in science.
Um, yeah, those are all the questions I

1580
00:27:35,990 --> 00:27:36,000
Um, yeah, those are all the questions I
 

1581
00:27:36,000 --> 00:27:38,350
Um, yeah, those are all the questions I
had. I, you know, uh, feel free to take

1582
00:27:38,350 --> 00:27:38,360
had. I, you know, uh, feel free to take
 

1583
00:27:38,360 --> 00:27:39,830
had. I, you know, uh, feel free to take
a moment if there's any anything you

1584
00:27:39,830 --> 00:27:39,840
a moment if there's any anything you
 

1585
00:27:39,840 --> 00:27:42,270
a moment if there's any anything you
want to direct the viewers to. I know

1586
00:27:42,270 --> 00:27:42,280
want to direct the viewers to. I know
 

1587
00:27:42,280 --> 00:27:45,150
want to direct the viewers to. I know
that, um, it's kind of a tumultuous time

1588
00:27:45,150 --> 00:27:45,160
that, um, it's kind of a tumultuous time
 

1589
00:27:45,160 --> 00:27:47,510
that, um, it's kind of a tumultuous time
politically with the future of, uh, the

1590
00:27:47,510 --> 00:27:47,520
politically with the future of, uh, the
 

1591
00:27:47,520 --> 00:27:49,670
politically with the future of, uh, the
funding of of science unknown. I'm not

1592
00:27:49,670 --> 00:27:49,680
funding of of science unknown. I'm not
 

1593
00:27:49,680 --> 00:27:52,470
funding of of science unknown. I'm not
sure exactly where your type of research

1594
00:27:52,470 --> 00:27:52,480
sure exactly where your type of research
 

1595
00:27:52,480 --> 00:27:54,510
sure exactly where your type of research
would fall on the chopping block with

1596
00:27:54,510 --> 00:27:54,520
would fall on the chopping block with
 

1597
00:27:54,520 --> 00:27:56,590
would fall on the chopping block with
what's going on with the OMB and just

1598
00:27:56,590 --> 00:27:56,600
what's going on with the OMB and just
 

1599
00:27:56,600 --> 00:27:58,310
what's going on with the OMB and just
generally with Trump with the Trump

1600
00:27:58,310 --> 00:27:58,320
generally with Trump with the Trump
 

1601
00:27:58,320 --> 00:28:00,470
generally with Trump with the Trump
administration, but, um, anything else

1602
00:28:00,470 --> 00:28:00,480
administration, but, um, anything else
 

1603
00:28:00,480 --> 00:28:01,590
administration, but, um, anything else
that that you'd like to share with the

1604
00:28:01,590 --> 00:28:01,600
that that you'd like to share with the
 

1605
00:28:01,600 --> 00:28:02,830
that that you'd like to share with the
viewers?

1606
00:28:02,830 --> 00:28:02,840
viewers?
 

1607
00:28:02,840 --> 00:28:05,310
viewers?
>> Um, that funding is definitely a concern

1608
00:28:05,310 --> 00:28:05,320
>> Um, that funding is definitely a concern
 

1609
00:28:05,320 --> 00:28:07,270
>> Um, that funding is definitely a concern
of ours and also the fact that this has

1610
00:28:07,270 --> 00:28:07,280
of ours and also the fact that this has
 

1611
00:28:07,280 --> 00:28:10,070
of ours and also the fact that this has
to be a technology that needs to belong

1612
00:28:10,070 --> 00:28:10,080
to be a technology that needs to belong
 

1613
00:28:10,080 --> 00:28:13,590
to be a technology that needs to belong
to an open source global community, and

1614
00:28:13,590 --> 00:28:13,600
to an open source global community, and
 

1615
00:28:13,600 --> 00:28:15,670
to an open source global community, and
that's why those two reasons, the

1616
00:28:15,670 --> 00:28:15,680
that's why those two reasons, the
 

1617
00:28:15,680 --> 00:28:18,470
that's why those two reasons, the
uncertainty of federal funding and the

1618
00:28:18,470 --> 00:28:18,480
uncertainty of federal funding and the
 

1619
00:28:18,480 --> 00:28:20,670
uncertainty of federal funding and the
need to keep the platform in the public

1620
00:28:20,670 --> 00:28:20,680
need to keep the platform in the public
 

1621
00:28:20,680 --> 00:28:23,750
need to keep the platform in the public
domain, is why we started a non-profit

1622
00:28:23,750 --> 00:28:23,760
domain, is why we started a non-profit
 

1623
00:28:23,760 --> 00:28:26,750
domain, is why we started a non-profit
organization called the Biotic that is a

1624
00:28:26,750 --> 00:28:26,760
organization called the Biotic that is a
 

1625
00:28:26,760 --> 00:28:28,430
organization called the Biotic that is a
funding organization that's going to

1626
00:28:28,430 --> 00:28:28,440
funding organization that's going to
 

1627
00:28:28,440 --> 00:28:30,710
funding organization that's going to
support this work and also steward the

1628
00:28:30,710 --> 00:28:30,720
support this work and also steward the
 

1629
00:28:30,720 --> 00:28:34,230
support this work and also steward the
open sourceness of it. Um, I if we're

1630
00:28:34,230 --> 00:28:34,240
open sourceness of it. Um, I if we're
 

1631
00:28:34,240 --> 00:28:36,630
open sourceness of it. Um, I if we're
right that this technology really will

1632
00:28:36,630 --> 00:28:36,640
right that this technology really will
 

1633
00:28:36,640 --> 00:28:39,430
right that this technology really will
be the basics of the next

1634
00:28:39,430 --> 00:28:39,440
be the basics of the next
 

1635
00:28:39,440 --> 00:28:41,710
be the basics of the next
economical revolution, the bioeconomy,

1636
00:28:41,710 --> 00:28:41,720
economical revolution, the bioeconomy,
 

1637
00:28:41,720 --> 00:28:44,910
economical revolution, the bioeconomy,
it has to belong to an open source

1638
00:28:44,910 --> 00:28:44,920
it has to belong to an open source
 

1639
00:28:44,920 --> 00:28:46,950
it has to belong to an open source
international global community, not a

1640
00:28:46,950 --> 00:28:46,960
international global community, not a
 

1641
00:28:46,960 --> 00:28:48,670
international global community, not a
single country, not a not a company

1642
00:28:48,670 --> 00:28:48,680
single country, not a not a company
 

1643
00:28:48,680 --> 00:28:49,710
single country, not a not a company
single company.

1644
00:28:49,710 --> 00:28:49,720
single company.
 

1645
00:28:49,720 --> 00:28:49,990
single company.
>> Mhm.

1646
00:28:49,990 --> 00:28:50,000
>> Mhm.
 

1647
00:28:50,000 --> 00:28:52,670
>> Mhm.
>> And that's what Biotic is intended to

1648
00:28:52,670 --> 00:28:52,680
>> And that's what Biotic is intended to
 

1649
00:28:52,680 --> 00:28:55,750
>> And that's what Biotic is intended to
do. So, to me, the research news is just

1650
00:28:55,750 --> 00:28:55,760
do. So, to me, the research news is just
 

1651
00:28:55,760 --> 00:28:58,390
do. So, to me, the research news is just
like step one. It's cool, we've done it,

1652
00:28:58,390 --> 00:28:58,400
like step one. It's cool, we've done it,
 

1653
00:28:58,400 --> 00:28:59,790
like step one. It's cool, we've done it,
but now we have to move on and actually

1654
00:28:59,790 --> 00:28:59,800
but now we have to move on and actually
 

1655
00:28:59,800 --> 00:29:02,390
but now we have to move on and actually
make it useful. And Biotic is what is

1656
00:29:02,390 --> 00:29:02,400
make it useful. And Biotic is what is
 

1657
00:29:02,400 --> 00:29:05,230
make it useful. And Biotic is what is
going to enable making it useful.

1658
00:29:05,230 --> 00:29:05,240
going to enable making it useful.
 

1659
00:29:05,240 --> 00:29:07,710
going to enable making it useful.
>> That's fantastic. Very noble and uh

1660
00:29:07,710 --> 00:29:07,720
>> That's fantastic. Very noble and uh
 

1661
00:29:07,720 --> 00:29:10,190
>> That's fantastic. Very noble and uh
yeah, I'll be sure to uh to uh provide

1662
00:29:10,190 --> 00:29:10,200
yeah, I'll be sure to uh to uh provide
 

1663
00:29:10,200 --> 00:29:11,110
yeah, I'll be sure to uh to uh provide
the appropriate links in the

1664
00:29:11,110 --> 00:29:11,120
the appropriate links in the
 

1665
00:29:11,120 --> 00:29:12,750
the appropriate links in the
description. Uh well

1666
00:29:12,750 --> 00:29:12,760
description. Uh well
 

1667
00:29:12,760 --> 00:29:14,430
description. Uh well
>> know. I Actually, I want to pull on that

1668
00:29:14,430 --> 00:29:14,440
>> know. I Actually, I want to pull on that
 

1669
00:29:14,440 --> 00:29:15,910
>> know. I Actually, I want to pull on that
thread. I don't know if it's noble. It's

1670
00:29:15,910 --> 00:29:15,920
thread. I don't know if it's noble. It's
 

1671
00:29:15,920 --> 00:29:18,150
thread. I don't know if it's noble. It's
more of a self-preservation instinct.

1672
00:29:18,150 --> 00:29:18,160
more of a self-preservation instinct.
 

1673
00:29:18,160 --> 00:29:19,150
more of a self-preservation instinct.
>> Sure.

1674
00:29:19,150 --> 00:29:19,160
>> Sure.
 

1675
00:29:19,160 --> 00:29:20,550
>> Sure.
>> And I think we're not going to have a

1676
00:29:20,550 --> 00:29:20,560
>> And I think we're not going to have a
 

1677
00:29:20,560 --> 00:29:22,710
>> And I think we're not going to have a
planet to leave to our kids if we don't

1678
00:29:22,710 --> 00:29:22,720
planet to leave to our kids if we don't
 

1679
00:29:22,720 --> 00:29:23,750
planet to leave to our kids if we don't
do it right now.

1680
00:29:23,750 --> 00:29:23,760
do it right now.
 

1681
00:29:23,760 --> 00:29:24,870
do it right now.
>> I suppose that's a pretty good point.

1682
00:29:24,870 --> 00:29:24,880
>> I suppose that's a pretty good point.
 

1683
00:29:24,880 --> 00:29:25,890
>> I suppose that's a pretty good point.
It's actually

1684
00:29:25,890 --> 00:29:25,900
It's actually
 

1685
00:29:25,900 --> 00:29:26,110
It's actually
>> [laughter]

1686
00:29:26,110 --> 00:29:26,120
>> [laughter]
 

1687
00:29:26,120 --> 00:29:27,990
>> [laughter]
>> as much more of of self-preservation

1688
00:29:27,990 --> 00:29:28,000
>> as much more of of self-preservation
 

1689
00:29:28,000 --> 00:29:29,710
>> as much more of of self-preservation
than than anything else. Where Where

1690
00:29:29,710 --> 00:29:29,720
than than anything else. Where Where
 

1691
00:29:29,720 --> 00:29:31,230
than than anything else. Where Where
does it become the point where where we

1692
00:29:31,230 --> 00:29:31,240
does it become the point where where we
 

1693
00:29:31,240 --> 00:29:34,310
does it become the point where where we
fight back for our our own survival? Um

1694
00:29:34,310 --> 00:29:34,320
fight back for our our own survival? Um
 

1695
00:29:34,320 --> 00:29:35,990
fight back for our our own survival? Um
Yes, well, my viewers know that I've

1696
00:29:35,990 --> 00:29:36,000
Yes, well, my viewers know that I've
 

1697
00:29:36,000 --> 00:29:37,680
Yes, well, my viewers know that I've
been talking about that quite a bit.

1698
00:29:37,680 --> 00:29:37,690
been talking about that quite a bit.
 

1699
00:29:37,690 --> 00:29:38,350
been talking about that quite a bit.
>> [laughter]

1700
00:29:38,350 --> 00:29:38,360
>> [laughter]
 

1701
00:29:38,360 --> 00:29:40,150
>> [laughter]
>> Um yeah, that that's all the questions I

1702
00:29:40,150 --> 00:29:40,160
>> Um yeah, that that's all the questions I
 

1703
00:29:40,160 --> 00:29:42,150
>> Um yeah, that that's all the questions I
had. Thanks so much for joining us.

1704
00:29:42,150 --> 00:29:42,160
had. Thanks so much for joining us.
 

1705
00:29:42,160 --> 00:29:43,670
had. Thanks so much for joining us.
>> Thanks for having me.

1706
00:29:43,670 --> 00:29:43,680
>> Thanks for having me.
 

1707
00:29:43,680 --> 00:29:45,470
>> Thanks for having me.
>> Pretty fascinating, no? While we're not

1708
00:29:45,470 --> 00:29:45,480
>> Pretty fascinating, no? While we're not
 

1709
00:29:45,480 --> 00:29:47,110
>> Pretty fascinating, no? While we're not
yet in a place where we can construct a

1710
00:29:47,110 --> 00:29:47,120
yet in a place where we can construct a
 

1711
00:29:47,120 --> 00:29:48,910
yet in a place where we can construct a
fully functional living cell that can

1712
00:29:48,910 --> 00:29:48,920
fully functional living cell that can
 

1713
00:29:48,920 --> 00:29:51,030
fully functional living cell that can
reliably sustain itself and replicate

1714
00:29:51,030 --> 00:29:51,040
reliably sustain itself and replicate
 

1715
00:29:51,040 --> 00:29:52,990
reliably sustain itself and replicate
indefinitely without any assistance,

1716
00:29:52,990 --> 00:29:53,000
indefinitely without any assistance,
 

1717
00:29:53,000 --> 00:29:55,310
indefinitely without any assistance,
Spud cell is undoubtedly a huge step in

1718
00:29:55,310 --> 00:29:55,320
Spud cell is undoubtedly a huge step in
 

1719
00:29:55,320 --> 00:29:57,190
Spud cell is undoubtedly a huge step in
that direction. As to the precise

1720
00:29:57,190 --> 00:29:57,200
that direction. As to the precise
 

1721
00:29:57,200 --> 00:29:59,150
that direction. As to the precise
applications synthetic biology will

1722
00:29:59,150 --> 00:29:59,160
applications synthetic biology will
 

1723
00:29:59,160 --> 00:30:01,070
applications synthetic biology will
succeed in offering and the degree to

1724
00:30:01,070 --> 00:30:01,080
succeed in offering and the degree to
 

1725
00:30:01,080 --> 00:30:02,870
succeed in offering and the degree to
which this science overlaps with origin

1726
00:30:02,870 --> 00:30:02,880
which this science overlaps with origin
 

1727
00:30:02,880 --> 00:30:04,910
which this science overlaps with origin
of life research remains to be seen.

1728
00:30:04,910 --> 00:30:04,920
of life research remains to be seen.
 

1729
00:30:04,920 --> 00:30:06,310
of life research remains to be seen.
But, I will be sure to update you with

1730
00:30:06,310 --> 00:30:06,320
But, I will be sure to update you with
 

1731
00:30:06,320 --> 00:30:07,510
But, I will be sure to update you with
any other breakthroughs present

1732
00:30:07,510 --> 00:30:07,520
any other breakthroughs present
 

1733
00:30:07,520 --> 00:30:09,270
any other breakthroughs present
themselves. As always, thanks for

1734
00:30:09,270 --> 00:30:09,280
themselves. As always, thanks for
 

1735
00:30:09,280 --> 00:30:12,640
themselves. As always, thanks for
watching. I'll see you next time.