1 00:00:00,280 --> 00:00:01,710 Hey everyone, it's time for another 2 00:00:01,710 --> 00:00:01,720 Hey everyone, it's time for another 3 00:00:01,720 --> 00:00:03,630 Hey everyone, it's time for another reaction video. Today we're going to do 4 00:00:03,630 --> 00:00:03,640 reaction video. Today we're going to do 5 00:00:03,640 --> 00:00:05,150 reaction video. Today we're going to do something a little bit different. You 6 00:00:05,150 --> 00:00:05,160 something a little bit different. You 7 00:00:05,160 --> 00:00:06,910 something a little bit different. You all know that typically when I do 8 00:00:06,910 --> 00:00:06,920 all know that typically when I do 9 00:00:06,920 --> 00:00:09,430 all know that typically when I do reaction videos, I'm reacting to science 10 00:00:09,430 --> 00:00:09,440 reaction videos, I'm reacting to science 11 00:00:09,440 --> 00:00:12,310 reaction videos, I'm reacting to science deniers or idiots of some variety, be 12 00:00:12,310 --> 00:00:12,320 deniers or idiots of some variety, be 13 00:00:12,320 --> 00:00:15,030 deniers or idiots of some variety, be they flat-earthers or creationists or 14 00:00:15,030 --> 00:00:15,040 they flat-earthers or creationists or 15 00:00:15,040 --> 00:00:18,030 they flat-earthers or creationists or anti-vaxers or quantum mysticism woo 16 00:00:18,030 --> 00:00:18,040 anti-vaxers or quantum mysticism woo 17 00:00:18,040 --> 00:00:20,430 anti-vaxers or quantum mysticism woo peddlers or things of that nature. So, 18 00:00:20,430 --> 00:00:20,440 peddlers or things of that nature. So, 19 00:00:20,440 --> 00:00:22,630 peddlers or things of that nature. So, I'm always reacting to content that 20 00:00:22,630 --> 00:00:22,640 I'm always reacting to content that 21 00:00:22,640 --> 00:00:23,790 I'm always reacting to content that sucks. 22 00:00:23,790 --> 00:00:23,800 sucks. 23 00:00:23,800 --> 00:00:25,430 sucks. Uh but then I thought, wouldn't it be 24 00:00:25,430 --> 00:00:25,440 Uh but then I thought, wouldn't it be 25 00:00:25,440 --> 00:00:27,470 Uh but then I thought, wouldn't it be neat if I reacted to something that's 26 00:00:27,470 --> 00:00:27,480 neat if I reacted to something that's 27 00:00:27,480 --> 00:00:30,150 neat if I reacted to something that's good instead? And uh I could kind of 28 00:00:30,150 --> 00:00:30,160 good instead? And uh I could kind of 29 00:00:30,160 --> 00:00:32,749 good instead? And uh I could kind of chime in and and add my two cents about 30 00:00:32,749 --> 00:00:32,759 chime in and and add my two cents about 31 00:00:32,759 --> 00:00:35,030 chime in and and add my two cents about whatever science is being discussed. So, 32 00:00:35,030 --> 00:00:35,040 whatever science is being discussed. So, 33 00:00:35,040 --> 00:00:36,230 whatever science is being discussed. So, I started to think about what's 34 00:00:36,230 --> 00:00:36,240 I started to think about what's 35 00:00:36,240 --> 00:00:38,670 I started to think about what's something that I'm aware of uh that that 36 00:00:38,670 --> 00:00:38,680 something that I'm aware of uh that that 37 00:00:38,680 --> 00:00:40,590 something that I'm aware of uh that that would be a suitable candidate for this. 38 00:00:40,590 --> 00:00:40,600 would be a suitable candidate for this. 39 00:00:40,600 --> 00:00:43,030 would be a suitable candidate for this. And then I remembered a video by Bill 40 00:00:43,030 --> 00:00:43,040 And then I remembered a video by Bill 41 00:00:43,040 --> 00:00:44,830 And then I remembered a video by Bill Wurtz. So, 42 00:00:44,830 --> 00:00:44,840 Wurtz. So, 43 00:00:44,840 --> 00:00:45,950 Wurtz. So, Bill Wurtz, if you don't know, I'm 44 00:00:45,950 --> 00:00:45,960 Bill Wurtz, if you don't know, I'm 45 00:00:45,960 --> 00:00:47,950 Bill Wurtz, if you don't know, I'm actually not sure how much content he's 46 00:00:47,950 --> 00:00:47,960 actually not sure how much content he's 47 00:00:47,960 --> 00:00:49,550 actually not sure how much content he's still making. I just remember remember 48 00:00:49,550 --> 00:00:49,560 still making. I just remember remember 49 00:00:49,560 --> 00:00:51,710 still making. I just remember remember this video from a while ago. And the 50 00:00:51,710 --> 00:00:51,720 this video from a while ago. And the 51 00:00:51,720 --> 00:00:54,750 this video from a while ago. And the video is called History of the entire 52 00:00:54,750 --> 00:00:54,760 video is called History of the entire 53 00:00:54,760 --> 00:00:56,550 video is called History of the entire world, I guess. 54 00:00:56,550 --> 00:00:56,560 world, I guess. 55 00:00:56,560 --> 00:00:59,430 world, I guess. Uh very unassuming, all all lowercase, 56 00:00:59,430 --> 00:00:59,440 Uh very unassuming, all all lowercase, 57 00:00:59,440 --> 00:01:01,190 Uh very unassuming, all all lowercase, um much like the channel name, Bill 58 00:01:01,190 --> 00:01:01,200 um much like the channel name, Bill 59 00:01:01,200 --> 00:01:03,990 um much like the channel name, Bill Wurtz. And uh it's an extremely popular 60 00:01:03,990 --> 00:01:04,000 Wurtz. And uh it's an extremely popular 61 00:01:04,000 --> 00:01:07,230 Wurtz. And uh it's an extremely popular video. So, many of you will have seen 62 00:01:07,230 --> 00:01:07,240 video. So, many of you will have seen 63 00:01:07,240 --> 00:01:10,230 video. So, many of you will have seen this video or whether you know it by 64 00:01:10,230 --> 00:01:10,240 this video or whether you know it by 65 00:01:10,240 --> 00:01:12,550 this video or whether you know it by heart or you will remember it once we 66 00:01:12,550 --> 00:01:12,560 heart or you will remember it once we 67 00:01:12,560 --> 00:01:14,790 heart or you will remember it once we start. But it was it was released 9 68 00:01:14,790 --> 00:01:14,800 start. But it was it was released 9 69 00:01:14,800 --> 00:01:17,830 start. But it was it was released 9 years ago. It's got 183 70 00:01:17,830 --> 00:01:17,840 years ago. It's got 183 71 00:01:17,840 --> 00:01:21,230 years ago. It's got 183 million views. 183 million views, that's 72 00:01:21,230 --> 00:01:21,240 million views. 183 million views, that's 73 00:01:21,240 --> 00:01:24,470 million views. 183 million views, that's bananas. That's a lot of views. Um 74 00:01:24,470 --> 00:01:24,480 bananas. That's a lot of views. Um 75 00:01:24,480 --> 00:01:26,670 bananas. That's a lot of views. Um so, this is I think that 76 00:01:26,670 --> 00:01:26,680 so, this is I think that 77 00:01:26,680 --> 00:01:28,710 so, this is I think that again, I'm not sure how many of you will 78 00:01:28,710 --> 00:01:28,720 again, I'm not sure how many of you will 79 00:01:28,720 --> 00:01:30,430 again, I'm not sure how many of you will know this. I bet a lot of you will, but 80 00:01:30,430 --> 00:01:30,440 know this. I bet a lot of you will, but 81 00:01:30,440 --> 00:01:32,070 know this. I bet a lot of you will, but I'm sure that some of you are not 82 00:01:32,070 --> 00:01:32,080 I'm sure that some of you are not 83 00:01:32,080 --> 00:01:34,310 I'm sure that some of you are not familiar with this video. Um and it 84 00:01:34,310 --> 00:01:34,320 familiar with this video. Um and it 85 00:01:34,320 --> 00:01:37,990 familiar with this video. Um and it really is fantastic. So, what it is is 86 00:01:37,990 --> 00:01:38,000 really is fantastic. So, what it is is 87 00:01:38,000 --> 00:01:39,390 really is fantastic. So, what it is is it's just what it sounds like. Or 88 00:01:39,390 --> 00:01:39,400 it's just what it sounds like. Or 89 00:01:39,400 --> 00:01:40,710 it's just what it sounds like. Or actually, it's more than that. It's not 90 00:01:40,710 --> 00:01:40,720 actually, it's more than that. It's not 91 00:01:40,720 --> 00:01:42,030 actually, it's more than that. It's not just history of the world, it's the 92 00:01:42,030 --> 00:01:42,040 just history of the world, it's the 93 00:01:42,040 --> 00:01:44,470 just history of the world, it's the history of the whole universe. So, it's 94 00:01:44,470 --> 00:01:44,480 history of the whole universe. So, it's 95 00:01:44,480 --> 00:01:47,030 history of the whole universe. So, it's it really is going through it in just 20 96 00:01:47,030 --> 00:01:47,040 it really is going through it in just 20 97 00:01:47,040 --> 00:01:49,310 it really is going through it in just 20 minutes, in just under 20 minutes. It's 98 00:01:49,310 --> 00:01:49,320 minutes, in just under 20 minutes. It's 99 00:01:49,320 --> 00:01:51,590 minutes, in just under 20 minutes. It's going through cosmology and planetary 100 00:01:51,590 --> 00:01:51,600 going through cosmology and planetary 101 00:01:51,600 --> 00:01:54,430 going through cosmology and planetary science and then geology and and and 102 00:01:54,430 --> 00:01:54,440 science and then geology and and and 103 00:01:54,440 --> 00:01:57,110 science and then geology and and and early by molecular biology and 104 00:01:57,110 --> 00:01:57,120 early by molecular biology and 105 00:01:57,120 --> 00:02:00,390 early by molecular biology and evolutionary biology getting through uh 106 00:02:00,390 --> 00:02:00,400 evolutionary biology getting through uh 107 00:02:00,400 --> 00:02:01,870 evolutionary biology getting through uh you know 108 00:02:01,870 --> 00:02:01,880 you know 109 00:02:01,880 --> 00:02:05,510 you know anthropology and archaeology and then 110 00:02:05,510 --> 00:02:05,520 anthropology and archaeology and then 111 00:02:05,520 --> 00:02:06,990 anthropology and archaeology and then you know early societies and then 112 00:02:06,990 --> 00:02:07,000 you know early societies and then 113 00:02:07,000 --> 00:02:09,590 you know early societies and then through world world history human world 114 00:02:09,590 --> 00:02:09,600 through world world history human world 115 00:02:09,600 --> 00:02:10,669 through world world history human world history 116 00:02:10,669 --> 00:02:10,679 history 117 00:02:10,679 --> 00:02:11,550 history um 118 00:02:11,550 --> 00:02:11,560 um 119 00:02:11,560 --> 00:02:13,830 um all the way up to present day. And so 120 00:02:13,830 --> 00:02:13,840 all the way up to present day. And so 121 00:02:13,840 --> 00:02:14,949 all the way up to present day. And so there's a couple of things that are 122 00:02:14,949 --> 00:02:14,959 there's a couple of things that are 123 00:02:14,959 --> 00:02:16,750 there's a couple of things that are really great about this video. Number 124 00:02:16,750 --> 00:02:16,760 really great about this video. Number 125 00:02:16,760 --> 00:02:19,110 really great about this video. Number one, it's hilarious. Bill is extremely 126 00:02:19,110 --> 00:02:19,120 one, it's hilarious. Bill is extremely 127 00:02:19,120 --> 00:02:22,070 one, it's hilarious. Bill is extremely funny and this video is extremely funny. 128 00:02:22,070 --> 00:02:22,080 funny and this video is extremely funny. 129 00:02:22,080 --> 00:02:25,070 funny and this video is extremely funny. But it's more than that. It's actually 130 00:02:25,070 --> 00:02:25,080 But it's more than that. It's actually 131 00:02:25,080 --> 00:02:27,710 But it's more than that. It's actually just it's really well done. It's really 132 00:02:27,710 --> 00:02:27,720 just it's really well done. It's really 133 00:02:27,720 --> 00:02:29,350 just it's really well done. It's really well written. 134 00:02:29,350 --> 00:02:29,360 well written. 135 00:02:29,360 --> 00:02:31,790 well written. Everything the science and the history 136 00:02:31,790 --> 00:02:31,800 Everything the science and the history 137 00:02:31,800 --> 00:02:34,630 Everything the science and the history are very accurate. There's not there's 138 00:02:34,630 --> 00:02:34,640 are very accurate. There's not there's 139 00:02:34,640 --> 00:02:36,470 are very accurate. There's not there's very little in it that would be 140 00:02:36,470 --> 00:02:36,480 very little in it that would be 141 00:02:36,480 --> 00:02:37,790 very little in it that would be considered 142 00:02:37,790 --> 00:02:37,800 considered 143 00:02:37,800 --> 00:02:40,630 considered inaccurate in any significant way which 144 00:02:40,630 --> 00:02:40,640 inaccurate in any significant way which 145 00:02:40,640 --> 00:02:43,510 inaccurate in any significant way which is an accomplishment but two or third I 146 00:02:43,510 --> 00:02:43,520 is an accomplishment but two or third I 147 00:02:43,520 --> 00:02:45,830 is an accomplishment but two or third I should say it's actually 148 00:02:45,830 --> 00:02:45,840 should say it's actually 149 00:02:45,840 --> 00:02:47,470 should say it's actually it's really impressive like it's 150 00:02:47,470 --> 00:02:47,480 it's really impressive like it's 151 00:02:47,480 --> 00:02:50,390 it's really impressive like it's difficult to condense information and 152 00:02:50,390 --> 00:02:50,400 difficult to condense information and 153 00:02:50,400 --> 00:02:52,910 difficult to condense information and explain something accurately and 154 00:02:52,910 --> 00:02:52,920 explain something accurately and 155 00:02:52,920 --> 00:02:55,870 explain something accurately and succinctly. And this video achieves 156 00:02:55,870 --> 00:02:55,880 succinctly. And this video achieves 157 00:02:55,880 --> 00:02:57,870 succinctly. And this video achieves that. It there are certain parts where 158 00:02:57,870 --> 00:02:57,880 that. It there are certain parts where 159 00:02:57,880 --> 00:02:59,509 that. It there are certain parts where it makes you laugh not just because it's 160 00:02:59,509 --> 00:02:59,519 it makes you laugh not just because it's 161 00:02:59,519 --> 00:03:01,630 it makes you laugh not just because it's funny but it's also kind of like wow I 162 00:03:01,630 --> 00:03:01,640 funny but it's also kind of like wow I 163 00:03:01,640 --> 00:03:03,750 funny but it's also kind of like wow I can't believe that you found that 164 00:03:03,750 --> 00:03:03,760 can't believe that you found that 165 00:03:03,760 --> 00:03:06,190 can't believe that you found that wording to just kind of summarize either 166 00:03:06,190 --> 00:03:06,200 wording to just kind of summarize either 167 00:03:06,200 --> 00:03:09,030 wording to just kind of summarize either this aspect of science or this period of 168 00:03:09,030 --> 00:03:09,040 this aspect of science or this period of 169 00:03:09,040 --> 00:03:11,550 this aspect of science or this period of world history in a sentence but you did 170 00:03:11,550 --> 00:03:11,560 world history in a sentence but you did 171 00:03:11,560 --> 00:03:14,070 world history in a sentence but you did and it it just it works. Um 172 00:03:14,070 --> 00:03:14,080 and it it just it works. Um 173 00:03:14,080 --> 00:03:16,350 and it it just it works. Um So it's a great video. 174 00:03:16,350 --> 00:03:16,360 So it's a great video. 175 00:03:16,360 --> 00:03:18,910 So it's a great video. Unlike all of my other content where 176 00:03:18,910 --> 00:03:18,920 Unlike all of my other content where 177 00:03:18,920 --> 00:03:21,470 Unlike all of my other content where it's like do do not bother watching this 178 00:03:21,470 --> 00:03:21,480 it's like do do not bother watching this 179 00:03:21,480 --> 00:03:22,750 it's like do do not bother watching this content you're only here for my 180 00:03:22,750 --> 00:03:22,760 content you're only here for my 181 00:03:22,760 --> 00:03:24,830 content you're only here for my commentary. Some of you even skip the 182 00:03:24,830 --> 00:03:24,840 commentary. Some of you even skip the 183 00:03:24,840 --> 00:03:26,030 commentary. Some of you even skip the parts where the other people are 184 00:03:26,030 --> 00:03:26,040 parts where the other people are 185 00:03:26,040 --> 00:03:28,870 parts where the other people are talking. This is the opposite. If you if 186 00:03:28,870 --> 00:03:28,880 talking. This is the opposite. If you if 187 00:03:28,880 --> 00:03:30,990 talking. This is the opposite. If you if you haven't seen this you're going to 188 00:03:30,990 --> 00:03:31,000 you haven't seen this you're going to 189 00:03:31,000 --> 00:03:32,670 you haven't seen this you're going to want to watch this video without me 190 00:03:32,670 --> 00:03:32,680 want to watch this video without me 191 00:03:32,680 --> 00:03:35,190 want to watch this video without me interrupting it. So you can either do it 192 00:03:35,190 --> 00:03:35,200 interrupting it. So you can either do it 193 00:03:35,200 --> 00:03:38,190 interrupting it. So you can either do it first or better yet don't disrupt the 194 00:03:38,190 --> 00:03:38,200 first or better yet don't disrupt the 195 00:03:38,200 --> 00:03:40,030 first or better yet don't disrupt the the the the flow for the algorithm and 196 00:03:40,030 --> 00:03:40,040 the the the flow for the algorithm and 197 00:03:40,040 --> 00:03:41,790 the the the flow for the algorithm and watch it after the fact. I think after 198 00:03:41,790 --> 00:03:41,800 watch it after the fact. I think after 199 00:03:41,800 --> 00:03:44,750 watch it after the fact. I think after you get me explaining some of the 200 00:03:44,750 --> 00:03:44,760 you get me explaining some of the 201 00:03:44,760 --> 00:03:47,150 you get me explaining some of the additional tidbits or contextualizing at 202 00:03:47,150 --> 00:03:47,160 additional tidbits or contextualizing at 203 00:03:47,160 --> 00:03:49,870 additional tidbits or contextualizing at least some of the scientific information 204 00:03:49,870 --> 00:03:49,880 least some of the scientific information 205 00:03:49,880 --> 00:03:52,110 least some of the scientific information it'll be a really enjoyable view. 206 00:03:52,110 --> 00:03:52,120 it'll be a really enjoyable view. 207 00:03:52,120 --> 00:03:54,430 it'll be a really enjoyable view. But if you really want to see it before 208 00:03:54,430 --> 00:03:54,440 But if you really want to see it before 209 00:03:54,440 --> 00:03:55,950 But if you really want to see it before me doing all the interrupting, you can 210 00:03:55,950 --> 00:03:55,960 me doing all the interrupting, you can 211 00:03:55,960 --> 00:03:58,110 me doing all the interrupting, you can totally pause and watch this video. It's 212 00:03:58,110 --> 00:03:58,120 totally pause and watch this video. It's 213 00:03:58,120 --> 00:04:00,150 totally pause and watch this video. It's well worth the watch. Um, but I'm going 214 00:04:00,150 --> 00:04:00,160 well worth the watch. Um, but I'm going 215 00:04:00,160 --> 00:04:01,670 well worth the watch. Um, but I'm going to jump in here. I figured this would be 216 00:04:01,670 --> 00:04:01,680 to jump in here. I figured this would be 217 00:04:01,680 --> 00:04:03,030 to jump in here. I figured this would be something where I could add a little of 218 00:04:03,030 --> 00:04:03,040 something where I could add a little of 219 00:04:03,040 --> 00:04:04,950 something where I could add a little of extra a little bit of extra information, 220 00:04:04,950 --> 00:04:04,960 extra a little bit of extra information, 221 00:04:04,960 --> 00:04:08,150 extra a little bit of extra information, especially for all of the science bits, 222 00:04:08,150 --> 00:04:08,160 especially for all of the science bits, 223 00:04:08,160 --> 00:04:09,949 especially for all of the science bits, uh, the cosmology, the planetary 224 00:04:09,949 --> 00:04:09,959 uh, the cosmology, the planetary 225 00:04:09,959 --> 00:04:12,750 uh, the cosmology, the planetary science, the biochemistry and biology, 226 00:04:12,750 --> 00:04:12,760 science, the biochemistry and biology, 227 00:04:12,760 --> 00:04:14,990 science, the biochemistry and biology, anthropology, um, 228 00:04:14,990 --> 00:04:15,000 anthropology, um, 229 00:04:15,000 --> 00:04:16,750 anthropology, um, getting into some of the world history. 230 00:04:16,750 --> 00:04:16,760 getting into some of the world history. 231 00:04:16,760 --> 00:04:19,349 getting into some of the world history. I definitely can add some context and 232 00:04:19,349 --> 00:04:19,359 I definitely can add some context and 233 00:04:19,359 --> 00:04:21,789 I definitely can add some context and and and clarifying uh, statements. Once 234 00:04:21,789 --> 00:04:21,799 and and clarifying uh, statements. Once 235 00:04:21,799 --> 00:04:23,550 and and clarifying uh, statements. Once it gets really deep into the weeds on on 236 00:04:23,550 --> 00:04:23,560 it gets really deep into the weeds on on 237 00:04:23,560 --> 00:04:25,909 it gets really deep into the weeds on on world history, uh, I'll I'll have less 238 00:04:25,909 --> 00:04:25,919 world history, uh, I'll I'll have less 239 00:04:25,919 --> 00:04:28,030 world history, uh, I'll I'll have less to say. Um, I am working on world 240 00:04:28,030 --> 00:04:28,040 to say. Um, I am working on world 241 00:04:28,040 --> 00:04:30,310 to say. Um, I am working on world history content. So, but it but I'm only 242 00:04:30,310 --> 00:04:30,320 history content. So, but it but I'm only 243 00:04:30,320 --> 00:04:32,830 history content. So, but it but I'm only through the the middle of the I'm I'm 244 00:04:32,830 --> 00:04:32,840 through the the middle of the I'm I'm 245 00:04:32,840 --> 00:04:35,150 through the the middle of the I'm I'm doing Middle Ages content right now. So, 246 00:04:35,150 --> 00:04:35,160 doing Middle Ages content right now. So, 247 00:04:35,160 --> 00:04:36,870 doing Middle Ages content right now. So, once you get past that, I I have less to 248 00:04:36,870 --> 00:04:36,880 once you get past that, I I have less to 249 00:04:36,880 --> 00:04:38,710 once you get past that, I I have less to say. Uh, early civilizations, I have 250 00:04:38,710 --> 00:04:38,720 say. Uh, early civilizations, I have 251 00:04:38,720 --> 00:04:41,190 say. Uh, early civilizations, I have maybe a few tidbits. But, um, yeah, so 252 00:04:41,190 --> 00:04:41,200 maybe a few tidbits. But, um, yeah, so 253 00:04:41,200 --> 00:04:43,790 maybe a few tidbits. But, um, yeah, so don't get upset. I'm I'm going to be it 254 00:04:43,790 --> 00:04:43,800 don't get upset. I'm I'm going to be it 255 00:04:43,800 --> 00:04:46,350 don't get upset. I'm I'm going to be it this is a video that's so good that I 256 00:04:46,350 --> 00:04:46,360 this is a video that's so good that I 257 00:04:46,360 --> 00:04:48,670 this is a video that's so good that I hope you won't be upset when I uh, 258 00:04:48,670 --> 00:04:48,680 hope you won't be upset when I uh, 259 00:04:48,680 --> 00:04:50,750 hope you won't be upset when I uh, interrupt it as opposed to stuff where 260 00:04:50,750 --> 00:04:50,760 interrupt it as opposed to stuff where 261 00:04:50,760 --> 00:04:52,990 interrupt it as opposed to stuff where I'm debunking creationists where I am a 262 00:04:52,990 --> 00:04:53,000 I'm debunking creationists where I am a 263 00:04:53,000 --> 00:04:55,430 I'm debunking creationists where I am a breath of fresh air from the garbage 264 00:04:55,430 --> 00:04:55,440 breath of fresh air from the garbage 265 00:04:55,440 --> 00:04:57,070 breath of fresh air from the garbage that they're spewing. Uh, this is a 266 00:04:57,070 --> 00:04:57,080 that they're spewing. Uh, this is a 267 00:04:57,080 --> 00:04:58,673 that they're spewing. Uh, this is a great video. But, um, 268 00:04:58,673 --> 00:04:58,683 great video. But, um, 269 00:04:58,683 --> 00:04:59,190 great video. But, um, >> [clears throat] 270 00:04:59,190 --> 00:04:59,200 >> [clears throat] 271 00:04:59,200 --> 00:05:00,510 >> [clears throat] >> at any rate, 272 00:05:00,510 --> 00:05:00,520 >> at any rate, 273 00:05:00,520 --> 00:05:01,110 >> at any rate, um, 274 00:05:01,110 --> 00:05:01,120 um, 275 00:05:01,120 --> 00:05:02,670 um, I think that this is going to be fun. 276 00:05:02,670 --> 00:05:02,680 I think that this is going to be fun. 277 00:05:02,680 --> 00:05:03,590 I think that this is going to be fun. This is going to be a little bit of a 278 00:05:03,590 --> 00:05:03,600 This is going to be a little bit of a 279 00:05:03,600 --> 00:05:05,590 This is going to be a little bit of a change of pace. Uh, you can learn 280 00:05:05,590 --> 00:05:05,600 change of pace. Uh, you can learn 281 00:05:05,600 --> 00:05:07,070 change of pace. Uh, you can learn something from the video. You can learn 282 00:05:07,070 --> 00:05:07,080 something from the video. You can learn 283 00:05:07,080 --> 00:05:09,270 something from the video. You can learn something from me. Uh, all of it will be 284 00:05:09,270 --> 00:05:09,280 something from me. Uh, all of it will be 285 00:05:09,280 --> 00:05:11,950 something from me. Uh, all of it will be a a wonderful fine and dandy educational 286 00:05:11,950 --> 00:05:11,960 a a wonderful fine and dandy educational 287 00:05:11,960 --> 00:05:14,230 a a wonderful fine and dandy educational experience. So, uh, whether you've seen 288 00:05:14,230 --> 00:05:14,240 experience. So, uh, whether you've seen 289 00:05:14,240 --> 00:05:16,230 experience. So, uh, whether you've seen it or not, here we go. This is Bill 290 00:05:16,230 --> 00:05:16,240 it or not, here we go. This is Bill 291 00:05:16,240 --> 00:05:19,110 it or not, here we go. This is Bill Wurtz's History of the Entire World, I 292 00:05:19,110 --> 00:05:19,120 Wurtz's History of the Entire World, I 293 00:05:19,120 --> 00:05:22,710 Wurtz's History of the Entire World, I Guess. And let's get started right now. 294 00:05:22,710 --> 00:05:22,720 Guess. And let's get started right now. 295 00:05:22,720 --> 00:05:24,310 Guess. And let's get started right now. >> Before we dive into the world of Wurtz, 296 00:05:24,310 --> 00:05:24,320 >> Before we dive into the world of Wurtz, 297 00:05:24,320 --> 00:05:25,590 >> Before we dive into the world of Wurtz, I wanted to tell you about this really 298 00:05:25,590 --> 00:05:25,600 I wanted to tell you about this really 299 00:05:25,600 --> 00:05:27,870 I wanted to tell you about this really cool book from Hungry Minds. It's called 300 00:05:27,870 --> 00:05:27,880 cool book from Hungry Minds. It's called 301 00:05:27,880 --> 00:05:29,630 cool book from Hungry Minds. It's called The Book, The Ultimate Guide to 302 00:05:29,630 --> 00:05:29,640 The Book, The Ultimate Guide to 303 00:05:29,640 --> 00:05:31,750 The Book, The Ultimate Guide to Rebuilding Civilization. We're about to 304 00:05:31,750 --> 00:05:31,760 Rebuilding Civilization. We're about to 305 00:05:31,760 --> 00:05:33,350 Rebuilding Civilization. We're about to whiz through a bunch of information on 306 00:05:33,350 --> 00:05:33,360 whiz through a bunch of information on 307 00:05:33,360 --> 00:05:35,110 whiz through a bunch of information on science and history rapid-fire. And 308 00:05:35,110 --> 00:05:35,120 science and history rapid-fire. And 309 00:05:35,120 --> 00:05:36,990 science and history rapid-fire. And that's kind of what this book is, too. 310 00:05:36,990 --> 00:05:37,000 that's kind of what this book is, too. 311 00:05:37,000 --> 00:05:38,990 that's kind of what this book is, too. Check this out. It's a visual journey 312 00:05:38,990 --> 00:05:39,000 Check this out. It's a visual journey 313 00:05:39,000 --> 00:05:41,870 Check this out. It's a visual journey through human history. 400 pages, 180 314 00:05:41,870 --> 00:05:41,880 through human history. 400 pages, 180 315 00:05:41,880 --> 00:05:43,790 through human history. 400 pages, 180 topics, all with this incredible 316 00:05:43,790 --> 00:05:43,800 topics, all with this incredible 317 00:05:43,800 --> 00:05:46,070 topics, all with this incredible medieval art style. Making tools, 318 00:05:46,070 --> 00:05:46,080 medieval art style. Making tools, 319 00:05:46,080 --> 00:05:48,670 medieval art style. Making tools, farming, machinery, all kinds of rare 320 00:05:48,670 --> 00:05:48,680 farming, machinery, all kinds of rare 321 00:05:48,680 --> 00:05:50,550 farming, machinery, all kinds of rare knowledge. It has everything you need to 322 00:05:50,550 --> 00:05:50,560 knowledge. It has everything you need to 323 00:05:50,560 --> 00:05:52,030 knowledge. It has everything you need to build your own civilization from 324 00:05:52,030 --> 00:05:52,040 build your own civilization from 325 00:05:52,040 --> 00:05:54,110 build your own civilization from scratch. Whether you're into engineering 326 00:05:54,110 --> 00:05:54,120 scratch. Whether you're into engineering 327 00:05:54,120 --> 00:05:56,390 scratch. Whether you're into engineering or the arts, this will captivate you. I 328 00:05:56,390 --> 00:05:56,400 or the arts, this will captivate you. I 329 00:05:56,400 --> 00:05:58,110 or the arts, this will captivate you. I want to show you a few pages myself. 330 00:05:58,110 --> 00:05:58,120 want to show you a few pages myself. 331 00:05:58,120 --> 00:05:59,470 want to show you a few pages myself. Here's a section on how to build 332 00:05:59,470 --> 00:05:59,480 Here's a section on how to build 333 00:05:59,480 --> 00:06:01,350 Here's a section on how to build different types of shelters. Could come 334 00:06:01,350 --> 00:06:01,360 different types of shelters. Could come 335 00:06:01,360 --> 00:06:03,190 different types of shelters. Could come in handy in the upcoming apocalypse. 336 00:06:03,190 --> 00:06:03,200 in handy in the upcoming apocalypse. 337 00:06:03,200 --> 00:06:04,670 in handy in the upcoming apocalypse. There's even a section that teaches you 338 00:06:04,670 --> 00:06:04,680 There's even a section that teaches you 339 00:06:04,680 --> 00:06:06,790 There's even a section that teaches you how to make your own penicillin. Talk 340 00:06:06,790 --> 00:06:06,800 how to make your own penicillin. Talk 341 00:06:06,800 --> 00:06:08,910 how to make your own penicillin. Talk about do-it-yourself. This is a super 342 00:06:08,910 --> 00:06:08,920 about do-it-yourself. This is a super 343 00:06:08,920 --> 00:06:11,110 about do-it-yourself. This is a super cool book. It's the perfect coffee table 344 00:06:11,110 --> 00:06:11,120 cool book. It's the perfect coffee table 345 00:06:11,120 --> 00:06:12,750 cool book. It's the perfect coffee table book. You can pick it up, learn about 346 00:06:12,750 --> 00:06:12,760 book. You can pick it up, learn about 347 00:06:12,760 --> 00:06:14,150 book. You can pick it up, learn about something for 10 minutes, then put it 348 00:06:14,150 --> 00:06:14,160 something for 10 minutes, then put it 349 00:06:14,160 --> 00:06:16,070 something for 10 minutes, then put it back down for later. And it's the 350 00:06:16,070 --> 00:06:16,080 back down for later. And it's the 351 00:06:16,080 --> 00:06:18,670 back down for later. And it's the perfect gift for that nerd in your life. 352 00:06:18,670 --> 00:06:18,680 perfect gift for that nerd in your life. 353 00:06:18,680 --> 00:06:20,190 perfect gift for that nerd in your life. Click the link in the description or use 354 00:06:20,190 --> 00:06:20,200 Click the link in the description or use 355 00:06:20,200 --> 00:06:22,350 Click the link in the description or use the QR code you see here. Make sure to 356 00:06:22,350 --> 00:06:22,360 the QR code you see here. Make sure to 357 00:06:22,360 --> 00:06:24,870 the QR code you see here. Make sure to use the promo code Professor Dave 10 and 358 00:06:24,870 --> 00:06:24,880 use the promo code Professor Dave 10 and 359 00:06:24,880 --> 00:06:26,510 use the promo code Professor Dave 10 and pick up your copy from Hungry Minds 360 00:06:26,510 --> 00:06:26,520 pick up your copy from Hungry Minds 361 00:06:26,520 --> 00:06:28,790 pick up your copy from Hungry Minds today. 362 00:06:28,790 --> 00:06:28,800 today. 363 00:06:28,800 --> 00:06:30,550 today. >> Hi, you're on a rock floating in space. 364 00:06:30,550 --> 00:06:30,560 >> Hi, you're on a rock floating in space. 365 00:06:30,560 --> 00:06:32,030 >> Hi, you're on a rock floating in space. Pretty cool, huh? Some of it's water. 366 00:06:32,030 --> 00:06:32,040 Pretty cool, huh? Some of it's water. 367 00:06:32,040 --> 00:06:33,510 Pretty cool, huh? Some of it's water. [\h__\h] it. Actually, most of it's water. I 368 00:06:33,510 --> 00:06:33,520 [\h__\h] it. Actually, most of it's water. I 369 00:06:33,520 --> 00:06:34,790 [\h__\h] it. Actually, most of it's water. I can't even get from here to there 370 00:06:34,790 --> 00:06:34,800 can't even get from here to there 371 00:06:34,800 --> 00:06:36,230 can't even get from here to there without buying a boat. 372 00:06:36,230 --> 00:06:36,240 without buying a boat. 373 00:06:36,240 --> 00:06:39,310 without buying a boat. >> So, that's like one of very few 374 00:06:39,310 --> 00:06:39,320 >> So, that's like one of very few 375 00:06:39,320 --> 00:06:41,710 >> So, that's like one of very few technical inaccuracies, right? Uh the 376 00:06:41,710 --> 00:06:41,720 technical inaccuracies, right? Uh the 377 00:06:41,720 --> 00:06:43,150 technical inaccuracies, right? Uh the most of the world is not water. Most of 378 00:06:43,150 --> 00:06:43,160 most of the world is not water. Most of 379 00:06:43,160 --> 00:06:45,310 most of the world is not water. Most of the world is uh well, you've got an iron 380 00:06:45,310 --> 00:06:45,320 the world is uh well, you've got an iron 381 00:06:45,320 --> 00:06:48,470 the world is uh well, you've got an iron and nickel uh core and then a lot of 382 00:06:48,470 --> 00:06:48,480 and nickel uh core and then a lot of 383 00:06:48,480 --> 00:06:50,430 and nickel uh core and then a lot of rock silicates and stuff. Most of the 384 00:06:50,430 --> 00:06:50,440 rock silicates and stuff. Most of the 385 00:06:50,440 --> 00:06:52,110 rock silicates and stuff. Most of the surface of the Earth is water. That's 386 00:06:52,110 --> 00:06:52,120 surface of the Earth is water. That's 387 00:06:52,120 --> 00:06:54,750 surface of the Earth is water. That's true. About 70-something percent. Uh but 388 00:06:54,750 --> 00:06:54,760 true. About 70-something percent. Uh but 389 00:06:54,760 --> 00:06:56,870 true. About 70-something percent. Uh but no, most of the Earth is not water. It's 390 00:06:56,870 --> 00:06:56,880 no, most of the Earth is not water. It's 391 00:06:56,880 --> 00:06:59,150 no, most of the Earth is not water. It's uh rock. But, we'll we'll forgive that. 392 00:06:59,150 --> 00:06:59,160 uh rock. But, we'll we'll forgive that. 393 00:06:59,160 --> 00:07:01,990 uh rock. But, we'll we'll forgive that. >> It's sad. I'm sad. I miss you. 394 00:07:01,990 --> 00:07:02,000 >> It's sad. I'm sad. I miss you. 395 00:07:02,000 --> 00:07:03,430 >> It's sad. I'm sad. I miss you. >> How did [music] this happen? 396 00:07:03,430 --> 00:07:03,440 >> How did [music] this happen? 397 00:07:03,440 --> 00:07:05,190 >> How did [music] this happen? >> A long time ago, actually never, and 398 00:07:05,190 --> 00:07:05,200 >> A long time ago, actually never, and 399 00:07:05,200 --> 00:07:07,150 >> A long time ago, actually never, and also now, nothing is nowhere. When? 400 00:07:07,150 --> 00:07:07,160 also now, nothing is nowhere. When? 401 00:07:07,160 --> 00:07:09,070 also now, nothing is nowhere. When? Never. Make sense, right? Like I said, 402 00:07:09,070 --> 00:07:09,080 Never. Make sense, right? Like I said, 403 00:07:09,080 --> 00:07:10,430 Never. Make sense, right? Like I said, it didn't happen. Nothing was never 404 00:07:10,430 --> 00:07:10,440 it didn't happen. Nothing was never 405 00:07:10,440 --> 00:07:11,830 it didn't happen. Nothing was never anywhere. That's why it's been 406 00:07:11,830 --> 00:07:11,840 anywhere. That's why it's been 407 00:07:11,840 --> 00:07:13,070 anywhere. That's why it's been everywhere. It's 408 00:07:13,070 --> 00:07:13,080 everywhere. It's 409 00:07:13,080 --> 00:07:14,990 everywhere. It's >> The So, this is very interesting. 410 00:07:14,990 --> 00:07:15,000 >> The So, this is very interesting. 411 00:07:15,000 --> 00:07:17,310 >> The So, this is very interesting. Nothing was never So, 412 00:07:17,310 --> 00:07:17,320 Nothing was never So, 413 00:07:17,320 --> 00:07:19,830 Nothing was never So, when you want to and I had to do this 414 00:07:19,830 --> 00:07:19,840 when you want to and I had to do this 415 00:07:19,840 --> 00:07:21,630 when you want to and I had to do this he's setting up to talk about the 416 00:07:21,630 --> 00:07:21,640 he's setting up to talk about the 417 00:07:21,640 --> 00:07:23,550 he's setting up to talk about the beginning, t equals zero, Big Bang 418 00:07:23,550 --> 00:07:23,560 beginning, t equals zero, Big Bang 419 00:07:23,560 --> 00:07:26,030 beginning, t equals zero, Big Bang cosmology, how did it all start? Um and 420 00:07:26,030 --> 00:07:26,040 cosmology, how did it all start? Um and 421 00:07:26,040 --> 00:07:28,630 cosmology, how did it all start? Um and I had to deal with this uh in my 422 00:07:28,630 --> 00:07:28,640 I had to deal with this uh in my 423 00:07:28,640 --> 00:07:31,030 I had to deal with this uh in my astronomy series, uh I start out after 424 00:07:31,030 --> 00:07:31,040 astronomy series, uh I start out after 425 00:07:31,040 --> 00:07:32,750 astronomy series, uh I start out after introduction to astronomy, I start with 426 00:07:32,750 --> 00:07:32,760 introduction to astronomy, I start with 427 00:07:32,760 --> 00:07:34,310 introduction to astronomy, I start with cosmology cuz I wanted to do everything 428 00:07:34,310 --> 00:07:34,320 cosmology cuz I wanted to do everything 429 00:07:34,320 --> 00:07:36,070 cosmology cuz I wanted to do everything chronological, and I wanted to start 430 00:07:36,070 --> 00:07:36,080 chronological, and I wanted to start 431 00:07:36,080 --> 00:07:38,110 chronological, and I wanted to start with uh with, you know, t equals zero, 432 00:07:38,110 --> 00:07:38,120 with uh with, you know, t equals zero, 433 00:07:38,120 --> 00:07:40,190 with uh with, you know, t equals zero, Big Bang. And um 434 00:07:40,190 --> 00:07:40,200 Big Bang. And um 435 00:07:40,200 --> 00:07:42,030 Big Bang. And um I had to do a little bit, and it was 436 00:07:42,030 --> 00:07:42,040 I had to do a little bit, and it was 437 00:07:42,040 --> 00:07:43,670 I had to do a little bit, and it was kind of like this. I think I might have 438 00:07:43,670 --> 00:07:43,680 kind of like this. I think I might have 439 00:07:43,680 --> 00:07:45,830 kind of like this. I think I might have been influenced by this video because I 440 00:07:45,830 --> 00:07:45,840 been influenced by this video because I 441 00:07:45,840 --> 00:07:47,790 been influenced by this video because I I saw this a couple of times a long time 442 00:07:47,790 --> 00:07:47,800 I saw this a couple of times a long time 443 00:07:47,800 --> 00:07:48,830 I saw this a couple of times a long time ago. 444 00:07:48,830 --> 00:07:48,840 ago. 445 00:07:48,840 --> 00:07:50,110 ago. Uh probably around when I was making 446 00:07:50,110 --> 00:07:50,120 Uh probably around when I was making 447 00:07:50,120 --> 00:07:52,350 Uh probably around when I was making that content like 2017 or something. I 448 00:07:52,350 --> 00:07:52,360 that content like 2017 or something. I 449 00:07:52,360 --> 00:07:54,950 that content like 2017 or something. I haven't seen this video since then 450 00:07:54,950 --> 00:07:54,960 haven't seen this video since then 451 00:07:54,960 --> 00:07:56,150 haven't seen this video since then or at least not in a very very long 452 00:07:56,150 --> 00:07:56,160 or at least not in a very very long 453 00:07:56,160 --> 00:07:57,950 or at least not in a very very long time. But it's very difficult to talk 454 00:07:57,950 --> 00:07:57,960 time. But it's very difficult to talk 455 00:07:57,960 --> 00:08:01,550 time. But it's very difficult to talk about the t equals zero that it was the 456 00:08:01,550 --> 00:08:01,560 about the t equals zero that it was the 457 00:08:01,560 --> 00:08:05,430 about the t equals zero that it was the like the the the the genesis of space 458 00:08:05,430 --> 00:08:05,440 like the the the the genesis of space 459 00:08:05,440 --> 00:08:07,710 like the the the the genesis of space and time or you know space time. So 460 00:08:07,710 --> 00:08:07,720 and time or you know space time. So 461 00:08:07,720 --> 00:08:10,950 and time or you know space time. So having to talk about what was before the 462 00:08:10,950 --> 00:08:10,960 having to talk about what was before the 463 00:08:10,960 --> 00:08:12,070 having to talk about what was before the beginning of the universe kind of 464 00:08:12,070 --> 00:08:12,080 beginning of the universe kind of 465 00:08:12,080 --> 00:08:14,510 beginning of the universe kind of doesn't make sense. Space and time being 466 00:08:14,510 --> 00:08:14,520 doesn't make sense. Space and time being 467 00:08:14,520 --> 00:08:16,990 doesn't make sense. Space and time being created from the initial singularity 468 00:08:16,990 --> 00:08:17,000 created from the initial singularity 469 00:08:17,000 --> 00:08:20,950 created from the initial singularity there is no space there before the 470 00:08:20,950 --> 00:08:20,960 there is no space there before the 471 00:08:20,960 --> 00:08:22,550 there is no space there before the initial singularity. There's no time 472 00:08:22,550 --> 00:08:22,560 initial singularity. There's no time 473 00:08:22,560 --> 00:08:25,070 initial singularity. There's no time before it. So how do you talk about 474 00:08:25,070 --> 00:08:25,080 before it. So how do you talk about 475 00:08:25,080 --> 00:08:28,070 before it. So how do you talk about this? So he's doing it in kind of a fun 476 00:08:28,070 --> 00:08:28,080 this? So he's doing it in kind of a fun 477 00:08:28,080 --> 00:08:30,630 this? So he's doing it in kind of a fun poetic way. So let's let him do it. 478 00:08:30,630 --> 00:08:30,640 poetic way. So let's let him do it. 479 00:08:30,640 --> 00:08:32,190 poetic way. So let's let him do it. >> It's been so everywhere you don't need a 480 00:08:32,190 --> 00:08:32,200 >> It's been so everywhere you don't need a 481 00:08:32,200 --> 00:08:34,029 >> It's been so everywhere you don't need a where. You don't even need a when. 482 00:08:34,029 --> 00:08:34,039 where. You don't even need a when. 483 00:08:34,039 --> 00:08:44,950 where. You don't even need a when. That's how every it gets. 484 00:08:44,950 --> 00:08:44,960 485 00:08:44,960 --> 00:08:46,870 Forget this. I want to be something, go 486 00:08:46,870 --> 00:08:46,880 Forget this. I want to be something, go 487 00:08:46,880 --> 00:08:48,590 Forget this. I want to be something, go somewhere, do something. I want things 488 00:08:48,590 --> 00:08:48,600 somewhere, do something. I want things 489 00:08:48,600 --> 00:08:50,310 somewhere, do something. I want things to change. I want to invent time and 490 00:08:50,310 --> 00:08:50,320 to change. I want to invent time and 491 00:08:50,320 --> 00:08:52,070 to change. I want to invent time and space and I know it's possible because 492 00:08:52,070 --> 00:08:52,080 space and I know it's possible because 493 00:08:52,080 --> 00:08:53,230 space and I know it's possible because everything is here and it probably 494 00:08:53,230 --> 00:08:53,240 everything is here and it probably 495 00:08:53,240 --> 00:08:54,230 everything is here and it probably already happened. 496 00:08:54,230 --> 00:08:54,240 already happened. 497 00:08:54,240 --> 00:08:56,310 already happened. >> So okay and it probably already 498 00:08:56,310 --> 00:08:56,320 >> So okay and it probably already 499 00:08:56,320 --> 00:08:57,590 >> So okay and it probably already happened. That's very interesting. So 500 00:08:57,590 --> 00:08:57,600 happened. That's very interesting. So 501 00:08:57,600 --> 00:08:58,829 happened. That's very interesting. So what we're saying is that all of the 502 00:08:58,829 --> 00:08:58,839 what we're saying is that all of the 503 00:08:58,839 --> 00:09:00,670 what we're saying is that all of the energy that is now present in the 504 00:09:00,670 --> 00:09:00,680 energy that is now present in the 505 00:09:00,680 --> 00:09:02,829 energy that is now present in the universe was present in the initial 506 00:09:02,829 --> 00:09:02,839 universe was present in the initial 507 00:09:02,839 --> 00:09:04,430 universe was present in the initial singularity 508 00:09:04,430 --> 00:09:04,440 singularity 509 00:09:04,440 --> 00:09:07,030 singularity and so all of the potentiality is there 510 00:09:07,030 --> 00:09:07,040 and so all of the potentiality is there 511 00:09:07,040 --> 00:09:08,910 and so all of the potentiality is there and it probably already happened. That's 512 00:09:08,910 --> 00:09:08,920 and it probably already happened. That's 513 00:09:08,920 --> 00:09:12,910 and it probably already happened. That's more that's maybe a nod to 514 00:09:12,910 --> 00:09:12,920 more that's maybe a nod to 515 00:09:12,920 --> 00:09:15,910 more that's maybe a nod to a conception of of cyclical cosmology. I 516 00:09:15,910 --> 00:09:15,920 a conception of of cyclical cosmology. I 517 00:09:15,920 --> 00:09:17,430 a conception of of cyclical cosmology. I imagine that might be what he's talking 518 00:09:17,430 --> 00:09:17,440 imagine that might be what he's talking 519 00:09:17,440 --> 00:09:21,590 imagine that might be what he's talking about the idea of of of big bangs and 520 00:09:21,590 --> 00:09:21,600 about the idea of of of big bangs and 521 00:09:21,600 --> 00:09:24,750 about the idea of of of big bangs and big crunches which is not really any 522 00:09:24,750 --> 00:09:24,760 big crunches which is not really any 523 00:09:24,760 --> 00:09:26,510 big crunches which is not really any longer the model. It looks like more of 524 00:09:26,510 --> 00:09:26,520 longer the model. It looks like more of 525 00:09:26,520 --> 00:09:29,390 longer the model. It looks like more of a heat death in the in the sense of 526 00:09:29,390 --> 00:09:29,400 a heat death in the in the sense of 527 00:09:29,400 --> 00:09:31,470 a heat death in the in the sense of because dark energy is 528 00:09:31,470 --> 00:09:31,480 because dark energy is 529 00:09:31,480 --> 00:09:32,750 because dark energy is accelerating the expansion of the 530 00:09:32,750 --> 00:09:32,760 accelerating the expansion of the 531 00:09:32,760 --> 00:09:35,790 accelerating the expansion of the universe. It does not seem like uh at 532 00:09:35,790 --> 00:09:35,800 universe. It does not seem like uh at 533 00:09:35,800 --> 00:09:37,950 universe. It does not seem like uh at least currently given the the data that 534 00:09:37,950 --> 00:09:37,960 least currently given the the data that 535 00:09:37,960 --> 00:09:40,030 least currently given the the data that we have access to that that a 536 00:09:40,030 --> 00:09:40,040 we have access to that that a 537 00:09:40,040 --> 00:09:42,030 we have access to that that a compression will occur. 538 00:09:42,030 --> 00:09:42,040 compression will occur. 539 00:09:42,040 --> 00:09:44,430 compression will occur. Uh so, but that that is a cosmology that 540 00:09:44,430 --> 00:09:44,440 Uh so, but that that is a cosmology that 541 00:09:44,440 --> 00:09:46,470 Uh so, but that that is a cosmology that has been believed by many cultures and 542 00:09:46,470 --> 00:09:46,480 has been believed by many cultures and 543 00:09:46,480 --> 00:09:48,830 has been believed by many cultures and was entertained by physics for for a 544 00:09:48,830 --> 00:09:48,840 was entertained by physics for for a 545 00:09:48,840 --> 00:09:51,070 was entertained by physics for for a while as well um because we understood 546 00:09:51,070 --> 00:09:51,080 while as well um because we understood 547 00:09:51,080 --> 00:09:52,870 while as well um because we understood that if gravity is is attracting all 548 00:09:52,870 --> 00:09:52,880 that if gravity is is attracting all 549 00:09:52,880 --> 00:09:54,030 that if gravity is is attracting all matter 550 00:09:54,030 --> 00:09:54,040 matter 551 00:09:54,040 --> 00:09:54,830 matter um 552 00:09:54,830 --> 00:09:54,840 um 553 00:09:54,840 --> 00:09:57,070 um then it was it was just a it was it was 554 00:09:57,070 --> 00:09:57,080 then it was it was just a it was it was 555 00:09:57,080 --> 00:09:59,110 then it was it was just a it was it was just had to do with understanding the 556 00:09:59,110 --> 00:09:59,120 just had to do with understanding the 557 00:09:59,120 --> 00:10:00,710 just had to do with understanding the density of the universe, the rate of 558 00:10:00,710 --> 00:10:00,720 density of the universe, the rate of 559 00:10:00,720 --> 00:10:02,870 density of the universe, the rate of expansion, and would the mass of 560 00:10:02,870 --> 00:10:02,880 expansion, and would the mass of 561 00:10:02,880 --> 00:10:04,790 expansion, and would the mass of everything in the universe be enough for 562 00:10:04,790 --> 00:10:04,800 everything in the universe be enough for 563 00:10:04,800 --> 00:10:07,150 everything in the universe be enough for a gravitational attraction 564 00:10:07,150 --> 00:10:07,160 a gravitational attraction 565 00:10:07,160 --> 00:10:09,830 a gravitational attraction uh to to cause it to contract back on 566 00:10:09,830 --> 00:10:09,840 uh to to cause it to contract back on 567 00:10:09,840 --> 00:10:11,390 uh to to cause it to contract back on the initial singularity. And then it 568 00:10:11,390 --> 00:10:11,400 the initial singularity. And then it 569 00:10:11,400 --> 00:10:13,750 the initial singularity. And then it could be cyclical. That'd be crazy. But 570 00:10:13,750 --> 00:10:13,760 could be cyclical. That'd be crazy. But 571 00:10:13,760 --> 00:10:14,390 could be cyclical. That'd be crazy. But um 572 00:10:14,390 --> 00:10:14,400 um 573 00:10:14,400 --> 00:10:16,150 um so, yeah, we're just about to get going 574 00:10:16,150 --> 00:10:16,160 so, yeah, we're just about to get going 575 00:10:16,160 --> 00:10:16,950 so, yeah, we're just about to get going here. 576 00:10:16,950 --> 00:10:16,960 here. 577 00:10:16,960 --> 00:10:18,990 here. >> I just don't know when to start. 578 00:10:18,990 --> 00:10:19,000 >> I just don't know when to start. 579 00:10:19,000 --> 00:10:20,870 >> I just don't know when to start. And that's exactly where it started. 580 00:10:20,870 --> 00:10:20,880 And that's exactly where it started. 581 00:10:20,880 --> 00:10:22,830 And that's exactly where it started. Oh, I paused it. I think there's a 582 00:10:22,830 --> 00:10:22,840 Oh, I paused it. I think there's a 583 00:10:22,840 --> 00:10:24,230 Oh, I paused it. I think there's a universe now. What's it made of? 584 00:10:24,230 --> 00:10:24,240 universe now. What's it made of? 585 00:10:24,240 --> 00:10:25,470 universe now. What's it made of? >> Quarks and stuff. 586 00:10:25,470 --> 00:10:25,480 >> Quarks and stuff. 587 00:10:25,480 --> 00:10:26,190 >> Quarks and stuff. >> Oh, that 588 00:10:26,190 --> 00:10:26,200 >> Oh, that 589 00:10:26,200 --> 00:10:28,670 >> Oh, that >> Right. So, so um 590 00:10:28,670 --> 00:10:28,680 >> Right. So, so um 591 00:10:28,680 --> 00:10:30,710 >> Right. So, so um the first first 592 00:10:30,710 --> 00:10:30,720 the first first 593 00:10:30,720 --> 00:10:32,270 the first first there's an amount of energy that is is 594 00:10:32,270 --> 00:10:32,280 there's an amount of energy that is is 595 00:10:32,280 --> 00:10:34,270 there's an amount of energy that is is associated with the initial singularity. 596 00:10:34,270 --> 00:10:34,280 associated with the initial singularity. 597 00:10:34,280 --> 00:10:36,110 associated with the initial singularity. And then due to matter energy 598 00:10:36,110 --> 00:10:36,120 And then due to matter energy 599 00:10:36,120 --> 00:10:38,870 And then due to matter energy equivalents, the energy uh can congeal 600 00:10:38,870 --> 00:10:38,880 equivalents, the energy uh can congeal 601 00:10:38,880 --> 00:10:40,430 equivalents, the energy uh can congeal into matter. So, the first matter that 602 00:10:40,430 --> 00:10:40,440 into matter. So, the first matter that 603 00:10:40,440 --> 00:10:42,110 into matter. So, the first matter that was there, we call it the the 604 00:10:42,110 --> 00:10:42,120 was there, we call it the the 605 00:10:42,120 --> 00:10:45,670 was there, we call it the the quark-gluon plasma. So, quarks and stuff 606 00:10:45,670 --> 00:10:45,680 quark-gluon plasma. So, quarks and stuff 607 00:10:45,680 --> 00:10:47,710 quark-gluon plasma. So, quarks and stuff um we have a a quark-gluon plasma. 608 00:10:47,710 --> 00:10:47,720 um we have a a quark-gluon plasma. 609 00:10:47,720 --> 00:10:51,790 um we have a a quark-gluon plasma. Quarks are um are the components uh that 610 00:10:51,790 --> 00:10:51,800 Quarks are um are the components uh that 611 00:10:51,800 --> 00:10:55,230 Quarks are um are the components uh that make up nucleons. And then uh gluons are 612 00:10:55,230 --> 00:10:55,240 make up nucleons. And then uh gluons are 613 00:10:55,240 --> 00:10:57,510 make up nucleons. And then uh gluons are the particles that mediate they're the 614 00:10:57,510 --> 00:10:57,520 the particles that mediate they're the 615 00:10:57,520 --> 00:10:59,670 the particles that mediate they're the bosons that mediate the strong nuclear 616 00:10:59,670 --> 00:10:59,680 bosons that mediate the strong nuclear 617 00:10:59,680 --> 00:11:00,910 bosons that mediate the strong nuclear force. That's going to be able to bring 618 00:11:00,910 --> 00:11:00,920 force. That's going to be able to bring 619 00:11:00,920 --> 00:11:03,670 force. That's going to be able to bring quarks together to form baryons. So, 620 00:11:03,670 --> 00:11:03,680 quarks together to form baryons. So, 621 00:11:03,680 --> 00:11:05,310 quarks together to form baryons. So, that this part is accurate, right? We 622 00:11:05,310 --> 00:11:05,320 that this part is accurate, right? We 623 00:11:05,320 --> 00:11:08,390 that this part is accurate, right? We have energy and I love love love like go 624 00:11:08,390 --> 00:11:08,400 have energy and I love love love like go 625 00:11:08,400 --> 00:11:11,510 have energy and I love love love like go back and pause those couple of frames 626 00:11:11,510 --> 00:11:11,520 back and pause those couple of frames 627 00:11:11,520 --> 00:11:14,030 back and pause those couple of frames that are meant to represent the first 628 00:11:14,030 --> 00:11:14,040 that are meant to represent the first 629 00:11:14,040 --> 00:11:15,430 that are meant to represent the first like 630 00:11:15,430 --> 00:11:15,440 like 631 00:11:15,440 --> 00:11:18,190 like 10 to the negative 36 seconds after the 632 00:11:18,190 --> 00:11:18,200 10 to the negative 36 seconds after the 633 00:11:18,200 --> 00:11:19,550 10 to the negative 36 seconds after the singularity. Because it's like what do 634 00:11:19,550 --> 00:11:19,560 singularity. Because it's like what do 635 00:11:19,560 --> 00:11:20,910 singularity. Because it's like what do you how how are you going to visually 636 00:11:20,910 --> 00:11:20,920 you how how are you going to visually 637 00:11:20,920 --> 00:11:22,829 you how how are you going to visually represent that? 638 00:11:22,829 --> 00:11:22,839 represent that? 639 00:11:22,839 --> 00:11:26,030 represent that? You can't. So, it's just absurd and he 640 00:11:26,030 --> 00:11:26,040 You can't. So, it's just absurd and he 641 00:11:26,040 --> 00:11:28,590 You can't. So, it's just absurd and he would he did it in a very absurd way. Um 642 00:11:28,590 --> 00:11:28,600 would he did it in a very absurd way. Um 643 00:11:28,600 --> 00:11:30,070 would he did it in a very absurd way. Um so, go back and look at those frames. 644 00:11:30,070 --> 00:11:30,080 so, go back and look at those frames. 645 00:11:30,080 --> 00:11:31,470 so, go back and look at those frames. It's very interesting. Okay, so we've 646 00:11:31,470 --> 00:11:31,480 It's very interesting. Okay, so we've 647 00:11:31,480 --> 00:11:33,790 It's very interesting. Okay, so we've got a quark-gluon plasma. Here we go. 648 00:11:33,790 --> 00:11:33,800 got a quark-gluon plasma. Here we go. 649 00:11:33,800 --> 00:11:35,830 got a quark-gluon plasma. Here we go. >> That's a thing in a place. Don't like 650 00:11:35,830 --> 00:11:35,840 >> That's a thing in a place. Don't like 651 00:11:35,840 --> 00:11:38,350 >> That's a thing in a place. Don't like it? Try a new place at a different time. 652 00:11:38,350 --> 00:11:38,360 it? Try a new place at a different time. 653 00:11:38,360 --> 00:11:39,750 it? Try a new place at a different time. Try to stick together because the world 654 00:11:39,750 --> 00:11:39,760 Try to stick together because the world 655 00:11:39,760 --> 00:11:41,830 Try to stick together because the world is going to get bigger and emptier. But 656 00:11:41,830 --> 00:11:41,840 is going to get bigger and emptier. But 657 00:11:41,840 --> 00:11:43,590 is going to get bigger and emptier. But it's not empty yet. It's still very full 658 00:11:43,590 --> 00:11:43,600 it's not empty yet. It's still very full 659 00:11:43,600 --> 00:11:45,430 it's not empty yet. It's still very full and about a jillion degrees. 660 00:11:45,430 --> 00:11:45,440 and about a jillion degrees. 661 00:11:45,440 --> 00:11:47,398 and about a jillion degrees. >> So, I like that. So, just 662 00:11:47,398 --> 00:11:47,408 >> So, I like that. So, just 663 00:11:47,408 --> 00:11:47,830 >> So, I like that. So, just >> [laughter] 664 00:11:47,830 --> 00:11:47,840 >> [laughter] 665 00:11:47,840 --> 00:11:49,910 >> [laughter] >> you everything is so fast, but it's just 666 00:11:49,910 --> 00:11:49,920 >> you everything is so fast, but it's just 667 00:11:49,920 --> 00:11:51,830 >> you everything is so fast, but it's just there's little dark matter right there. 668 00:11:51,830 --> 00:11:51,840 there's little dark matter right there. 669 00:11:51,840 --> 00:11:53,350 there's little dark matter right there. And so, 670 00:11:53,350 --> 00:11:53,360 And so, 671 00:11:53,360 --> 00:11:55,310 And so, we already have mass, so gravity is a 672 00:11:55,310 --> 00:11:55,320 we already have mass, so gravity is a 673 00:11:55,320 --> 00:11:57,590 we already have mass, so gravity is a thing and and expansion is occurring. 674 00:11:57,590 --> 00:11:57,600 thing and and expansion is occurring. 675 00:11:57,600 --> 00:11:59,470 thing and and expansion is occurring. So, what's what's the next bit, right? 676 00:11:59,470 --> 00:11:59,480 So, what's what's the next bit, right? 677 00:11:59,480 --> 00:12:02,430 So, what's what's the next bit, right? As it expands, the universe is cooling. 678 00:12:02,430 --> 00:12:02,440 As it expands, the universe is cooling. 679 00:12:02,440 --> 00:12:05,470 As it expands, the universe is cooling. It it began 10 to the 50 Kelvin or 680 00:12:05,470 --> 00:12:05,480 It it began 10 to the 50 Kelvin or 681 00:12:05,480 --> 00:12:08,710 It it began 10 to the 50 Kelvin or something absolutely unthinkable. But as 682 00:12:08,710 --> 00:12:08,720 something absolutely unthinkable. But as 683 00:12:08,720 --> 00:12:12,390 something absolutely unthinkable. But as it cools, new new things can be stable 684 00:12:12,390 --> 00:12:12,400 it cools, new new things can be stable 685 00:12:12,400 --> 00:12:14,710 it cools, new new things can be stable and so new things are able to form. So, 686 00:12:14,710 --> 00:12:14,720 and so new things are able to form. So, 687 00:12:14,720 --> 00:12:18,070 and so new things are able to form. So, about no seconds later, it says about no 688 00:12:18,070 --> 00:12:18,080 about no seconds later, it says about no 689 00:12:18,080 --> 00:12:20,310 about no seconds later, it says about no seconds later. And it is it's about no 690 00:12:20,310 --> 00:12:20,320 seconds later. And it is it's about no 691 00:12:20,320 --> 00:12:23,110 seconds later. And it is it's about no seconds later because we're going from 692 00:12:23,110 --> 00:12:23,120 seconds later because we're going from 693 00:12:23,120 --> 00:12:25,630 seconds later because we're going from around 10 to the negative 36 seconds all 694 00:12:25,630 --> 00:12:25,640 around 10 to the negative 36 seconds all 695 00:12:25,640 --> 00:12:27,430 around 10 to the negative 36 seconds all the way to about 10 to the negative 12 696 00:12:27,430 --> 00:12:27,440 the way to about 10 to the negative 12 697 00:12:27,440 --> 00:12:29,030 the way to about 10 to the negative 12 seconds. We're talking about only a 698 00:12:29,030 --> 00:12:29,040 seconds. We're talking about only a 699 00:12:29,040 --> 00:12:30,790 seconds. We're talking about only a trillionth of a second after the initial 700 00:12:30,790 --> 00:12:30,800 trillionth of a second after the initial 701 00:12:30,800 --> 00:12:33,550 trillionth of a second after the initial singularity where we begin to see 702 00:12:33,550 --> 00:12:33,560 singularity where we begin to see 703 00:12:33,560 --> 00:12:35,310 singularity where we begin to see symmetry breaking, right? That's where 704 00:12:35,310 --> 00:12:35,320 symmetry breaking, right? That's where 705 00:12:35,320 --> 00:12:38,710 symmetry breaking, right? That's where we start to see like the electroweak 706 00:12:38,710 --> 00:12:38,720 we start to see like the electroweak 707 00:12:38,720 --> 00:12:41,950 we start to see like the electroweak epoch take shape. So, so many epochs 708 00:12:41,950 --> 00:12:41,960 epoch take shape. So, so many epochs 709 00:12:41,960 --> 00:12:43,950 epoch take shape. So, so many epochs occur in that first trillionth of a 710 00:12:43,950 --> 00:12:43,960 occur in that first trillionth of a 711 00:12:43,960 --> 00:12:45,670 occur in that first trillionth of a second. All of these symmetry breakings 712 00:12:45,670 --> 00:12:45,680 second. All of these symmetry breakings 713 00:12:45,680 --> 00:12:47,870 second. All of these symmetry breakings and really really major events happen 714 00:12:47,870 --> 00:12:47,880 and really really major events happen 715 00:12:47,880 --> 00:12:49,550 and really really major events happen that we're already we're we're still 716 00:12:49,550 --> 00:12:49,560 that we're already we're we're still 717 00:12:49,560 --> 00:12:52,510 that we're already we're we're still only at about no seconds later. That's 718 00:12:52,510 --> 00:12:52,520 only at about no seconds later. That's 719 00:12:52,520 --> 00:12:54,870 only at about no seconds later. That's what's crazy about cosmology. 720 00:12:54,870 --> 00:12:54,880 what's crazy about cosmology. 721 00:12:54,880 --> 00:12:56,270 what's crazy about cosmology. >> Great news. The quarks are now happily 722 00:12:56,270 --> 00:12:56,280 >> Great news. The quarks are now happily 723 00:12:56,280 --> 00:12:57,590 >> Great news. The quarks are now happily married in groups of three called a 724 00:12:57,590 --> 00:12:57,600 married in groups of three called a 725 00:12:57,600 --> 00:12:59,270 married in groups of three called a proton or a neutron. And there's 726 00:12:59,270 --> 00:12:59,280 proton or a neutron. And there's 727 00:12:59,280 --> 00:13:00,510 proton or a neutron. And there's something else flying around too that 728 00:13:00,510 --> 00:13:00,520 something else flying around too that 729 00:13:00,520 --> 00:13:01,710 something else flying around too that wants to join in but can't cuz it's 730 00:13:01,710 --> 00:13:01,720 wants to join in but can't cuz it's 731 00:13:01,720 --> 00:13:04,689 wants to join in but can't cuz it's still too 732 00:13:04,689 --> 00:13:04,699 733 00:13:04,699 --> 00:13:05,470 >> [laughter] 734 00:13:05,470 --> 00:13:05,480 >> [laughter] 735 00:13:05,480 --> 00:13:09,510 >> [laughter] >> It's so hot. Yeah, so so first you have 736 00:13:09,510 --> 00:13:09,520 >> It's so hot. Yeah, so so first you have 737 00:13:09,520 --> 00:13:11,230 >> It's so hot. Yeah, so so first you have you have quarks and gluons. There's a 738 00:13:11,230 --> 00:13:11,240 you have quarks and gluons. There's a 739 00:13:11,240 --> 00:13:13,829 you have quarks and gluons. There's a quark gluon plasma. But when it cools 740 00:13:13,829 --> 00:13:13,839 quark gluon plasma. But when it cools 741 00:13:13,839 --> 00:13:15,070 quark gluon plasma. But when it cools enough, 742 00:13:15,070 --> 00:13:15,080 enough, 743 00:13:15,080 --> 00:13:18,750 enough, quarks are able to or are able to 744 00:13:18,750 --> 00:13:18,760 quarks are able to or are able to 745 00:13:18,760 --> 00:13:20,870 quarks are able to or are able to they're able to for it's not just groups 746 00:13:20,870 --> 00:13:20,880 they're able to for it's not just groups 747 00:13:20,880 --> 00:13:23,590 they're able to for it's not just groups of three. So, groups of three form 748 00:13:23,590 --> 00:13:23,600 of three. So, groups of three form 749 00:13:23,600 --> 00:13:25,990 of three. So, groups of three form baryons and 750 00:13:25,990 --> 00:13:26,000 baryons and 751 00:13:26,000 --> 00:13:28,310 baryons and a quark and an antiquark form 752 00:13:28,310 --> 00:13:28,320 a quark and an antiquark form 753 00:13:28,320 --> 00:13:31,030 a quark and an antiquark form mesons. And so those are so those are 754 00:13:31,030 --> 00:13:31,040 mesons. And so those are so those are 755 00:13:31,040 --> 00:13:33,030 mesons. And so those are so those are different kinds of hadrons. So hadrons 756 00:13:33,030 --> 00:13:33,040 different kinds of hadrons. So hadrons 757 00:13:33,040 --> 00:13:36,630 different kinds of hadrons. So hadrons can form when quarks when when it's cool 758 00:13:36,630 --> 00:13:36,640 can form when quarks when when it's cool 759 00:13:36,640 --> 00:13:38,630 can form when quarks when when it's cool enough for quarks to couple, to come 760 00:13:38,630 --> 00:13:38,640 enough for quarks to couple, to come 761 00:13:38,640 --> 00:13:42,550 enough for quarks to couple, to come together. And so now we have we most 762 00:13:42,550 --> 00:13:42,560 together. And so now we have we most 763 00:13:42,560 --> 00:13:44,990 together. And so now we have we most importantly we have baryons. So we have 764 00:13:44,990 --> 00:13:45,000 importantly we have baryons. So we have 765 00:13:45,000 --> 00:13:47,670 importantly we have baryons. So we have stable protons and neutrons. There are 766 00:13:47,670 --> 00:13:47,680 stable protons and neutrons. There are 767 00:13:47,680 --> 00:13:50,550 stable protons and neutrons. There are also electrons in this epoch, but it is 768 00:13:50,550 --> 00:13:50,560 also electrons in this epoch, but it is 769 00:13:50,560 --> 00:13:54,150 also electrons in this epoch, but it is still too hot for electrons to couple to 770 00:13:54,150 --> 00:13:54,160 still too hot for electrons to couple to 771 00:13:54,160 --> 00:13:56,910 still too hot for electrons to couple to to protons and neutrons. So we can have 772 00:13:56,910 --> 00:13:56,920 to protons and neutrons. So we can have 773 00:13:56,920 --> 00:13:59,390 to protons and neutrons. So we can have nuclei, but we can't have neutral atoms 774 00:13:59,390 --> 00:13:59,400 nuclei, but we can't have neutral atoms 775 00:13:59,400 --> 00:14:01,750 nuclei, but we can't have neutral atoms yet. So you have this different kind of 776 00:14:01,750 --> 00:14:01,760 yet. So you have this different kind of 777 00:14:01,760 --> 00:14:03,790 yet. So you have this different kind of plasma. 778 00:14:03,790 --> 00:14:03,800 plasma. 779 00:14:03,800 --> 00:14:06,150 plasma. So you have quarks can come together to 780 00:14:06,150 --> 00:14:06,160 So you have quarks can come together to 781 00:14:06,160 --> 00:14:07,950 So you have quarks can come together to form protons and neutrons, but we still 782 00:14:07,950 --> 00:14:07,960 form protons and neutrons, but we still 783 00:14:07,960 --> 00:14:10,270 form protons and neutrons, but we still do not do not have neutral atoms. Too 784 00:14:10,270 --> 00:14:10,280 do not do not have neutral atoms. Too 785 00:14:10,280 --> 00:14:12,750 do not do not have neutral atoms. Too hot for electrons to couple. About 10 786 00:14:12,750 --> 00:14:12,760 hot for electrons to couple. About 10 787 00:14:12,760 --> 00:14:14,550 hot for electrons to couple. About 10 minutes later, it says. So this is all 788 00:14:14,550 --> 00:14:14,560 minutes later, it says. So this is all 789 00:14:14,560 --> 00:14:17,270 minutes later, it says. So this is all like this is all following accurately 790 00:14:17,270 --> 00:14:17,280 like this is all following accurately 791 00:14:17,280 --> 00:14:19,910 like this is all following accurately the timeline proposed by cosmologists. 792 00:14:19,910 --> 00:14:19,920 the timeline proposed by cosmologists. 793 00:14:19,920 --> 00:14:21,310 the timeline proposed by cosmologists. That's what's really cool about this. 794 00:14:21,310 --> 00:14:21,320 That's what's really cool about this. 795 00:14:21,320 --> 00:14:24,550 That's what's really cool about this. It's just so comedic when you do it in 796 00:14:24,550 --> 00:14:24,560 It's just so comedic when you do it in 797 00:14:24,560 --> 00:14:27,710 It's just so comedic when you do it in this not not really a matter-of-fact 798 00:14:27,710 --> 00:14:27,720 this not not really a matter-of-fact 799 00:14:27,720 --> 00:14:29,190 this not not really a matter-of-fact textbook way, but in this kind of 800 00:14:29,190 --> 00:14:29,200 textbook way, but in this kind of 801 00:14:29,200 --> 00:14:31,110 textbook way, but in this kind of comedic way it just like amplifies the 802 00:14:31,110 --> 00:14:31,120 comedic way it just like amplifies the 803 00:14:31,120 --> 00:14:33,030 comedic way it just like amplifies the absurdity of the timelines that we're 804 00:14:33,030 --> 00:14:33,040 absurdity of the timelines that we're 805 00:14:33,040 --> 00:14:34,590 absurdity of the timelines that we're that we're talking about here. 806 00:14:34,590 --> 00:14:34,600 that we're talking about here. 807 00:14:34,600 --> 00:14:36,110 that we're talking about here. >> Great news, the protons and neutrons are 808 00:14:36,110 --> 00:14:36,120 >> Great news, the protons and neutrons are 809 00:14:36,120 --> 00:14:37,470 >> Great news, the protons and neutrons are now happily married to each other. Some 810 00:14:37,470 --> 00:14:37,480 now happily married to each other. Some 811 00:14:37,480 --> 00:14:39,350 now happily married to each other. Some of them even doubled up. 812 00:14:39,350 --> 00:14:39,360 of them even doubled up. 813 00:14:39,360 --> 00:14:42,110 of them even doubled up. >> So yeah, so that now we're talking about 814 00:14:42,110 --> 00:14:42,120 >> So yeah, so that now we're talking about 815 00:14:42,120 --> 00:14:44,390 >> So yeah, so that now we're talking about Big Bang nucleosynthesis. So a certain 816 00:14:44,390 --> 00:14:44,400 Big Bang nucleosynthesis. So a certain 817 00:14:44,400 --> 00:14:46,350 Big Bang nucleosynthesis. So a certain duration of time 818 00:14:46,350 --> 00:14:46,360 duration of time 819 00:14:46,360 --> 00:14:48,470 duration of time I forget a certain number of minutes or 820 00:14:48,470 --> 00:14:48,480 I forget a certain number of minutes or 821 00:14:48,480 --> 00:14:50,910 I forget a certain number of minutes or hours, still very soon after the initial 822 00:14:50,910 --> 00:14:50,920 hours, still very soon after the initial 823 00:14:50,920 --> 00:14:53,510 hours, still very soon after the initial singularity, but it's it's still too hot 824 00:14:53,510 --> 00:14:53,520 singularity, but it's it's still too hot 825 00:14:53,520 --> 00:14:56,590 singularity, but it's it's still too hot for electrons to couple to 826 00:14:56,590 --> 00:14:56,600 for electrons to couple to 827 00:14:56,600 --> 00:14:59,230 for electrons to couple to to to nucleons, but it's hot enough for 828 00:14:59,230 --> 00:14:59,240 to to nucleons, but it's hot enough for 829 00:14:59,240 --> 00:15:01,710 to to nucleons, but it's hot enough for nucleons to fuse. So basically the 830 00:15:01,710 --> 00:15:01,720 nucleons to fuse. So basically the 831 00:15:01,720 --> 00:15:05,270 nucleons to fuse. So basically the entire universe at that time is like the 832 00:15:05,270 --> 00:15:05,280 entire universe at that time is like the 833 00:15:05,280 --> 00:15:08,190 entire universe at that time is like the inside of a star today. So inside so 834 00:15:08,190 --> 00:15:08,200 inside of a star today. So inside so 835 00:15:08,200 --> 00:15:10,630 inside of a star today. So inside so stars are plasma. There it's too hot for 836 00:15:10,630 --> 00:15:10,640 stars are plasma. There it's too hot for 837 00:15:10,640 --> 00:15:13,190 stars are plasma. There it's too hot for electrons to couple to to nucleons. So 838 00:15:13,190 --> 00:15:13,200 electrons to couple to to nucleons. So 839 00:15:13,200 --> 00:15:15,950 electrons to couple to to nucleons. So nucleons are whizzing around, but it's 840 00:15:15,950 --> 00:15:15,960 nucleons are whizzing around, but it's 841 00:15:15,960 --> 00:15:17,630 nucleons are whizzing around, but it's so hot, there's so much gravitational 842 00:15:17,630 --> 00:15:17,640 so hot, there's so much gravitational 843 00:15:17,640 --> 00:15:19,590 so hot, there's so much gravitational pressure inwards 844 00:15:19,590 --> 00:15:19,600 pressure inwards 845 00:15:19,600 --> 00:15:21,990 pressure inwards that nucleons can fuse. 846 00:15:21,990 --> 00:15:22,000 that nucleons can fuse. 847 00:15:22,000 --> 00:15:24,630 that nucleons can fuse. And during Big Bang nucleosynthesis, the 848 00:15:24,630 --> 00:15:24,640 And during Big Bang nucleosynthesis, the 849 00:15:24,640 --> 00:15:26,950 And during Big Bang nucleosynthesis, the entire universe was like that. The 850 00:15:26,950 --> 00:15:26,960 entire universe was like that. The 851 00:15:26,960 --> 00:15:29,390 entire universe was like that. The entire The entire universe was like the 852 00:15:29,390 --> 00:15:29,400 entire The entire universe was like the 853 00:15:29,400 --> 00:15:31,070 entire The entire universe was like the inside of a star, like the core of a 854 00:15:31,070 --> 00:15:31,080 inside of a star, like the core of a 855 00:15:31,080 --> 00:15:34,910 inside of a star, like the core of a star. And so, uh from hydrogen, you got 856 00:15:34,910 --> 00:15:34,920 star. And so, uh from hydrogen, you got 857 00:15:34,920 --> 00:15:37,750 star. And so, uh from hydrogen, you got a lot of helium. Uh and then and a 858 00:15:37,750 --> 00:15:37,760 a lot of helium. Uh and then and a 859 00:15:37,760 --> 00:15:39,470 a lot of helium. Uh and then and a little bit of lithium. You did get a 860 00:15:39,470 --> 00:15:39,480 little bit of lithium. You did get a 861 00:15:39,480 --> 00:15:41,230 little bit of lithium. You did get a trace amounts of lithium. So, that's 862 00:15:41,230 --> 00:15:41,240 trace amounts of lithium. So, that's 863 00:15:41,240 --> 00:15:43,190 trace amounts of lithium. So, that's part of what corroborates Big Bang 864 00:15:43,190 --> 00:15:43,200 part of what corroborates Big Bang 865 00:15:43,200 --> 00:15:45,270 part of what corroborates Big Bang cosmology. There's different threads. 866 00:15:45,270 --> 00:15:45,280 cosmology. There's different threads. 867 00:15:45,280 --> 00:15:47,430 cosmology. There's different threads. There is uh There is the cosmic 868 00:15:47,430 --> 00:15:47,440 There is uh There is the cosmic 869 00:15:47,440 --> 00:15:49,470 There is uh There is the cosmic microwave background radiation. There is 870 00:15:49,470 --> 00:15:49,480 microwave background radiation. There is 871 00:15:49,480 --> 00:15:51,590 microwave background radiation. There is There is velocities of galaxies. But, 872 00:15:51,590 --> 00:15:51,600 There is velocities of galaxies. But, 873 00:15:51,600 --> 00:15:53,590 There is velocities of galaxies. But, there's also the distribution of 874 00:15:53,590 --> 00:15:53,600 there's also the distribution of 875 00:15:53,600 --> 00:15:56,230 there's also the distribution of hydrogen and helium. It's about 75% 876 00:15:56,230 --> 00:15:56,240 hydrogen and helium. It's about 75% 877 00:15:56,240 --> 00:15:58,950 hydrogen and helium. It's about 75% hydrogen, uh 25% helium. That is 878 00:15:58,950 --> 00:15:58,960 hydrogen, uh 25% helium. That is 879 00:15:58,960 --> 00:16:01,190 hydrogen, uh 25% helium. That is specifically predicted by the model. You 880 00:16:01,190 --> 00:16:01,200 specifically predicted by the model. You 881 00:16:01,200 --> 00:16:03,030 specifically predicted by the model. You can calculate the temperature 882 00:16:03,030 --> 00:16:03,040 can calculate the temperature 883 00:16:03,040 --> 00:16:05,230 can calculate the temperature differential from when Big Bang 884 00:16:05,230 --> 00:16:05,240 differential from when Big Bang 885 00:16:05,240 --> 00:16:07,670 differential from when Big Bang nucleosynthesis should start and when it 886 00:16:07,670 --> 00:16:07,680 nucleosynthesis should start and when it 887 00:16:07,680 --> 00:16:10,310 nucleosynthesis should start and when it should end. The That duration of time, 888 00:16:10,310 --> 00:16:10,320 should end. The That duration of time, 889 00:16:10,320 --> 00:16:11,710 should end. The That duration of time, however many minutes it was, I don't 890 00:16:11,710 --> 00:16:11,720 however many minutes it was, I don't 891 00:16:11,720 --> 00:16:13,550 however many minutes it was, I don't remember off top of my head, minutes or 892 00:16:13,550 --> 00:16:13,560 remember off top of my head, minutes or 893 00:16:13,560 --> 00:16:15,670 remember off top of my head, minutes or hours, I'm not I'm not sure. But, you 894 00:16:15,670 --> 00:16:15,680 hours, I'm not I'm not sure. But, you 895 00:16:15,680 --> 00:16:17,550 hours, I'm not I'm not sure. But, you can calculate how much helium should 896 00:16:17,550 --> 00:16:17,560 can calculate how much helium should 897 00:16:17,560 --> 00:16:19,550 can calculate how much helium should have been synthesized in that time. And 898 00:16:19,550 --> 00:16:19,560 have been synthesized in that time. And 899 00:16:19,560 --> 00:16:21,470 have been synthesized in that time. And we look around the universe, and that's 900 00:16:21,470 --> 00:16:21,480 we look around the universe, and that's 901 00:16:21,480 --> 00:16:23,590 we look around the universe, and that's what we see. So, that's a third What 902 00:16:23,590 --> 00:16:23,600 what we see. So, that's a third What 903 00:16:23,600 --> 00:16:25,350 what we see. So, that's a third What we're talking about three 904 00:16:25,350 --> 00:16:25,360 we're talking about three 905 00:16:25,360 --> 00:16:27,550 we're talking about three uh independent threads of evidence where 906 00:16:27,550 --> 00:16:27,560 uh independent threads of evidence where 907 00:16:27,560 --> 00:16:29,230 uh independent threads of evidence where we're predicting something on the basis 908 00:16:29,230 --> 00:16:29,240 we're predicting something on the basis 909 00:16:29,240 --> 00:16:30,750 we're predicting something on the basis of Big Bang cosmology, then we look out 910 00:16:30,750 --> 00:16:30,760 of Big Bang cosmology, then we look out 911 00:16:30,760 --> 00:16:32,710 of Big Bang cosmology, then we look out in the universe and we can confirm 912 00:16:32,710 --> 00:16:32,720 in the universe and we can confirm 913 00:16:32,720 --> 00:16:34,310 in the universe and we can confirm um all of those things. So, that that's, 914 00:16:34,310 --> 00:16:34,320 um all of those things. So, that that's, 915 00:16:34,320 --> 00:16:36,030 um all of those things. So, that that's, you know, when people talk about, "Oh, 916 00:16:36,030 --> 00:16:36,040 you know, when people talk about, "Oh, 917 00:16:36,040 --> 00:16:37,870 you know, when people talk about, "Oh, Big Bang, blah blah blah, so silly." 918 00:16:37,870 --> 00:16:37,880 Big Bang, blah blah blah, so silly." 919 00:16:37,880 --> 00:16:39,190 Big Bang, blah blah blah, so silly." It's like, "No, like you just don't 920 00:16:39,190 --> 00:16:39,200 It's like, "No, like you just don't 921 00:16:39,200 --> 00:16:40,350 It's like, "No, like you just don't understand the evidence that's 922 00:16:40,350 --> 00:16:40,360 understand the evidence that's 923 00:16:40,360 --> 00:16:42,990 understand the evidence that's supporting it." But, so anyway, we have 924 00:16:42,990 --> 00:16:43,000 supporting it." But, so anyway, we have 925 00:16:43,000 --> 00:16:46,110 supporting it." But, so anyway, we have uh So, now we have uh various We have 926 00:16:46,110 --> 00:16:46,120 uh So, now we have uh various We have 927 00:16:46,120 --> 00:16:48,829 uh So, now we have uh various We have different nuclei, uh hydrogen and helium 928 00:16:48,829 --> 00:16:48,839 different nuclei, uh hydrogen and helium 929 00:16:48,839 --> 00:16:51,110 different nuclei, uh hydrogen and helium and a little bit of lithium nuclei. And 930 00:16:51,110 --> 00:16:51,120 and a little bit of lithium nuclei. And 931 00:16:51,120 --> 00:16:53,470 and a little bit of lithium nuclei. And now, it's at 380,000 years later. So, 932 00:16:53,470 --> 00:16:53,480 now, it's at 380,000 years later. So, 933 00:16:53,480 --> 00:16:55,110 now, it's at 380,000 years later. So, we're gearing up for the recombination 934 00:16:55,110 --> 00:16:55,120 we're gearing up for the recombination 935 00:16:55,120 --> 00:16:57,550 we're gearing up for the recombination era. This is when it's finally cool 936 00:16:57,550 --> 00:16:57,560 era. This is when it's finally cool 937 00:16:57,560 --> 00:17:00,870 era. This is when it's finally cool enough for electrons to couple to uh 938 00:17:00,870 --> 00:17:00,880 enough for electrons to couple to uh 939 00:17:00,880 --> 00:17:03,510 enough for electrons to couple to uh atomic nuclei. And once they do so, if 940 00:17:03,510 --> 00:17:03,520 atomic nuclei. And once they do so, if 941 00:17:03,520 --> 00:17:05,470 atomic nuclei. And once they do so, if you remember your Bohr model from from 942 00:17:05,470 --> 00:17:05,480 you remember your Bohr model from from 943 00:17:05,480 --> 00:17:07,670 you remember your Bohr model from from 10th grade chemistry, the electron can 944 00:17:07,670 --> 00:17:07,680 10th grade chemistry, the electron can 945 00:17:07,680 --> 00:17:09,990 10th grade chemistry, the electron can inhabit different uh energy levels. And 946 00:17:09,990 --> 00:17:10,000 inhabit different uh energy levels. And 947 00:17:10,000 --> 00:17:12,110 inhabit different uh energy levels. And when it relax When it relaxes down to 948 00:17:12,110 --> 00:17:12,120 when it relax When it relaxes down to 949 00:17:12,120 --> 00:17:14,189 when it relax When it relaxes down to the ground state, it emits photons. So, 950 00:17:14,189 --> 00:17:14,199 the ground state, it emits photons. So, 951 00:17:14,199 --> 00:17:16,910 the ground state, it emits photons. So, this is actually the first time, 380,000 952 00:17:16,910 --> 00:17:16,920 this is actually the first time, 380,000 953 00:17:16,920 --> 00:17:18,790 this is actually the first time, 380,000 years into the history of the universe, 954 00:17:18,790 --> 00:17:18,800 years into the history of the universe, 955 00:17:18,800 --> 00:17:21,030 years into the history of the universe, that the universe becomes transparent. 956 00:17:21,030 --> 00:17:21,040 that the universe becomes transparent. 957 00:17:21,040 --> 00:17:23,230 that the universe becomes transparent. The electromagnetic radiation 958 00:17:23,230 --> 00:17:23,240 The electromagnetic radiation 959 00:17:23,240 --> 00:17:23,949 The electromagnetic radiation um 960 00:17:23,949 --> 00:17:23,959 um 961 00:17:23,959 --> 00:17:25,990 um can travel freely through the universe, 962 00:17:25,990 --> 00:17:26,000 can travel freely through the universe, 963 00:17:26,000 --> 00:17:28,830 can travel freely through the universe, and that is actually what the cosmic 964 00:17:28,830 --> 00:17:28,840 and that is actually what the cosmic 965 00:17:28,840 --> 00:17:31,550 and that is actually what the cosmic microwave background radiation is. It is 966 00:17:31,550 --> 00:17:31,560 microwave background radiation is. It is 967 00:17:31,560 --> 00:17:34,510 microwave background radiation is. It is It is what was produced in this instant 968 00:17:34,510 --> 00:17:34,520 It is what was produced in this instant 969 00:17:34,520 --> 00:17:36,790 It is what was produced in this instant where electrons finally could couple to 970 00:17:36,790 --> 00:17:36,800 where electrons finally could couple to 971 00:17:36,800 --> 00:17:39,310 where electrons finally could couple to atomic nuclei and then all relax to the 972 00:17:39,310 --> 00:17:39,320 atomic nuclei and then all relax to the 973 00:17:39,320 --> 00:17:41,710 atomic nuclei and then all relax to the ground state simultaneously all over the 974 00:17:41,710 --> 00:17:41,720 ground state simultaneously all over the 975 00:17:41,720 --> 00:17:44,510 ground state simultaneously all over the universe, releasing this radiation that 976 00:17:44,510 --> 00:17:44,520 universe, releasing this radiation that 977 00:17:44,520 --> 00:17:47,230 universe, releasing this radiation that has been stretched and cooled since that 978 00:17:47,230 --> 00:17:47,240 has been stretched and cooled since that 979 00:17:47,240 --> 00:17:51,350 has been stretched and cooled since that time to the 1.4 Kelvin or whatever it is 980 00:17:51,350 --> 00:17:51,360 time to the 1.4 Kelvin or whatever it is 981 00:17:51,360 --> 00:17:53,790 time to the 1.4 Kelvin or whatever it is now, uh which is specifically predicted 982 00:17:53,790 --> 00:17:53,800 now, uh which is specifically predicted 983 00:17:53,800 --> 00:17:55,910 now, uh which is specifically predicted by the model and corroborated when we 984 00:17:55,910 --> 00:17:55,920 by the model and corroborated when we 985 00:17:55,920 --> 00:17:58,390 by the model and corroborated when we look out into the universe in the 1960s. 986 00:17:58,390 --> 00:17:58,400 look out into the universe in the 1960s. 987 00:17:58,400 --> 00:18:00,830 look out into the universe in the 1960s. That was kind of the main 988 00:18:00,830 --> 00:18:00,840 That was kind of the main 989 00:18:00,840 --> 00:18:03,350 That was kind of the main uh the main datum the the the main 990 00:18:03,350 --> 00:18:03,360 uh the main datum the the the main 991 00:18:03,360 --> 00:18:05,950 uh the main datum the the the main thread of evidence that made us kind of 992 00:18:05,950 --> 00:18:05,960 thread of evidence that made us kind of 993 00:18:05,960 --> 00:18:08,550 thread of evidence that made us kind of really have to accept Big Bang cosmology 994 00:18:08,550 --> 00:18:08,560 really have to accept Big Bang cosmology 995 00:18:08,560 --> 00:18:10,950 really have to accept Big Bang cosmology as undeniably corroborated and 996 00:18:10,950 --> 00:18:10,960 as undeniably corroborated and 997 00:18:10,960 --> 00:18:12,630 as undeniably corroborated and undeniably consistent beyond reasonable 998 00:18:12,630 --> 00:18:12,640 undeniably consistent beyond reasonable 999 00:18:12,640 --> 00:18:14,550 undeniably consistent beyond reasonable doubt as a model of the development of 1000 00:18:14,550 --> 00:18:14,560 doubt as a model of the development of 1001 00:18:14,560 --> 00:18:16,510 doubt as a model of the development of the universe. So, here we are. We've got 1002 00:18:16,510 --> 00:18:16,520 the universe. So, here we are. We've got 1003 00:18:16,520 --> 00:18:18,150 the universe. So, here we are. We've got our nuclei. It's about to do 1004 00:18:18,150 --> 00:18:18,160 our nuclei. It's about to do 1005 00:18:18,160 --> 00:18:19,830 our nuclei. It's about to do recombination. Let's do it. 1006 00:18:19,830 --> 00:18:19,840 recombination. Let's do it. 1007 00:18:19,840 --> 00:18:21,030 recombination. Let's do it. >> Great news, the electrons have now 1008 00:18:21,030 --> 00:18:21,040 >> Great news, the electrons have now 1009 00:18:21,040 --> 00:18:22,350 >> Great news, the electrons have now joined in. Congratulations, [music] the 1010 00:18:22,350 --> 00:18:22,360 joined in. Congratulations, [music] the 1011 00:18:22,360 --> 00:18:25,190 joined in. Congratulations, [music] the world is now a bunch of gas in space. 1012 00:18:25,190 --> 00:18:25,200 world is now a bunch of gas in space. 1013 00:18:25,200 --> 00:18:27,030 world is now a bunch of gas in space. But it's getting closer together. 1014 00:18:27,030 --> 00:18:27,040 But it's getting closer together. 1015 00:18:27,040 --> 00:18:28,990 But it's getting closer together. And it's getting closer together. 1016 00:18:28,990 --> 00:18:29,000 And it's getting closer together. 1017 00:18:29,000 --> 00:18:30,350 And it's getting closer together. And it's getting closer together. 1018 00:18:30,350 --> 00:18:30,360 And it's getting closer together. 1019 00:18:30,360 --> 00:18:31,537 And it's getting closer together. >> It's a star. 1020 00:18:31,537 --> 00:18:31,547 >> It's a star. 1021 00:18:31,547 --> 00:18:32,630 >> It's a star. >> [music] 1022 00:18:32,630 --> 00:18:32,640 >> [music] 1023 00:18:32,640 --> 00:18:34,790 >> [music] >> New [\h__\h] just got made. 1024 00:18:34,790 --> 00:18:34,800 >> New [\h__\h] just got made. 1025 00:18:34,800 --> 00:18:37,750 >> New [\h__\h] just got made. >> I had to get that last one. So, 1026 00:18:37,750 --> 00:18:37,760 >> I had to get that last one. So, 1027 00:18:37,760 --> 00:18:39,270 >> I had to get that last one. So, okay, we just went through a billion 1028 00:18:39,270 --> 00:18:39,280 okay, we just went through a billion 1029 00:18:39,280 --> 00:18:41,910 okay, we just went through a billion years, but it's so it's just so funny 1030 00:18:41,910 --> 00:18:41,920 years, but it's so it's just so funny 1031 00:18:41,920 --> 00:18:43,790 years, but it's so it's just so funny that way. I love just like new [\h__\h] just 1032 00:18:43,790 --> 00:18:43,800 that way. I love just like new [\h__\h] just 1033 00:18:43,800 --> 00:18:46,350 that way. I love just like new [\h__\h] just got made. But that's astrophysics, 1034 00:18:46,350 --> 00:18:46,360 got made. But that's astrophysics, 1035 00:18:46,360 --> 00:18:48,310 got made. But that's astrophysics, right? What we're saying is now we have 1036 00:18:48,310 --> 00:18:48,320 right? What we're saying is now we have 1037 00:18:48,320 --> 00:18:50,830 right? What we're saying is now we have neutral hydrogen and helium 1038 00:18:50,830 --> 00:18:50,840 neutral hydrogen and helium 1039 00:18:50,840 --> 00:18:53,470 neutral hydrogen and helium mostly. That's mostly what we have, and 1040 00:18:53,470 --> 00:18:53,480 mostly. That's mostly what we have, and 1041 00:18:53,480 --> 00:18:55,310 mostly. That's mostly what we have, and that's gas. So, we 1042 00:18:55,310 --> 00:18:55,320 that's gas. So, we 1043 00:18:55,320 --> 00:18:57,390 that's gas. So, we hydrogen and helium gas. And that's 1044 00:18:57,390 --> 00:18:57,400 hydrogen and helium gas. And that's 1045 00:18:57,400 --> 00:18:59,350 hydrogen and helium gas. And that's pretty much all that there is in the 1046 00:18:59,350 --> 00:18:59,360 pretty much all that there is in the 1047 00:18:59,360 --> 00:19:01,950 pretty much all that there is in the universe. But because of gravity, that 1048 00:19:01,950 --> 00:19:01,960 universe. But because of gravity, that 1049 00:19:01,960 --> 00:19:04,110 universe. But because of gravity, that starts to collect. And then once you 1050 00:19:04,110 --> 00:19:04,120 starts to collect. And then once you 1051 00:19:04,120 --> 00:19:06,390 starts to collect. And then once you have a region of gas that's becomes 1052 00:19:06,390 --> 00:19:06,400 have a region of gas that's becomes 1053 00:19:06,400 --> 00:19:08,030 have a region of gas that's becomes denser and denser and denser, you have a 1054 00:19:08,030 --> 00:19:08,040 denser and denser and denser, you have a 1055 00:19:08,040 --> 00:19:11,270 denser and denser and denser, you have a lot of mass in that cloud, Um, begins to 1056 00:19:11,270 --> 00:19:11,280 lot of mass in that cloud, Um, begins to 1057 00:19:11,280 --> 00:19:13,110 lot of mass in that cloud, Um, begins to condense, and then the the the 1058 00:19:13,110 --> 00:19:13,120 condense, and then the the the 1059 00:19:13,120 --> 00:19:15,390 condense, and then the the the gravitational pressure inwards becomes 1060 00:19:15,390 --> 00:19:15,400 gravitational pressure inwards becomes 1061 00:19:15,400 --> 00:19:18,150 gravitational pressure inwards becomes so strong that it triggers that that 1062 00:19:18,150 --> 00:19:18,160 so strong that it triggers that that 1063 00:19:18,160 --> 00:19:20,990 so strong that it triggers that that nuclear fusion is able to happen, which 1064 00:19:20,990 --> 00:19:21,000 nuclear fusion is able to happen, which 1065 00:19:21,000 --> 00:19:23,590 nuclear fusion is able to happen, which then causes the star to glow. So, that's 1066 00:19:23,590 --> 00:19:23,600 then causes the star to glow. So, that's 1067 00:19:23,600 --> 00:19:25,310 then causes the star to glow. So, that's what a star is, right? You have this gas 1068 00:19:25,310 --> 00:19:25,320 what a star is, right? You have this gas 1069 00:19:25,320 --> 00:19:28,070 what a star is, right? You have this gas this cloud of gas, at least exclusively 1070 00:19:28,070 --> 00:19:28,080 this cloud of gas, at least exclusively 1071 00:19:28,080 --> 00:19:29,790 this cloud of gas, at least exclusively hydrogen and helium gas for the first 1072 00:19:29,790 --> 00:19:29,800 hydrogen and helium gas for the first 1073 00:19:29,800 --> 00:19:31,470 hydrogen and helium gas for the first generation of stars, which made the 1074 00:19:31,470 --> 00:19:31,480 generation of stars, which made the 1075 00:19:31,480 --> 00:19:33,108 generation of stars, which made the first galaxies. 1076 00:19:33,108 --> 00:19:33,118 first galaxies. 1077 00:19:33,118 --> 00:19:33,310 first galaxies. >> [snorts] 1078 00:19:33,310 --> 00:19:33,320 >> [snorts] 1079 00:19:33,320 --> 00:19:36,390 >> [snorts] >> And once it's so much mass that is 1080 00:19:36,390 --> 00:19:36,400 >> And once it's so much mass that is 1081 00:19:36,400 --> 00:19:38,310 >> And once it's so much mass that is converging, the gravitational pressure 1082 00:19:38,310 --> 00:19:38,320 converging, the gravitational pressure 1083 00:19:38,320 --> 00:19:41,270 converging, the gravitational pressure inwards is so immense that the nuclei 1084 00:19:41,270 --> 00:19:41,280 inwards is so immense that the nuclei 1085 00:19:41,280 --> 00:19:42,950 inwards is so immense that the nuclei whiz around and are able to fuse. And 1086 00:19:42,950 --> 00:19:42,960 whiz around and are able to fuse. And 1087 00:19:42,960 --> 00:19:45,150 whiz around and are able to fuse. And when they fuse, there's that mass 1088 00:19:45,150 --> 00:19:45,160 when they fuse, there's that mass 1089 00:19:45,160 --> 00:19:47,950 when they fuse, there's that mass defect. Some of that mass is converted 1090 00:19:47,950 --> 00:19:47,960 defect. Some of that mass is converted 1091 00:19:47,960 --> 00:19:49,790 defect. Some of that mass is converted to into energy, and that energy goes 1092 00:19:49,790 --> 00:19:49,800 to into energy, and that energy goes 1093 00:19:49,800 --> 00:19:51,510 to into energy, and that energy goes outwards. So, you have this battle 1094 00:19:51,510 --> 00:19:51,520 outwards. So, you have this battle 1095 00:19:51,520 --> 00:19:53,110 outwards. So, you have this battle between gravitational pressure crushing 1096 00:19:53,110 --> 00:19:53,120 between gravitational pressure crushing 1097 00:19:53,120 --> 00:19:54,910 between gravitational pressure crushing inwards and nuclear fusion pushing 1098 00:19:54,910 --> 00:19:54,920 inwards and nuclear fusion pushing 1099 00:19:54,920 --> 00:19:57,670 inwards and nuclear fusion pushing outwards. That's what a star is. And 1100 00:19:57,670 --> 00:19:57,680 outwards. That's what a star is. And 1101 00:19:57,680 --> 00:20:00,270 outwards. That's what a star is. And once you have a star 1102 00:20:00,270 --> 00:20:00,280 once you have a star 1103 00:20:00,280 --> 00:20:02,390 once you have a star where all these nuclei are fusing in the 1104 00:20:02,390 --> 00:20:02,400 where all these nuclei are fusing in the 1105 00:20:02,400 --> 00:20:04,190 where all these nuclei are fusing in the core of the star, and that's where you 1106 00:20:04,190 --> 00:20:04,200 core of the star, and that's where you 1107 00:20:04,200 --> 00:20:07,110 core of the star, and that's where you get everything up to iron. 1108 00:20:07,110 --> 00:20:07,120 get everything up to iron. 1109 00:20:07,120 --> 00:20:09,470 get everything up to iron. So, when it says new [\h__\h] just got made, 1110 00:20:09,470 --> 00:20:09,480 So, when it says new [\h__\h] just got made, 1111 00:20:09,480 --> 00:20:12,150 So, when it says new [\h__\h] just got made, that's the first time only once stars 1112 00:20:12,150 --> 00:20:12,160 that's the first time only once stars 1113 00:20:12,160 --> 00:20:15,110 that's the first time only once stars formed were we able to get 1114 00:20:15,110 --> 00:20:15,120 formed were we able to get 1115 00:20:15,120 --> 00:20:18,790 formed were we able to get carbon and nitrogen and oxygen and neon 1116 00:20:18,790 --> 00:20:18,800 carbon and nitrogen and oxygen and neon 1117 00:20:18,800 --> 00:20:21,270 carbon and nitrogen and oxygen and neon and every you know, silicon all the way 1118 00:20:21,270 --> 00:20:21,280 and every you know, silicon all the way 1119 00:20:21,280 --> 00:20:24,870 and every you know, silicon all the way up to iron. Iron is the limit because it 1120 00:20:24,870 --> 00:20:24,880 up to iron. Iron is the limit because it 1121 00:20:24,880 --> 00:20:28,310 up to iron. Iron is the limit because it that has the that has the um 1122 00:20:28,310 --> 00:20:28,320 that has the that has the um 1123 00:20:28,320 --> 00:20:30,550 that has the that has the um the greatest binding energy per nucleon. 1124 00:20:30,550 --> 00:20:30,560 the greatest binding energy per nucleon. 1125 00:20:30,560 --> 00:20:33,270 the greatest binding energy per nucleon. It's the most stable atomic nucleus. In 1126 00:20:33,270 --> 00:20:33,280 It's the most stable atomic nucleus. In 1127 00:20:33,280 --> 00:20:35,550 It's the most stable atomic nucleus. In in other words, it's releasing energy as 1128 00:20:35,550 --> 00:20:35,560 in other words, it's releasing energy as 1129 00:20:35,560 --> 00:20:37,630 in other words, it's releasing energy as you get up to iron, but if you were to 1130 00:20:37,630 --> 00:20:37,640 you get up to iron, but if you were to 1131 00:20:37,640 --> 00:20:40,110 you get up to iron, but if you were to synthesize beyond that, it would require 1132 00:20:40,110 --> 00:20:40,120 synthesize beyond that, it would require 1133 00:20:40,120 --> 00:20:42,830 synthesize beyond that, it would require more energy output more energy input 1134 00:20:42,830 --> 00:20:42,840 more energy output more energy input 1135 00:20:42,840 --> 00:20:44,590 more energy output more energy input than would be released. So, it's not 1136 00:20:44,590 --> 00:20:44,600 than would be released. So, it's not 1137 00:20:44,600 --> 00:20:47,550 than would be released. So, it's not energetically favorable to continuously 1138 00:20:47,550 --> 00:20:47,560 energetically favorable to continuously 1139 00:20:47,560 --> 00:20:49,990 energetically favorable to continuously synthesize past iron. Something like 1140 00:20:49,990 --> 00:20:50,000 synthesize past iron. Something like 1141 00:20:50,000 --> 00:20:51,670 synthesize past iron. Something like that. It might not be exactly right. 1142 00:20:51,670 --> 00:20:51,680 that. It might not be exactly right. 1143 00:20:51,680 --> 00:20:53,390 that. It might not be exactly right. But, I go over this in my astronomy 1144 00:20:53,390 --> 00:20:53,400 But, I go over this in my astronomy 1145 00:20:53,400 --> 00:20:56,030 But, I go over this in my astronomy content. The first four or five videos 1146 00:20:56,030 --> 00:20:56,040 content. The first four or five videos 1147 00:20:56,040 --> 00:20:59,350 content. The first four or five videos are um cosmology and then stars and 1148 00:20:59,350 --> 00:20:59,360 are um cosmology and then stars and 1149 00:20:59,360 --> 00:21:01,150 are um cosmology and then stars and galaxies and all all all of this stuff 1150 00:21:01,150 --> 00:21:01,160 galaxies and all all all of this stuff 1151 00:21:01,160 --> 00:21:03,230 galaxies and all all all of this stuff that that we're talking about. So, now 1152 00:21:03,230 --> 00:21:03,240 that that we're talking about. So, now 1153 00:21:03,240 --> 00:21:05,150 that that we're talking about. So, now we have our first generation of stars, 1154 00:21:05,150 --> 00:21:05,160 we have our first generation of stars, 1155 00:21:05,160 --> 00:21:07,910 we have our first generation of stars, and they've been fusing other elements 1156 00:21:07,910 --> 00:21:07,920 and they've been fusing other elements 1157 00:21:07,920 --> 00:21:09,870 and they've been fusing other elements in their course. So, let's see where we 1158 00:21:09,870 --> 00:21:09,880 in their course. So, let's see where we 1159 00:21:09,880 --> 00:21:10,550 in their course. So, let's see where we get now. 1160 00:21:10,550 --> 00:21:10,560 get now. 1161 00:21:10,560 --> 00:21:12,190 get now. >> Some stars burn out and die. Bigger 1162 00:21:12,190 --> 00:21:12,200 >> Some stars burn out and die. Bigger 1163 00:21:12,200 --> 00:21:13,910 >> Some stars burn out and die. Bigger stars burn out and die with passion and 1164 00:21:13,910 --> 00:21:13,920 stars burn out and die with passion and 1165 00:21:13,920 --> 00:21:17,310 stars burn out and die with passion and make some brand new, way crazier [\h__\h] 1166 00:21:17,310 --> 00:21:17,320 make some brand new, way crazier [\h__\h] 1167 00:21:17,320 --> 00:21:18,870 make some brand new, way crazier [\h__\h] >> So, 1168 00:21:18,870 --> 00:21:18,880 >> So, 1169 00:21:18,880 --> 00:21:20,070 >> So, you're right. So, now we're talking 1170 00:21:20,070 --> 00:21:20,080 you're right. So, now we're talking 1171 00:21:20,080 --> 00:21:22,510 you're right. So, now we're talking about we have all the stars of different 1172 00:21:22,510 --> 00:21:22,520 about we have all the stars of different 1173 00:21:22,520 --> 00:21:25,670 about we have all the stars of different sizes because the mass of the cloud, the 1174 00:21:25,670 --> 00:21:25,680 sizes because the mass of the cloud, the 1175 00:21:25,680 --> 00:21:28,830 sizes because the mass of the cloud, the mass of the the the the gas cloud that 1176 00:21:28,830 --> 00:21:28,840 mass of the the the the gas cloud that 1177 00:21:28,840 --> 00:21:30,310 mass of the the the the gas cloud that forms them determines the mass of the 1178 00:21:30,310 --> 00:21:30,320 forms them determines the mass of the 1179 00:21:30,320 --> 00:21:32,110 forms them determines the mass of the star and that determines the fate of the 1180 00:21:32,110 --> 00:21:32,120 star and that determines the fate of the 1181 00:21:32,120 --> 00:21:33,910 star and that determines the fate of the star. Right below the Chandrasekhar 1182 00:21:33,910 --> 00:21:33,920 star. Right below the Chandrasekhar 1183 00:21:33,920 --> 00:21:36,430 star. Right below the Chandrasekhar limit, if it's the core is 1 and 1/2 1184 00:21:36,430 --> 00:21:36,440 limit, if it's the core is 1 and 1/2 1185 00:21:36,440 --> 00:21:38,350 limit, if it's the core is 1 and 1/2 solar masses where just going by our 1186 00:21:38,350 --> 00:21:38,360 solar masses where just going by our 1187 00:21:38,360 --> 00:21:40,510 solar masses where just going by our sun's mass, which is arbitrary. But, if 1188 00:21:40,510 --> 00:21:40,520 sun's mass, which is arbitrary. But, if 1189 00:21:40,520 --> 00:21:41,950 sun's mass, which is arbitrary. But, if it's a smaller star, it's going to form 1190 00:21:41,950 --> 00:21:41,960 it's a smaller star, it's going to form 1191 00:21:41,960 --> 00:21:43,750 it's a smaller star, it's going to form a white dwarf. But, if it's a larger 1192 00:21:43,750 --> 00:21:43,760 a white dwarf. But, if it's a larger 1193 00:21:43,760 --> 00:21:46,430 a white dwarf. But, if it's a larger star, it can form either a neutron star 1194 00:21:46,430 --> 00:21:46,440 star, it can form either a neutron star 1195 00:21:46,440 --> 00:21:48,710 star, it can form either a neutron star as a remnant or a black hole. And in 1196 00:21:48,710 --> 00:21:48,720 as a remnant or a black hole. And in 1197 00:21:48,720 --> 00:21:50,550 as a remnant or a black hole. And in either case, it's going to die in a 1198 00:21:50,550 --> 00:21:50,560 either case, it's going to die in a 1199 00:21:50,560 --> 00:21:52,710 either case, it's going to die in a supernova, a glorious supernova, which 1200 00:21:52,710 --> 00:21:52,720 supernova, a glorious supernova, which 1201 00:21:52,720 --> 00:21:55,390 supernova, a glorious supernova, which is going to spew all of that all of 1202 00:21:55,390 --> 00:21:55,400 is going to spew all of that all of 1203 00:21:55,400 --> 00:21:58,430 is going to spew all of that all of those new elements out into space. 1204 00:21:58,430 --> 00:21:58,440 those new elements out into space. 1205 00:21:58,440 --> 00:22:01,630 those new elements out into space. Um and so, not first of all, not only 1206 00:22:01,630 --> 00:22:01,640 Um and so, not first of all, not only 1207 00:22:01,640 --> 00:22:04,110 Um and so, not first of all, not only what was internal what was synthesized 1208 00:22:04,110 --> 00:22:04,120 what was internal what was synthesized 1209 00:22:04,120 --> 00:22:06,550 what was internal what was synthesized internally in the core of the star, but 1210 00:22:06,550 --> 00:22:06,560 internally in the core of the star, but 1211 00:22:06,560 --> 00:22:08,230 internally in the core of the star, but in a supernova event, all of the 1212 00:22:08,230 --> 00:22:08,240 in a supernova event, all of the 1213 00:22:08,240 --> 00:22:10,190 in a supernova event, all of the elements beyond 1214 00:22:10,190 --> 00:22:10,200 elements beyond 1215 00:22:10,200 --> 00:22:12,430 elements beyond iron, at least iron all the way up to 1216 00:22:12,430 --> 00:22:12,440 iron, at least iron all the way up to 1217 00:22:12,440 --> 00:22:15,110 iron, at least iron all the way up to uranium, I believe, is the heaviest. I 1218 00:22:15,110 --> 00:22:15,120 uranium, I believe, is the heaviest. I 1219 00:22:15,120 --> 00:22:17,350 uranium, I believe, is the heaviest. I think the transuranium are the ones that 1220 00:22:17,350 --> 00:22:17,360 think the transuranium are the ones that 1221 00:22:17,360 --> 00:22:18,870 think the transuranium are the ones that are purely synthetic that we make in 1222 00:22:18,870 --> 00:22:18,880 are purely synthetic that we make in 1223 00:22:18,880 --> 00:22:20,910 are purely synthetic that we make in particle accelerators. That might not be 1224 00:22:20,910 --> 00:22:20,920 particle accelerators. That might not be 1225 00:22:20,920 --> 00:22:22,310 particle accelerators. That might not be exactly right, but it is right around 1226 00:22:22,310 --> 00:22:22,320 exactly right, but it is right around 1227 00:22:22,320 --> 00:22:24,430 exactly right, but it is right around there, the limit. And so, 1228 00:22:24,430 --> 00:22:24,440 there, the limit. And so, 1229 00:22:24,440 --> 00:22:25,830 there, the limit. And so, these other exotic events like a 1230 00:22:25,830 --> 00:22:25,840 these other exotic events like a 1231 00:22:25,840 --> 00:22:28,230 these other exotic events like a supernova are going to form everything 1232 00:22:28,230 --> 00:22:28,240 supernova are going to form everything 1233 00:22:28,240 --> 00:22:28,990 supernova are going to form everything from 1234 00:22:28,990 --> 00:22:29,000 from 1235 00:22:29,000 --> 00:22:31,270 from everything heavier than iron. 1236 00:22:31,270 --> 00:22:31,280 everything heavier than iron. 1237 00:22:31,280 --> 00:22:31,510 everything heavier than iron. >> [clears throat] 1238 00:22:31,510 --> 00:22:31,520 >> [clears throat] 1239 00:22:31,520 --> 00:22:33,870 >> [clears throat] >> But, now all of that is being ejected 1240 00:22:33,870 --> 00:22:33,880 >> But, now all of that is being ejected 1241 00:22:33,880 --> 00:22:36,270 >> But, now all of that is being ejected into space to form new class. So, that's 1242 00:22:36,270 --> 00:22:36,280 into space to form new class. So, that's 1243 00:22:36,280 --> 00:22:39,110 into space to form new class. So, that's space dust. So, when when astronomers 1244 00:22:39,110 --> 00:22:39,120 space dust. So, when when astronomers 1245 00:22:39,120 --> 00:22:42,430 space dust. So, when when astronomers say gas and dust, gas means hydrogen and 1246 00:22:42,430 --> 00:22:42,440 say gas and dust, gas means hydrogen and 1247 00:22:42,440 --> 00:22:44,350 say gas and dust, gas means hydrogen and helium, dust means 1248 00:22:44,350 --> 00:22:44,360 helium, dust means 1249 00:22:44,360 --> 00:22:45,670 helium, dust means everything else. 1250 00:22:45,670 --> 00:22:45,680 everything else. 1251 00:22:45,680 --> 00:22:47,590 everything else. Uh so, when you have a cloud of dust, it 1252 00:22:47,590 --> 00:22:47,600 Uh so, when you have a cloud of dust, it 1253 00:22:47,600 --> 00:22:49,150 Uh so, when you have a cloud of dust, it means still a lot of hydrogen and 1254 00:22:49,150 --> 00:22:49,160 means still a lot of hydrogen and 1255 00:22:49,160 --> 00:22:51,110 means still a lot of hydrogen and helium, but lots of other elements as 1256 00:22:51,110 --> 00:22:51,120 helium, but lots of other elements as 1257 00:22:51,120 --> 00:22:52,910 helium, but lots of other elements as well. So, we've got space dust now. 1258 00:22:52,910 --> 00:22:52,920 well. So, we've got space dust now. 1259 00:22:52,920 --> 00:22:53,870 well. So, we've got space dust now. >> Space dust. 1260 00:22:53,870 --> 00:22:53,880 >> Space dust. 1261 00:22:53,880 --> 00:22:55,110 >> Space dust. >> Which allows new or more interesting 1262 00:22:55,110 --> 00:22:55,120 >> Which allows new or more interesting 1263 00:22:55,120 --> 00:22:56,510 >> Which allows new or more interesting stars to be made and then die and 1264 00:22:56,510 --> 00:22:56,520 stars to be made and then die and 1265 00:22:56,520 --> 00:22:57,150 stars to be made and then die and explode into 1266 00:22:57,150 --> 00:22:57,160 explode into 1267 00:22:57,160 --> 00:22:59,310 explode into >> Even crazier [music] space dust. 1268 00:22:59,310 --> 00:22:59,320 >> Even crazier [music] space dust. 1269 00:22:59,320 --> 00:23:00,830 >> Even crazier [music] space dust. >> So, now stars have cool stuff around 1270 00:23:00,830 --> 00:23:00,840 >> So, now stars have cool stuff around 1271 00:23:00,840 --> 00:23:02,870 >> So, now stars have cool stuff around them like rocks, ice, and funny clouds 1272 00:23:02,870 --> 00:23:02,880 them like rocks, ice, and funny clouds 1273 00:23:02,880 --> 00:23:04,310 them like rocks, ice, and funny clouds which can make some very interesting 1274 00:23:04,310 --> 00:23:04,320 which can make some very interesting 1275 00:23:04,320 --> 00:23:04,990 which can make some very interesting things. 1276 00:23:04,990 --> 00:23:05,000 things. 1277 00:23:05,000 --> 00:23:07,430 things. >> Okay, so now we he just did solar system 1278 00:23:07,430 --> 00:23:07,440 >> Okay, so now we he just did solar system 1279 00:23:07,440 --> 00:23:09,790 >> Okay, so now we he just did solar system development in like 3 seconds. So, the 1280 00:23:09,790 --> 00:23:09,800 development in like 3 seconds. So, the 1281 00:23:09,800 --> 00:23:11,310 development in like 3 seconds. So, the point is 1282 00:23:11,310 --> 00:23:11,320 point is 1283 00:23:11,320 --> 00:23:12,950 point is when all we had when all the universe 1284 00:23:12,950 --> 00:23:12,960 when all we had when all the universe 1285 00:23:12,960 --> 00:23:15,350 when all we had when all the universe had was hydrogen and helium, uh you 1286 00:23:15,350 --> 00:23:15,360 had was hydrogen and helium, uh you 1287 00:23:15,360 --> 00:23:16,270 had was hydrogen and helium, uh you could all 1288 00:23:16,270 --> 00:23:16,280 could all 1289 00:23:16,280 --> 00:23:18,510 could all you could it when when a proto when a 1290 00:23:18,510 --> 00:23:18,520 you could it when when a proto when a 1291 00:23:18,520 --> 00:23:20,310 you could it when when a proto when a when a when a star was forming, that's 1292 00:23:20,310 --> 00:23:20,320 when a when a star was forming, that's 1293 00:23:20,320 --> 00:23:22,430 when a when a star was forming, that's all you could get was a star. But now we 1294 00:23:22,430 --> 00:23:22,440 all you could get was a star. But now we 1295 00:23:22,440 --> 00:23:24,470 all you could get was a star. But now we have all of this dust everywhere. When a 1296 00:23:24,470 --> 00:23:24,480 have all of this dust everywhere. When a 1297 00:23:24,480 --> 00:23:26,350 have all of this dust everywhere. When a new when there's new dust, it can 1298 00:23:26,350 --> 00:23:26,360 new when there's new dust, it can 1299 00:23:26,360 --> 00:23:28,510 new when there's new dust, it can collect again by gravity. It's still go 1300 00:23:28,510 --> 00:23:28,520 collect again by gravity. It's still go 1301 00:23:28,520 --> 00:23:30,830 collect again by gravity. It's still go it can it can it's you know, distributed 1302 00:23:30,830 --> 00:23:30,840 it can it can it's you know, distributed 1303 00:23:30,840 --> 00:23:33,390 it can it can it's you know, distributed around. You get a new star, but that 1304 00:23:33,390 --> 00:23:33,400 around. You get a new star, but that 1305 00:23:33,400 --> 00:23:35,510 around. You get a new star, but that protoplanetary disc, when that 1306 00:23:35,510 --> 00:23:35,520 protoplanetary disc, when that 1307 00:23:35,520 --> 00:23:37,950 protoplanetary disc, when that protoplanetary disc forms to get a new 1308 00:23:37,950 --> 00:23:37,960 protoplanetary disc forms to get a new 1309 00:23:37,960 --> 00:23:39,990 protoplanetary disc forms to get a new star, all of these other elements are 1310 00:23:39,990 --> 00:23:40,000 star, all of these other elements are 1311 00:23:40,000 --> 00:23:42,590 star, all of these other elements are there. And so now planets can form. So, 1312 00:23:42,590 --> 00:23:42,600 there. And so now planets can form. So, 1313 00:23:42,600 --> 00:23:44,910 there. And so now planets can form. So, planets could not form around the first 1314 00:23:44,910 --> 00:23:44,920 planets could not form around the first 1315 00:23:44,920 --> 00:23:46,830 planets could not form around the first generation of stars. Only in later 1316 00:23:46,830 --> 00:23:46,840 generation of stars. Only in later 1317 00:23:46,840 --> 00:23:49,190 generation of stars. Only in later generations of stars that were the 1318 00:23:49,190 --> 00:23:49,200 generations of stars that were the 1319 00:23:49,200 --> 00:23:51,510 generations of stars that were the protoplanetary disc had uh was seeded 1320 00:23:51,510 --> 00:23:51,520 protoplanetary disc had uh was seeded 1321 00:23:51,520 --> 00:23:53,270 protoplanetary disc had uh was seeded with all these other elements, then you 1322 00:23:53,270 --> 00:23:53,280 with all these other elements, then you 1323 00:23:53,280 --> 00:23:56,470 with all these other elements, then you could get actual solar systems. And so, 1324 00:23:56,470 --> 00:23:56,480 could get actual solar systems. And so, 1325 00:23:56,480 --> 00:23:58,750 could get actual solar systems. And so, the bulk of the protoplanetary disc is 1326 00:23:58,750 --> 00:23:58,760 the bulk of the protoplanetary disc is 1327 00:23:58,760 --> 00:24:00,950 the bulk of the protoplanetary disc is going to condense into the central star, 1328 00:24:00,950 --> 00:24:00,960 going to condense into the central star, 1329 00:24:00,960 --> 00:24:02,750 going to condense into the central star, but all of this other material can also 1330 00:24:02,750 --> 00:24:02,760 but all of this other material can also 1331 00:24:02,760 --> 00:24:05,350 but all of this other material can also condense at these various orbital radii 1332 00:24:05,350 --> 00:24:05,360 condense at these various orbital radii 1333 00:24:05,360 --> 00:24:07,510 condense at these various orbital radii from the sun and make planets and then 1334 00:24:07,510 --> 00:24:07,520 from the sun and make planets and then 1335 00:24:07,520 --> 00:24:09,550 from the sun and make planets and then also moons around the around the 1336 00:24:09,550 --> 00:24:09,560 also moons around the around the 1337 00:24:09,560 --> 00:24:12,070 also moons around the around the planets. And so, these can have 1338 00:24:12,070 --> 00:24:12,080 planets. And so, these can have 1339 00:24:12,080 --> 00:24:14,950 planets. And so, these can have tremendously varying compositions in in 1340 00:24:14,950 --> 00:24:14,960 tremendously varying compositions in in 1341 00:24:14,960 --> 00:24:16,990 tremendously varying compositions in in our system and therefore probably many 1342 00:24:16,990 --> 00:24:17,000 our system and therefore probably many 1343 00:24:17,000 --> 00:24:19,230 our system and therefore probably many other systems, the inner planets tend to 1344 00:24:19,230 --> 00:24:19,240 other systems, the inner planets tend to 1345 00:24:19,240 --> 00:24:22,310 other systems, the inner planets tend to be rockier. Um and so, this is just the 1346 00:24:22,310 --> 00:24:22,320 be rockier. Um and so, this is just the 1347 00:24:22,320 --> 00:24:24,350 be rockier. Um and so, this is just the way that elements partition in the 1348 00:24:24,350 --> 00:24:24,360 way that elements partition in the 1349 00:24:24,360 --> 00:24:26,910 way that elements partition in the protoplanetary disc, right? Depending on 1350 00:24:26,910 --> 00:24:26,920 protoplanetary disc, right? Depending on 1351 00:24:26,920 --> 00:24:29,510 protoplanetary disc, right? Depending on mass and density, different elements and 1352 00:24:29,510 --> 00:24:29,520 mass and density, different elements and 1353 00:24:29,520 --> 00:24:31,710 mass and density, different elements and different uh different substances will 1354 00:24:31,710 --> 00:24:31,720 different uh different substances will 1355 00:24:31,720 --> 00:24:32,950 different uh different substances will partition 1356 00:24:32,950 --> 00:24:32,960 partition 1357 00:24:32,960 --> 00:24:35,310 partition uh differently. There'll be a gradient 1358 00:24:35,310 --> 00:24:35,320 uh differently. There'll be a gradient 1359 00:24:35,320 --> 00:24:36,550 uh differently. There'll be a gradient as you move outwards in the 1360 00:24:36,550 --> 00:24:36,560 as you move outwards in the 1361 00:24:36,560 --> 00:24:38,470 as you move outwards in the protoplanetary disc, and that informs 1362 00:24:38,470 --> 00:24:38,480 protoplanetary disc, and that informs 1363 00:24:38,480 --> 00:24:39,630 protoplanetary disc, and that informs the composition of the planets that 1364 00:24:39,630 --> 00:24:39,640 the composition of the planets that 1365 00:24:39,640 --> 00:24:41,270 the composition of the planets that form. So, you have these inner rocky 1366 00:24:41,270 --> 00:24:41,280 form. So, you have these inner rocky 1367 00:24:41,280 --> 00:24:43,230 form. So, you have these inner rocky planets, you have the outer gas giants. 1368 00:24:43,230 --> 00:24:43,240 planets, you have the outer gas giants. 1369 00:24:43,240 --> 00:24:46,470 planets, you have the outer gas giants. That seems to be uh quite likely to be a 1370 00:24:46,470 --> 00:24:46,480 That seems to be uh quite likely to be a 1371 00:24:46,480 --> 00:24:48,950 That seems to be uh quite likely to be a trend with solar system formation. It 1372 00:24:48,950 --> 00:24:48,960 trend with solar system formation. It 1373 00:24:48,960 --> 00:24:51,310 trend with solar system formation. It may not be in every system, but it's I I 1374 00:24:51,310 --> 00:24:51,320 may not be in every system, but it's I I 1375 00:24:51,320 --> 00:24:53,550 may not be in every system, but it's I I think that seems to be the case. So, now 1376 00:24:53,550 --> 00:24:53,560 think that seems to be the case. So, now 1377 00:24:53,560 --> 00:24:56,030 think that seems to be the case. So, now we have solar systems. Um it looks like 1378 00:24:56,030 --> 00:24:56,040 we have solar systems. Um it looks like 1379 00:24:56,040 --> 00:24:58,750 we have solar systems. Um it looks like we're going to our solar system, which 1380 00:24:58,750 --> 00:24:58,760 we're going to our solar system, which 1381 00:24:58,760 --> 00:25:01,230 we're going to our solar system, which does skip a little bit uh because we're 1382 00:25:01,230 --> 00:25:01,240 does skip a little bit uh because we're 1383 00:25:01,240 --> 00:25:04,190 does skip a little bit uh because we're talking about the the right the first 1384 00:25:04,190 --> 00:25:04,200 talking about the the right the first 1385 00:25:04,200 --> 00:25:06,070 talking about the the right the first generation of stars 1386 00:25:06,070 --> 00:25:06,080 generation of stars 1387 00:25:06,080 --> 00:25:07,910 generation of stars uh died out really quickly. Those are 1388 00:25:07,910 --> 00:25:07,920 uh died out really quickly. Those are 1389 00:25:07,920 --> 00:25:10,230 uh died out really quickly. Those are the pop three, I think we would say that 1390 00:25:10,230 --> 00:25:10,240 the pop three, I think we would say that 1391 00:25:10,240 --> 00:25:13,750 the pop three, I think we would say that is. Um, and so very quickly we had stars 1392 00:25:13,750 --> 00:25:13,760 is. Um, and so very quickly we had stars 1393 00:25:13,760 --> 00:25:16,190 is. Um, and so very quickly we had stars that that could have that could that 1394 00:25:16,190 --> 00:25:16,200 that that could have that could that 1395 00:25:16,200 --> 00:25:18,830 that that could have that could that could have planets around them, but our 1396 00:25:18,830 --> 00:25:18,840 could have planets around them, but our 1397 00:25:18,840 --> 00:25:22,150 could have planets around them, but our star um is a pop our star's pop one, I 1398 00:25:22,150 --> 00:25:22,160 star um is a pop our star's pop one, I 1399 00:25:22,160 --> 00:25:25,030 star um is a pop our star's pop one, I believe. Um, which means very recent and 1400 00:25:25,030 --> 00:25:25,040 believe. Um, which means very recent and 1401 00:25:25,040 --> 00:25:27,870 believe. Um, which means very recent and So, uh our star came about and our 1402 00:25:27,870 --> 00:25:27,880 So, uh our star came about and our 1403 00:25:27,880 --> 00:25:29,830 So, uh our star came about and our system came about around 10 billion 1404 00:25:29,830 --> 00:25:29,840 system came about around 10 billion 1405 00:25:29,840 --> 00:25:32,390 system came about around 10 billion years after the initial singularity. So, 1406 00:25:32,390 --> 00:25:32,400 years after the initial singularity. So, 1407 00:25:32,400 --> 00:25:34,910 years after the initial singularity. So, we're we're talking about well into the 1408 00:25:34,910 --> 00:25:34,920 we're we're talking about well into the 1409 00:25:34,920 --> 00:25:36,390 we're we're talking about well into the lifetime of the universe. It's about 1410 00:25:36,390 --> 00:25:36,400 lifetime of the universe. It's about 1411 00:25:36,400 --> 00:25:41,510 lifetime of the universe. It's about 13.7 13.8 billion total. So, 10 in. Uh, 1412 00:25:41,510 --> 00:25:41,520 13.7 13.8 billion total. So, 10 in. Uh, 1413 00:25:41,520 --> 00:25:45,470 13.7 13.8 billion total. So, 10 in. Uh, so we skipped six or seven billion years 1414 00:25:45,470 --> 00:25:45,480 so we skipped six or seven billion years 1415 00:25:45,480 --> 00:25:48,110 so we skipped six or seven billion years uh in those few seconds. But, now we 1416 00:25:48,110 --> 00:25:48,120 uh in those few seconds. But, now we 1417 00:25:48,120 --> 00:25:50,110 uh in those few seconds. But, now we have our solar system. So, let's see 1418 00:25:50,110 --> 00:25:50,120 have our solar system. So, let's see 1419 00:25:50,120 --> 00:25:51,630 have our solar system. So, let's see where we go here. Like this ball of 1420 00:25:51,630 --> 00:25:51,640 where we go here. Like this ball of 1421 00:25:51,640 --> 00:25:53,470 where we go here. Like this ball of flaming rocks for example. Holy [\h__\h] we 1422 00:25:53,470 --> 00:25:53,480 flaming rocks for example. Holy [\h__\h] we 1423 00:25:53,480 --> 00:25:54,870 flaming rocks for example. Holy [\h__\h] we just got hit with another ball of 1424 00:25:54,870 --> 00:25:54,880 just got hit with another ball of 1425 00:25:54,880 --> 00:25:56,590 just got hit with another ball of flaming rocks and it kind of made a 1426 00:25:56,590 --> 00:25:56,600 flaming rocks and it kind of made a 1427 00:25:56,600 --> 00:25:58,252 flaming rocks and it kind of made a mess, which is 1428 00:25:58,252 --> 00:25:58,262 mess, which is 1429 00:25:58,262 --> 00:25:59,310 mess, which is >> [music] 1430 00:25:59,310 --> 00:25:59,320 >> [music] 1431 00:25:59,320 --> 00:25:59,870 >> [music] >> weather up. 1432 00:25:59,870 --> 00:25:59,880 >> weather up. 1433 00:25:59,880 --> 00:26:02,830 >> weather up. >> Uh, so that event So, in in when solar 1434 00:26:02,830 --> 00:26:02,840 >> Uh, so that event So, in in when solar 1435 00:26:02,840 --> 00:26:05,470 >> Uh, so that event So, in in when solar systems are forming, it's a very uh 1436 00:26:05,470 --> 00:26:05,480 systems are forming, it's a very uh 1437 00:26:05,480 --> 00:26:06,910 systems are forming, it's a very uh chaotic 1438 00:26:06,910 --> 00:26:06,920 chaotic 1439 00:26:06,920 --> 00:26:09,390 chaotic uh system. So, it's not like it is now 1440 00:26:09,390 --> 00:26:09,400 uh system. So, it's not like it is now 1441 00:26:09,400 --> 00:26:11,350 uh system. So, it's not like it is now right billions of years later, 1442 00:26:11,350 --> 00:26:11,360 right billions of years later, 1443 00:26:11,360 --> 00:26:12,950 right billions of years later, everything has kind of stabilized. 1444 00:26:12,950 --> 00:26:12,960 everything has kind of stabilized. 1445 00:26:12,960 --> 00:26:15,750 everything has kind of stabilized. There's very few relatively few bodies 1446 00:26:15,750 --> 00:26:15,760 There's very few relatively few bodies 1447 00:26:15,760 --> 00:26:17,310 There's very few relatively few bodies because all these smaller bodies are 1448 00:26:17,310 --> 00:26:17,320 because all these smaller bodies are 1449 00:26:17,320 --> 00:26:19,590 because all these smaller bodies are constantly colliding and fusing to make 1450 00:26:19,590 --> 00:26:19,600 constantly colliding and fusing to make 1451 00:26:19,600 --> 00:26:21,070 constantly colliding and fusing to make larger bodies, larger planets, and 1452 00:26:21,070 --> 00:26:21,080 larger bodies, larger planets, and 1453 00:26:21,080 --> 00:26:23,670 larger bodies, larger planets, and things. Um, but in the beginning uh as 1454 00:26:23,670 --> 00:26:23,680 things. Um, but in the beginning uh as 1455 00:26:23,680 --> 00:26:25,630 things. Um, but in the beginning uh as the solar system is forming, it's a lot 1456 00:26:25,630 --> 00:26:25,640 the solar system is forming, it's a lot 1457 00:26:25,640 --> 00:26:27,670 the solar system is forming, it's a lot of bodies it's a it's very chaotic. 1458 00:26:27,670 --> 00:26:27,680 of bodies it's a it's very chaotic. 1459 00:26:27,680 --> 00:26:30,150 of bodies it's a it's very chaotic. Everything is perturbing uh 1460 00:26:30,150 --> 00:26:30,160 Everything is perturbing uh 1461 00:26:30,160 --> 00:26:32,670 Everything is perturbing uh everything else and colliding. And so, 1462 00:26:32,670 --> 00:26:32,680 everything else and colliding. And so, 1463 00:26:32,680 --> 00:26:33,910 everything else and colliding. And so, uh Theia the 1464 00:26:33,910 --> 00:26:33,920 uh Theia the 1465 00:26:33,920 --> 00:26:36,990 uh Theia the Theia was a rocky body that collided 1466 00:26:36,990 --> 00:26:37,000 Theia was a rocky body that collided 1467 00:26:37,000 --> 00:26:38,790 Theia was a rocky body that collided with the early Earth. 1468 00:26:38,790 --> 00:26:38,800 with the early Earth. 1469 00:26:38,800 --> 00:26:40,510 with the early Earth. And so, that did a couple of things. 1470 00:26:40,510 --> 00:26:40,520 And so, that did a couple of things. 1471 00:26:40,520 --> 00:26:42,950 And so, that did a couple of things. Number one, the collision explains the 1472 00:26:42,950 --> 00:26:42,960 Number one, the collision explains the 1473 00:26:42,960 --> 00:26:45,470 Number one, the collision explains the tilt in Earth's rotational axis. So, in 1474 00:26:45,470 --> 00:26:45,480 tilt in Earth's rotational axis. So, in 1475 00:26:45,480 --> 00:26:46,990 tilt in Earth's rotational axis. So, in a protoplanetary disk due to 1476 00:26:46,990 --> 00:26:47,000 a protoplanetary disk due to 1477 00:26:47,000 --> 00:26:48,830 a protoplanetary disk due to conservation of angular momentum, 1478 00:26:48,830 --> 00:26:48,840 conservation of angular momentum, 1479 00:26:48,840 --> 00:26:50,470 conservation of angular momentum, everything is going to be orbiting the 1480 00:26:50,470 --> 00:26:50,480 everything is going to be orbiting the 1481 00:26:50,480 --> 00:26:51,990 everything is going to be orbiting the same way and everything's going to be 1482 00:26:51,990 --> 00:26:52,000 same way and everything's going to be 1483 00:26:52,000 --> 00:26:53,870 same way and everything's going to be rotating the same way. But, when 1484 00:26:53,870 --> 00:26:53,880 rotating the same way. But, when 1485 00:26:53,880 --> 00:26:55,910 rotating the same way. But, when collision events occur, that can easily 1486 00:26:55,910 --> 00:26:55,920 collision events occur, that can easily 1487 00:26:55,920 --> 00:26:57,710 collision events occur, that can easily change. And so, that's why you have some 1488 00:26:57,710 --> 00:26:57,720 change. And so, that's why you have some 1489 00:26:57,720 --> 00:26:59,630 change. And so, that's why you have some planets where the rotational axis is 1490 00:26:59,630 --> 00:26:59,640 planets where the rotational axis is 1491 00:26:59,640 --> 00:27:02,110 planets where the rotational axis is completely uh on the on its side, 1492 00:27:02,110 --> 00:27:02,120 completely uh on the on its side, 1493 00:27:02,120 --> 00:27:03,098 completely uh on the on its side, perpendicular 1494 00:27:03,098 --> 00:27:03,108 perpendicular 1495 00:27:03,108 --> 00:27:03,150 perpendicular >> [snorts] 1496 00:27:03,150 --> 00:27:03,160 >> [snorts] 1497 00:27:03,160 --> 00:27:05,110 >> [snorts] >> to the plane of the solar system. 1498 00:27:05,110 --> 00:27:05,120 >> to the plane of the solar system. 1499 00:27:05,120 --> 00:27:05,990 >> to the plane of the solar system. Um 1500 00:27:05,990 --> 00:27:06,000 Um 1501 00:27:06,000 --> 00:27:07,510 Um Or no, sorry, parallel, rather than 1502 00:27:07,510 --> 00:27:07,520 Or no, sorry, parallel, rather than 1503 00:27:07,520 --> 00:27:09,150 Or no, sorry, parallel, rather than perpendicular, I should say. 1504 00:27:09,150 --> 00:27:09,160 perpendicular, I should say. 1505 00:27:09,160 --> 00:27:11,150 perpendicular, I should say. Uh and uh so, for Earth, it it got 1506 00:27:11,150 --> 00:27:11,160 Uh and uh so, for Earth, it it got 1507 00:27:11,160 --> 00:27:13,950 Uh and uh so, for Earth, it it got tilted 20-something degrees because of 1508 00:27:13,950 --> 00:27:13,960 tilted 20-something degrees because of 1509 00:27:13,960 --> 00:27:16,110 tilted 20-something degrees because of that uh impact event with Theia, and 1510 00:27:16,110 --> 00:27:16,120 that uh impact event with Theia, and 1511 00:27:16,120 --> 00:27:18,870 that uh impact event with Theia, and then that collision caused a bunch of 1512 00:27:18,870 --> 00:27:18,880 then that collision caused a bunch of 1513 00:27:18,880 --> 00:27:21,110 then that collision caused a bunch of the Earth It just made a gigantic mess, 1514 00:27:21,110 --> 00:27:21,120 the Earth It just made a gigantic mess, 1515 00:27:21,120 --> 00:27:22,470 the Earth It just made a gigantic mess, and a lot of the material that was in 1516 00:27:22,470 --> 00:27:22,480 and a lot of the material that was in 1517 00:27:22,480 --> 00:27:24,670 and a lot of the material that was in the crust of the Earth uh spread out 1518 00:27:24,670 --> 00:27:24,680 the crust of the Earth uh spread out 1519 00:27:24,680 --> 00:27:26,990 the crust of the Earth uh spread out around the Earth and and began to orbit 1520 00:27:26,990 --> 00:27:27,000 around the Earth and and began to orbit 1521 00:27:27,000 --> 00:27:28,390 around the Earth and and began to orbit the Earth, and then slowly collected to 1522 00:27:28,390 --> 00:27:28,400 the Earth, and then slowly collected to 1523 00:27:28,400 --> 00:27:29,990 the Earth, and then slowly collected to form the moon. So, that's why the moon 1524 00:27:29,990 --> 00:27:30,000 form the moon. So, that's why the moon 1525 00:27:30,000 --> 00:27:32,150 form the moon. So, that's why the moon is actually made of material that was 1526 00:27:32,150 --> 00:27:32,160 is actually made of material that was 1527 00:27:32,160 --> 00:27:33,710 is actually made of material that was the crust of the Earth. So, the moon and 1528 00:27:33,710 --> 00:27:33,720 the crust of the Earth. So, the moon and 1529 00:27:33,720 --> 00:27:35,190 the crust of the Earth. So, the moon and the Earth are kind of made of the same 1530 00:27:35,190 --> 00:27:35,200 the Earth are kind of made of the same 1531 00:27:35,200 --> 00:27:37,470 the Earth are kind of made of the same stuff. So, now we have our moon, and 1532 00:27:37,470 --> 00:27:37,480 stuff. So, now we have our moon, and 1533 00:27:37,480 --> 00:27:38,590 stuff. So, now we have our moon, and we've got a weather update. 1534 00:27:38,590 --> 00:27:38,600 we've got a weather update. 1535 00:27:38,600 --> 00:27:39,870 we've got a weather update. >> Weather update, it's raining rocks from 1536 00:27:39,870 --> 00:27:39,880 >> Weather update, it's raining rocks from 1537 00:27:39,880 --> 00:27:41,310 >> Weather update, it's raining rocks from outer space. Weather update, those rocks 1538 00:27:41,310 --> 00:27:41,320 outer space. Weather update, those rocks 1539 00:27:41,320 --> 00:27:42,470 outer space. Weather update, those rocks might have had water inside them, and 1540 00:27:42,470 --> 00:27:42,480 might have had water inside them, and 1541 00:27:42,480 --> 00:27:44,110 might have had water inside them, and now there's hot steam in the sky. 1542 00:27:44,110 --> 00:27:44,120 now there's hot steam in the sky. 1543 00:27:44,120 --> 00:27:45,430 now there's hot steam in the sky. Weather update, cooler temperatures 1544 00:27:45,430 --> 00:27:45,440 Weather update, cooler temperatures 1545 00:27:45,440 --> 00:27:47,030 Weather update, cooler temperatures today, and the floor is no longer lava. 1546 00:27:47,030 --> 00:27:47,040 today, and the floor is no longer lava. 1547 00:27:47,040 --> 00:27:48,350 today, and the floor is no longer lava. Weather update, 1548 00:27:48,350 --> 00:27:48,360 Weather update, 1549 00:27:48,360 --> 00:27:50,190 Weather update, it's raining. Severe flooding alert, the 1550 00:27:50,190 --> 00:27:50,200 it's raining. Severe flooding alert, the 1551 00:27:50,200 --> 00:27:51,870 it's raining. Severe flooding alert, the entire world is now an ocean. 1552 00:27:51,870 --> 00:27:51,880 entire world is now an ocean. 1553 00:27:51,880 --> 00:27:55,110 entire world is now an ocean. >> Okay, so, yeah, so, our oceans came from 1554 00:27:55,110 --> 00:27:55,120 >> Okay, so, yeah, so, our oceans came from 1555 00:27:55,120 --> 00:27:57,350 >> Okay, so, yeah, so, our oceans came from impact events as well. Uh a lot of 1556 00:27:57,350 --> 00:27:57,360 impact events as well. Uh a lot of 1557 00:27:57,360 --> 00:27:59,710 impact events as well. Uh a lot of comets, I believe. And so, it sounds 1558 00:27:59,710 --> 00:27:59,720 comets, I believe. And so, it sounds 1559 00:27:59,720 --> 00:28:01,110 comets, I believe. And so, it sounds pretty crazy cuz there's so much water 1560 00:28:01,110 --> 00:28:01,120 pretty crazy cuz there's so much water 1561 00:28:01,120 --> 00:28:03,590 pretty crazy cuz there's so much water here uh here, but a comets can be very 1562 00:28:03,590 --> 00:28:03,600 here uh here, but a comets can be very 1563 00:28:03,600 --> 00:28:05,190 here uh here, but a comets can be very big. They can carry a lot of water, and 1564 00:28:05,190 --> 00:28:05,200 big. They can carry a lot of water, and 1565 00:28:05,200 --> 00:28:06,550 big. They can carry a lot of water, and they can have There were a lot of 1566 00:28:06,550 --> 00:28:06,560 they can have There were a lot of 1567 00:28:06,560 --> 00:28:09,030 they can have There were a lot of collision events. And so, 1568 00:28:09,030 --> 00:28:09,040 collision events. And so, 1569 00:28:09,040 --> 00:28:11,190 collision events. And so, uh at at first when that happened in the 1570 00:28:11,190 --> 00:28:11,200 uh at at first when that happened in the 1571 00:28:11,200 --> 00:28:12,590 uh at at first when that happened in the in the Hadean 1572 00:28:12,590 --> 00:28:12,600 in the Hadean 1573 00:28:12,600 --> 00:28:14,950 in the Hadean uh epoch, um 1574 00:28:14,950 --> 00:28:14,960 uh epoch, um 1575 00:28:14,960 --> 00:28:16,030 uh epoch, um it [clears throat] was very very very 1576 00:28:16,030 --> 00:28:16,040 it [clears throat] was very very very 1577 00:28:16,040 --> 00:28:17,550 it [clears throat] was very very very hot. So, you just had a lot of steam. 1578 00:28:17,550 --> 00:28:17,560 hot. So, you just had a lot of steam. 1579 00:28:17,560 --> 00:28:19,790 hot. So, you just had a lot of steam. But, water can't escape out uh you know, 1580 00:28:19,790 --> 00:28:19,800 But, water can't escape out uh you know, 1581 00:28:19,800 --> 00:28:21,710 But, water can't escape out uh you know, once it's here, in Earth's atmosphere, 1582 00:28:21,710 --> 00:28:21,720 once it's here, in Earth's atmosphere, 1583 00:28:21,720 --> 00:28:24,350 once it's here, in Earth's atmosphere, it's here. Um and so, it it cooled down 1584 00:28:24,350 --> 00:28:24,360 it's here. Um and so, it it cooled down 1585 00:28:24,360 --> 00:28:25,990 it's here. Um and so, it it cooled down sufficiently that it was able to 1586 00:28:25,990 --> 00:28:26,000 sufficiently that it was able to 1587 00:28:26,000 --> 00:28:28,390 sufficiently that it was able to precipitate, and now all of a sudden the 1588 00:28:28,390 --> 00:28:28,400 precipitate, and now all of a sudden the 1589 00:28:28,400 --> 00:28:29,590 precipitate, and now all of a sudden the From the Hadean, we're now in the 1590 00:28:29,590 --> 00:28:29,600 From the Hadean, we're now in the 1591 00:28:29,600 --> 00:28:32,350 From the Hadean, we're now in the Archean, and uh we have a lot of water. 1592 00:28:32,350 --> 00:28:32,360 Archean, and uh we have a lot of water. 1593 00:28:32,360 --> 00:28:33,950 Archean, and uh we have a lot of water. It's really uh the Earth is really 1594 00:28:33,950 --> 00:28:33,960 It's really uh the Earth is really 1595 00:28:33,960 --> 00:28:35,790 It's really uh the Earth is really really almost entirely covered with 1596 00:28:35,790 --> 00:28:35,800 really almost entirely covered with 1597 00:28:35,800 --> 00:28:36,830 really almost entirely covered with water. 1598 00:28:36,830 --> 00:28:36,840 water. 1599 00:28:36,840 --> 00:28:39,150 water. Uh so, what happens next? 1600 00:28:39,150 --> 00:28:39,160 Uh so, what happens next? 1601 00:28:39,160 --> 00:28:40,694 Uh so, what happens next? >> Volcano alert. 1602 00:28:40,694 --> 00:28:40,704 >> Volcano alert. 1603 00:28:40,704 --> 00:28:41,830 >> Volcano alert. >> [music and singing] 1604 00:28:41,830 --> 00:28:41,840 >> [music and singing] 1605 00:28:41,840 --> 00:28:42,590 >> [music and singing] >> There's something in the ocean. 1606 00:28:42,590 --> 00:28:42,600 >> There's something in the ocean. 1607 00:28:42,600 --> 00:28:45,910 >> There's something in the ocean. >> What? Something's alive in the ocean. 1608 00:28:45,910 --> 00:28:45,920 >> What? Something's alive in the ocean. 1609 00:28:45,920 --> 00:28:47,590 >> What? Something's alive in the ocean. >> Oh, cool, like a plant or an animal? No, 1610 00:28:47,590 --> 00:28:47,600 >> Oh, cool, like a plant or an animal? No, 1611 00:28:47,600 --> 00:28:49,190 >> Oh, cool, like a plant or an animal? No, a microscopic speck. It lives at the 1612 00:28:49,190 --> 00:28:49,200 a microscopic speck. It lives at the 1613 00:28:49,200 --> 00:28:50,670 a microscopic speck. It lives at the bottom of the ocean and eats chemical 1614 00:28:50,670 --> 00:28:50,680 bottom of the ocean and eats chemical 1615 00:28:50,680 --> 00:28:51,750 bottom of the ocean and eats chemical soup, which is being served 1616 00:28:51,750 --> 00:28:51,760 soup, which is being served 1617 00:28:51,760 --> 00:28:54,990 soup, which is being served >> Okay, so yeah. So, I mean, this is you 1618 00:28:54,990 --> 00:28:55,000 >> Okay, so yeah. So, I mean, this is you 1619 00:28:55,000 --> 00:28:56,630 >> Okay, so yeah. So, I mean, this is you can totally he's doing this so fast. So, 1620 00:28:56,630 --> 00:28:56,640 can totally he's doing this so fast. So, 1621 00:28:56,640 --> 00:28:58,830 can totally he's doing this so fast. So, we're not going to like do a biogenesis 1622 00:28:58,830 --> 00:28:58,840 we're not going to like do a biogenesis 1623 00:28:58,840 --> 00:29:01,710 we're not going to like do a biogenesis justice here. Um 1624 00:29:01,710 --> 00:29:01,720 justice here. Um 1625 00:29:01,720 --> 00:29:03,350 justice here. Um he portrayed something that looked like 1626 00:29:03,350 --> 00:29:03,360 he portrayed something that looked like 1627 00:29:03,360 --> 00:29:04,830 he portrayed something that looked like a bacterium. Obviously, that's not the 1628 00:29:04,830 --> 00:29:04,840 a bacterium. Obviously, that's not the 1629 00:29:04,840 --> 00:29:07,110 a bacterium. Obviously, that's not the first uh thing that was alive, number 1630 00:29:07,110 --> 00:29:07,120 first uh thing that was alive, number 1631 00:29:07,120 --> 00:29:09,750 first uh thing that was alive, number one. Uh number two, the hydrothermal 1632 00:29:09,750 --> 00:29:09,760 one. Uh number two, the hydrothermal 1633 00:29:09,760 --> 00:29:15,350 one. Uh number two, the hydrothermal vent uh model seems to probably not be 1634 00:29:15,350 --> 00:29:15,360 vent uh model seems to probably not be 1635 00:29:15,360 --> 00:29:17,270 vent uh model seems to probably not be the most viable candidate for a 1636 00:29:17,270 --> 00:29:17,280 the most viable candidate for a 1637 00:29:17,280 --> 00:29:19,670 the most viable candidate for a biogenesis, much more likely to be 1638 00:29:19,670 --> 00:29:19,680 biogenesis, much more likely to be 1639 00:29:19,680 --> 00:29:21,910 biogenesis, much more likely to be something like a hot spring or or a 1640 00:29:21,910 --> 00:29:21,920 something like a hot spring or or a 1641 00:29:21,920 --> 00:29:24,510 something like a hot spring or or a tidal pool model. But, you know, we 1642 00:29:24,510 --> 00:29:24,520 tidal pool model. But, you know, we 1643 00:29:24,520 --> 00:29:25,950 tidal pool model. But, you know, we don't know for sure. So, you know, it 1644 00:29:25,950 --> 00:29:25,960 don't know for sure. So, you know, it 1645 00:29:25,960 --> 00:29:28,550 don't know for sure. So, you know, it certainly could be a hydrothermal vent. 1646 00:29:28,550 --> 00:29:28,560 certainly could be a hydrothermal vent. 1647 00:29:28,560 --> 00:29:30,630 certainly could be a hydrothermal vent. Uh don't tell James Tour we've got some 1648 00:29:30,630 --> 00:29:30,640 Uh don't tell James Tour we've got some 1649 00:29:30,640 --> 00:29:32,230 Uh don't tell James Tour we've got some chemical soup. I know that he hates 1650 00:29:32,230 --> 00:29:32,240 chemical soup. I know that he hates 1651 00:29:32,240 --> 00:29:34,270 chemical soup. I know that he hates soup. Um 1652 00:29:34,270 --> 00:29:34,280 soup. Um 1653 00:29:34,280 --> 00:29:36,310 soup. Um but, of course, soup just means water 1654 00:29:36,310 --> 00:29:36,320 but, of course, soup just means water 1655 00:29:36,320 --> 00:29:38,150 but, of course, soup just means water with molecules in it. So, we've got 1656 00:29:38,150 --> 00:29:38,160 with molecules in it. So, we've got 1657 00:29:38,160 --> 00:29:41,350 with molecules in it. So, we've got organic molecules that uh well, we 1658 00:29:41,350 --> 00:29:41,360 organic molecules that uh well, we 1659 00:29:41,360 --> 00:29:43,990 organic molecules that uh well, we there's there's no way to uh if he had 1660 00:29:43,990 --> 00:29:44,000 there's there's no way to uh if he had 1661 00:29:44,000 --> 00:29:45,670 there's there's no way to uh if he had thrown a biogenesis into the mix and 1662 00:29:45,670 --> 00:29:45,680 thrown a biogenesis into the mix and 1663 00:29:45,680 --> 00:29:47,350 thrown a biogenesis into the mix and tried to actually do that justice, this 1664 00:29:47,350 --> 00:29:47,360 tried to actually do that justice, this 1665 00:29:47,360 --> 00:29:49,270 tried to actually do that justice, this would have it would have added another 5 1666 00:29:49,270 --> 00:29:49,280 would have it would have added another 5 1667 00:29:49,280 --> 00:29:51,030 would have it would have added another 5 minutes to this video. So, anyway, we'll 1668 00:29:51,030 --> 00:29:51,040 minutes to this video. So, anyway, we'll 1669 00:29:51,040 --> 00:29:53,110 minutes to this video. So, anyway, we'll take the a biogenesis as rendered and 1670 00:29:53,110 --> 00:29:53,120 take the a biogenesis as rendered and 1671 00:29:53,120 --> 00:29:55,110 take the a biogenesis as rendered and we've we've arrived at simple 1672 00:29:55,110 --> 00:29:55,120 we've we've arrived at simple 1673 00:29:55,120 --> 00:29:56,830 we've we've arrived at simple microorganisms 1674 00:29:56,830 --> 00:29:56,840 microorganisms 1675 00:29:56,840 --> 00:29:58,950 microorganisms uh in the soup, as we like to say. 1676 00:29:58,950 --> 00:29:58,960 uh in the soup, as we like to say. 1677 00:29:58,960 --> 00:30:00,510 uh in the soup, as we like to say. >> Being served hot and fresh, made from 1678 00:30:00,510 --> 00:30:00,520 >> Being served hot and fresh, made from 1679 00:30:00,520 --> 00:30:02,230 >> Being served hot and fresh, made from gnarly space ingredients left over from 1680 00:30:02,230 --> 00:30:02,240 gnarly space ingredients left over from 1681 00:30:02,240 --> 00:30:03,790 gnarly space ingredients left over from when it was raining rocks or whatever. 1682 00:30:03,790 --> 00:30:03,800 when it was raining rocks or whatever. 1683 00:30:03,800 --> 00:30:05,630 when it was raining rocks or whatever. Oh, yeah, and it can do that. 1684 00:30:05,630 --> 00:30:05,640 Oh, yeah, and it can do that. 1685 00:30:05,640 --> 00:30:06,870 Oh, yeah, and it can do that. It has secret instructions written 1686 00:30:06,870 --> 00:30:06,880 It has secret instructions written 1687 00:30:06,880 --> 00:30:08,230 It has secret instructions written inside itself telling it how to build 1688 00:30:08,230 --> 00:30:08,240 inside itself telling it how to build 1689 00:30:08,240 --> 00:30:09,750 inside itself telling it how to build another one of itself. So, that's pretty 1690 00:30:09,750 --> 00:30:09,760 another one of itself. So, that's pretty 1691 00:30:09,760 --> 00:30:11,310 another one of itself. So, that's pretty nifty, I would say. Tired of living at 1692 00:30:11,310 --> 00:30:11,320 nifty, I would say. Tired of living at 1693 00:30:11,320 --> 00:30:12,270 nifty, I would say. Tired of living at the bottom of the ocean? 1694 00:30:12,270 --> 00:30:12,280 the bottom of the ocean? 1695 00:30:12,280 --> 00:30:14,790 the bottom of the ocean? >> Now you can eat sunlight. 1696 00:30:14,790 --> 00:30:14,800 >> Now you can eat sunlight. 1697 00:30:14,800 --> 00:30:16,190 >> Now you can eat sunlight. >> Using [music] a revolutionary technique, 1698 00:30:16,190 --> 00:30:16,200 >> Using [music] a revolutionary technique, 1699 00:30:16,200 --> 00:30:19,230 >> Using [music] a revolutionary technique, you can convert sunlight into food. 1700 00:30:19,230 --> 00:30:19,240 you can convert sunlight into food. 1701 00:30:19,240 --> 00:30:20,390 you can convert sunlight into food. Side effect, now there's oxygen 1702 00:30:20,390 --> 00:30:20,400 Side effect, now there's oxygen 1703 00:30:20,400 --> 00:30:22,350 Side effect, now there's oxygen everywhere and the sky's blue. Then the 1704 00:30:22,350 --> 00:30:22,360 everywhere and the sky's blue. Then the 1705 00:30:22,360 --> 00:30:25,670 everywhere and the sky's blue. Then the >> Right, so yeah. So, great. So, you have 1706 00:30:25,670 --> 00:30:25,680 >> Right, so yeah. So, great. So, you have 1707 00:30:25,680 --> 00:30:28,110 >> Right, so yeah. So, great. So, you have all of these microorganisms, and they 1708 00:30:28,110 --> 00:30:28,120 all of these microorganisms, and they 1709 00:30:28,120 --> 00:30:30,510 all of these microorganisms, and they and so, you have unicellular there was a 1710 00:30:30,510 --> 00:30:30,520 and so, you have unicellular there was a 1711 00:30:30,520 --> 00:30:33,430 and so, you have unicellular there was a a very long period of time, very long 1712 00:30:33,430 --> 00:30:33,440 a very long period of time, very long 1713 00:30:33,440 --> 00:30:35,150 a very long period of time, very long period of time, 1714 00:30:35,150 --> 00:30:35,160 period of time, 1715 00:30:35,160 --> 00:30:35,830 period of time, uh 1716 00:30:35,830 --> 00:30:35,840 uh 1717 00:30:35,840 --> 00:30:38,470 uh a couple billion years probably, uh at 1718 00:30:38,470 --> 00:30:38,480 a couple billion years probably, uh at 1719 00:30:38,480 --> 00:30:39,870 a couple billion years probably, uh at least a billion. I think a couple 1720 00:30:39,870 --> 00:30:39,880 least a billion. I think a couple 1721 00:30:39,880 --> 00:30:41,550 least a billion. I think a couple billion, where life was entirely 1722 00:30:41,550 --> 00:30:41,560 billion, where life was entirely 1723 00:30:41,560 --> 00:30:44,510 billion, where life was entirely unicellular. Um and uh 1724 00:30:44,510 --> 00:30:44,520 unicellular. Um and uh 1725 00:30:44,520 --> 00:30:47,230 unicellular. Um and uh but it began to uh develop these 1726 00:30:47,230 --> 00:30:47,240 but it began to uh develop these 1727 00:30:47,240 --> 00:30:49,150 but it began to uh develop these different uh abilities. And so 1728 00:30:49,150 --> 00:30:49,160 different uh abilities. And so 1729 00:30:49,160 --> 00:30:51,950 different uh abilities. And so photosynthesis was one such ability. Um 1730 00:30:51,950 --> 00:30:51,960 photosynthesis was one such ability. Um 1731 00:30:51,960 --> 00:30:54,110 photosynthesis was one such ability. Um so first you had prokaryotic life, but 1732 00:30:54,110 --> 00:30:54,120 so first you had prokaryotic life, but 1733 00:30:54,120 --> 00:30:55,510 so first you had prokaryotic life, but then you had uh 1734 00:30:55,510 --> 00:30:55,520 then you had uh 1735 00:30:55,520 --> 00:30:58,510 then you had uh you had uh endosymbiosis events where 1736 00:30:58,510 --> 00:30:58,520 you had uh endosymbiosis events where 1737 00:30:58,520 --> 00:31:00,910 you had uh endosymbiosis events where larger prokaryotes were able to 1738 00:31:00,910 --> 00:31:00,920 larger prokaryotes were able to 1739 00:31:00,920 --> 00:31:03,910 larger prokaryotes were able to engulf smaller prokaryotes and then kind 1740 00:31:03,910 --> 00:31:03,920 engulf smaller prokaryotes and then kind 1741 00:31:03,920 --> 00:31:05,670 engulf smaller prokaryotes and then kind of merge and become an individual 1742 00:31:05,670 --> 00:31:05,680 of merge and become an individual 1743 00:31:05,680 --> 00:31:07,750 of merge and become an individual organism. So now you have eukaryotic 1744 00:31:07,750 --> 00:31:07,760 organism. So now you have eukaryotic 1745 00:31:07,760 --> 00:31:10,190 organism. So now you have eukaryotic unicellular life. And depending on 1746 00:31:10,190 --> 00:31:10,200 unicellular life. And depending on 1747 00:31:10,200 --> 00:31:11,990 unicellular life. And depending on certain abilities that different 1748 00:31:11,990 --> 00:31:12,000 certain abilities that different 1749 00:31:12,000 --> 00:31:14,630 certain abilities that different prokaryotes were able to develop because 1750 00:31:14,630 --> 00:31:14,640 prokaryotes were able to develop because 1751 00:31:14,640 --> 00:31:17,550 prokaryotes were able to develop because of evolution. So you have different um 1752 00:31:17,550 --> 00:31:17,560 of evolution. So you have different um 1753 00:31:17,560 --> 00:31:19,590 of evolution. So you have different um mutations that yield different enzymes 1754 00:31:19,590 --> 00:31:19,600 mutations that yield different enzymes 1755 00:31:19,600 --> 00:31:22,230 mutations that yield different enzymes that can do different things. Um and so 1756 00:31:22,230 --> 00:31:22,240 that can do different things. Um and so 1757 00:31:22,240 --> 00:31:24,310 that can do different things. Um and so you have different metabolic uh 1758 00:31:24,310 --> 00:31:24,320 you have different metabolic uh 1759 00:31:24,320 --> 00:31:25,710 you have different metabolic uh behaviors, different metabolic 1760 00:31:25,710 --> 00:31:25,720 behaviors, different metabolic 1761 00:31:25,720 --> 00:31:27,590 behaviors, different metabolic abilities. Uh and so now all of a sudden 1762 00:31:27,590 --> 00:31:27,600 abilities. Uh and so now all of a sudden 1763 00:31:27,600 --> 00:31:29,190 abilities. Uh and so now all of a sudden you have eukaryotic unicellular 1764 00:31:29,190 --> 00:31:29,200 you have eukaryotic unicellular 1765 00:31:29,200 --> 00:31:31,030 you have eukaryotic unicellular organisms that are capable of things 1766 00:31:31,030 --> 00:31:31,040 organisms that are capable of things 1767 00:31:31,040 --> 00:31:34,390 organisms that are capable of things like photosynthesis. And so a byproduct 1768 00:31:34,390 --> 00:31:34,400 like photosynthesis. And so a byproduct 1769 00:31:34,400 --> 00:31:38,030 like photosynthesis. And so a byproduct of photosynthesis is is oxygen. So prior 1770 00:31:38,030 --> 00:31:38,040 of photosynthesis is is oxygen. So prior 1771 00:31:38,040 --> 00:31:39,270 of photosynthesis is is oxygen. So prior to this 1772 00:31:39,270 --> 00:31:39,280 to this 1773 00:31:39,280 --> 00:31:41,750 to this Earth's atmosphere had almost no oxygen. 1774 00:31:41,750 --> 00:31:41,760 Earth's atmosphere had almost no oxygen. 1775 00:31:41,760 --> 00:31:44,030 Earth's atmosphere had almost no oxygen. But then you had this great oxidation 1776 00:31:44,030 --> 00:31:44,040 But then you had this great oxidation 1777 00:31:44,040 --> 00:31:45,870 But then you had this great oxidation from photosynthetic unicellular 1778 00:31:45,870 --> 00:31:45,880 from photosynthetic unicellular 1779 00:31:45,880 --> 00:31:48,110 from photosynthetic unicellular organisms that covered the Earth with 1780 00:31:48,110 --> 00:31:48,120 organisms that covered the Earth with 1781 00:31:48,120 --> 00:31:51,470 organisms that covered the Earth with oxygen. And that paved the way for more 1782 00:31:51,470 --> 00:31:51,480 oxygen. And that paved the way for more 1783 00:31:51,480 --> 00:31:54,390 oxygen. And that paved the way for more complex metabolic behavior. Because 1784 00:31:54,390 --> 00:31:54,400 complex metabolic behavior. Because 1785 00:31:54,400 --> 00:31:56,990 complex metabolic behavior. Because prior to that um 1786 00:31:56,990 --> 00:31:57,000 prior to that um 1787 00:31:57,000 --> 00:31:59,950 prior to that um it uh so cellular respiration, the the 1788 00:31:59,950 --> 00:31:59,960 it uh so cellular respiration, the the 1789 00:31:59,960 --> 00:32:01,830 it uh so cellular respiration, the the three-step process that we know of that 1790 00:32:01,830 --> 00:32:01,840 three-step process that we know of that 1791 00:32:01,840 --> 00:32:03,070 three-step process that we know of that is how 1792 00:32:03,070 --> 00:32:03,080 is how 1793 00:32:03,080 --> 00:32:05,670 is how uh you know animals 1794 00:32:05,670 --> 00:32:05,680 uh you know animals 1795 00:32:05,680 --> 00:32:08,750 uh you know animals it's it's a a higher ATP yielding 1796 00:32:08,750 --> 00:32:08,760 it's it's a a higher ATP yielding 1797 00:32:08,760 --> 00:32:12,270 it's it's a a higher ATP yielding metabolic process was only possible once 1798 00:32:12,270 --> 00:32:12,280 metabolic process was only possible once 1799 00:32:12,280 --> 00:32:13,950 metabolic process was only possible once the world was once the atmosphere was 1800 00:32:13,950 --> 00:32:13,960 the world was once the atmosphere was 1801 00:32:13,960 --> 00:32:16,390 the world was once the atmosphere was oxygenated because oxygen is is one of 1802 00:32:16,390 --> 00:32:16,400 oxygenated because oxygen is is one of 1803 00:32:16,400 --> 00:32:18,310 oxygenated because oxygen is is one of the is the last I think it's the last 1804 00:32:18,310 --> 00:32:18,320 the is the last I think it's the last 1805 00:32:18,320 --> 00:32:20,430 the is the last I think it's the last electron acceptor in the in the electron 1806 00:32:20,430 --> 00:32:20,440 electron acceptor in the in the electron 1807 00:32:20,440 --> 00:32:23,390 electron acceptor in the in the electron transport chain um in in a cellular 1808 00:32:23,390 --> 00:32:23,400 transport chain um in in a cellular 1809 00:32:23,400 --> 00:32:25,950 transport chain um in in a cellular respiration um in aerobic respiration. 1810 00:32:25,950 --> 00:32:25,960 respiration um in aerobic respiration. 1811 00:32:25,960 --> 00:32:28,790 respiration um in aerobic respiration. And so uh now all of a sudden this is a 1812 00:32:28,790 --> 00:32:28,800 And so uh now all of a sudden this is a 1813 00:32:28,800 --> 00:32:31,070 And so uh now all of a sudden this is a huge paradigm shift for the Earth, 1814 00:32:31,070 --> 00:32:31,080 huge paradigm shift for the Earth, 1815 00:32:31,080 --> 00:32:33,630 huge paradigm shift for the Earth, right? You have oxygen the atmosphere is 1816 00:32:33,630 --> 00:32:33,640 right? You have oxygen the atmosphere is 1817 00:32:33,640 --> 00:32:35,830 right? You have oxygen the atmosphere is oxygenated. And now there's the 1818 00:32:35,830 --> 00:32:35,840 oxygenated. And now there's the 1819 00:32:35,840 --> 00:32:39,310 oxygenated. And now there's the possibility for much more robust energy 1820 00:32:39,310 --> 00:32:39,320 possibility for much more robust energy 1821 00:32:39,320 --> 00:32:42,030 possibility for much more robust energy production, which means that now you can 1822 00:32:42,030 --> 00:32:42,040 production, which means that now you can 1823 00:32:42,040 --> 00:32:44,390 production, which means that now you can have multicellular life that can move 1824 00:32:44,390 --> 00:32:44,400 have multicellular life that can move 1825 00:32:44,400 --> 00:32:46,110 have multicellular life that can move around. And you can have cell 1826 00:32:46,110 --> 00:32:46,120 around. And you can have cell 1827 00:32:46,120 --> 00:32:47,750 around. And you can have cell differentiation 1828 00:32:47,750 --> 00:32:47,760 differentiation 1829 00:32:47,760 --> 00:32:49,670 differentiation and you know, organs and different 1830 00:32:49,670 --> 00:32:49,680 and you know, organs and different 1831 00:32:49,680 --> 00:32:51,230 and you know, organs and different things can evolve. So, let's check it 1832 00:32:51,230 --> 00:32:51,240 things can evolve. So, let's check it 1833 00:32:51,240 --> 00:32:51,550 things can evolve. So, let's check it out. 1834 00:32:51,550 --> 00:32:51,560 out. 1835 00:32:51,560 --> 00:32:52,750 out. >> And the Earth might have been a snowball 1836 00:32:52,750 --> 00:32:52,760 >> And the Earth might have been a snowball 1837 00:32:52,760 --> 00:32:53,950 >> And the Earth might have been a snowball for a while, maybe even a couple of 1838 00:32:53,950 --> 00:32:53,960 for a while, maybe even a couple of 1839 00:32:53,960 --> 00:32:54,990 for a while, maybe even a couple of times. 1840 00:32:54,990 --> 00:32:55,000 times. 1841 00:32:55,000 --> 00:32:56,990 times. It's a sponge, it's a plant, it's a worm 1842 00:32:56,990 --> 00:32:57,000 It's a sponge, it's a plant, it's a worm 1843 00:32:57,000 --> 00:32:58,430 It's a sponge, it's a plant, it's a worm and some other types of weird strange 1844 00:32:58,430 --> 00:32:58,440 and some other types of weird strange 1845 00:32:58,440 --> 00:32:59,710 and some other types of weird strange water bugs and strange fish. 1846 00:32:59,710 --> 00:32:59,720 water bugs and strange fish. 1847 00:32:59,720 --> 00:33:02,870 water bugs and strange fish. >> It's the Cambrian [music] explosion. 1848 00:33:02,870 --> 00:33:02,880 >> It's the Cambrian [music] explosion. 1849 00:33:02,880 --> 00:33:04,150 >> It's the Cambrian [music] explosion. >> So, that's pretty accurate, right? I 1850 00:33:04,150 --> 00:33:04,160 >> So, that's pretty accurate, right? I 1851 00:33:04,160 --> 00:33:06,990 >> So, that's pretty accurate, right? I mean, it's the the first animals were 1852 00:33:06,990 --> 00:33:07,000 mean, it's the the first animals were 1853 00:33:07,000 --> 00:33:09,150 mean, it's the the first animals were almost certainly sponges. 1854 00:33:09,150 --> 00:33:09,160 almost certainly sponges. 1855 00:33:09,160 --> 00:33:12,470 almost certainly sponges. That's the choanoflagellate hypothesis 1856 00:33:12,470 --> 00:33:12,480 That's the choanoflagellate hypothesis 1857 00:33:12,480 --> 00:33:14,750 That's the choanoflagellate hypothesis where you have these colonial 1858 00:33:14,750 --> 00:33:14,760 where you have these colonial 1859 00:33:14,760 --> 00:33:17,470 where you have these colonial unicellular organisms that just 1860 00:33:17,470 --> 00:33:17,480 unicellular organisms that just 1861 00:33:17,480 --> 00:33:19,870 unicellular organisms that just eventually become an individual organism 1862 00:33:19,870 --> 00:33:19,880 eventually become an individual organism 1863 00:33:19,880 --> 00:33:22,510 eventually become an individual organism and there are the collar cells in 1864 00:33:22,510 --> 00:33:22,520 and there are the collar cells in 1865 00:33:22,520 --> 00:33:26,070 and there are the collar cells in sponges very closely resemble these 1866 00:33:26,070 --> 00:33:26,080 sponges very closely resemble these 1867 00:33:26,080 --> 00:33:29,110 sponges very closely resemble these choanoflagellate colonial 1868 00:33:29,110 --> 00:33:29,120 choanoflagellate colonial 1869 00:33:29,120 --> 00:33:31,070 choanoflagellate colonial colonies. So, there's a lot of evidence 1870 00:33:31,070 --> 00:33:31,080 colonies. So, there's a lot of evidence 1871 00:33:31,080 --> 00:33:32,350 colonies. So, there's a lot of evidence that suggests that sponges were the 1872 00:33:32,350 --> 00:33:32,360 that suggests that sponges were the 1873 00:33:32,360 --> 00:33:34,990 that suggests that sponges were the first animals. And then he pretty 1874 00:33:34,990 --> 00:33:35,000 first animals. And then he pretty 1875 00:33:35,000 --> 00:33:37,550 first animals. And then he pretty accurately showed this progression here. 1876 00:33:37,550 --> 00:33:37,560 accurately showed this progression here. 1877 00:33:37,560 --> 00:33:40,550 accurately showed this progression here. I mean, he skipped a lot. He has to, but 1878 00:33:40,550 --> 00:33:40,560 I mean, he skipped a lot. He has to, but 1879 00:33:40,560 --> 00:33:42,390 I mean, he skipped a lot. He has to, but these organisms that he's showing are 1880 00:33:42,390 --> 00:33:42,400 these organisms that he's showing are 1881 00:33:42,400 --> 00:33:45,430 these organisms that he's showing are accurately the Ediacaran fauna. This is 1882 00:33:45,430 --> 00:33:45,440 accurately the Ediacaran fauna. This is 1883 00:33:45,440 --> 00:33:47,710 accurately the Ediacaran fauna. This is the still the Precambrian. So, there 1884 00:33:47,710 --> 00:33:47,720 the still the Precambrian. So, there 1885 00:33:47,720 --> 00:33:49,110 the still the Precambrian. So, there were animals. There were certainly were 1886 00:33:49,110 --> 00:33:49,120 were animals. There were certainly were 1887 00:33:49,120 --> 00:33:51,670 were animals. There were certainly were animals prior to the Cambrian explosion 1888 00:33:51,670 --> 00:33:51,680 animals prior to the Cambrian explosion 1889 00:33:51,680 --> 00:33:53,070 animals prior to the Cambrian explosion and um 1890 00:33:53,070 --> 00:33:53,080 and um 1891 00:33:53,080 --> 00:33:55,150 and um and many of them show forms that carried 1892 00:33:55,150 --> 00:33:55,160 and many of them show forms that carried 1893 00:33:55,160 --> 00:33:57,470 and many of them show forms that carried over across the Cambrian explosion. So, 1894 00:33:57,470 --> 00:33:57,480 over across the Cambrian explosion. So, 1895 00:33:57,480 --> 00:33:59,110 over across the Cambrian explosion. So, I don't remember if he how he depicts 1896 00:33:59,110 --> 00:33:59,120 I don't remember if he how he depicts 1897 00:33:59,120 --> 00:34:00,870 I don't remember if he how he depicts the actual Cambrian explosion, but we're 1898 00:34:00,870 --> 00:34:00,880 the actual Cambrian explosion, but we're 1899 00:34:00,880 --> 00:34:03,910 the actual Cambrian explosion, but we're not there yet. These actually I think he 1900 00:34:03,910 --> 00:34:03,920 not there yet. These actually I think he 1901 00:34:03,920 --> 00:34:05,150 not there yet. These actually I think he No, I think this is supposed to be the 1902 00:34:05,150 --> 00:34:05,160 No, I think this is supposed to be the 1903 00:34:05,160 --> 00:34:06,310 No, I think this is supposed to be the explosion cuz 1904 00:34:06,310 --> 00:34:06,320 explosion cuz 1905 00:34:06,320 --> 00:34:08,430 explosion cuz that might be a trilobite down there. 1906 00:34:08,430 --> 00:34:08,440 that might be a trilobite down there. 1907 00:34:08,440 --> 00:34:11,389 that might be a trilobite down there. But there's and this Is that a 1908 00:34:11,389 --> 00:34:11,399 But there's and this Is that a 1909 00:34:11,399 --> 00:34:14,110 But there's and this Is that a waxy or something? That one with the the 1910 00:34:14,110 --> 00:34:14,120 waxy or something? That one with the the 1911 00:34:14,120 --> 00:34:15,629 waxy or something? That one with the the stuff coming off it on the bottom. That 1912 00:34:15,629 --> 00:34:15,639 stuff coming off it on the bottom. That 1913 00:34:15,639 --> 00:34:17,149 stuff coming off it on the bottom. That that is the I I don't remember the name, 1914 00:34:17,149 --> 00:34:17,159 that is the I I don't remember the name, 1915 00:34:17,159 --> 00:34:18,869 that is the I I don't remember the name, but I do definitely remember it from 1916 00:34:18,869 --> 00:34:18,879 but I do definitely remember it from 1917 00:34:18,879 --> 00:34:20,790 but I do definitely remember it from doing the the Stephen Meyer debunk cuz 1918 00:34:20,790 --> 00:34:20,800 doing the the Stephen Meyer debunk cuz 1919 00:34:20,800 --> 00:34:22,270 doing the the Stephen Meyer debunk cuz he's the one who lies about the Cambrian 1920 00:34:22,270 --> 00:34:22,280 he's the one who lies about the Cambrian 1921 00:34:22,280 --> 00:34:24,950 he's the one who lies about the Cambrian explosion all day. So, we've got really 1922 00:34:24,950 --> 00:34:24,960 explosion all day. So, we've got really 1923 00:34:24,960 --> 00:34:27,030 explosion all day. So, we've got really cool animals. We're that's where we're 1924 00:34:27,030 --> 00:34:27,040 cool animals. We're that's where we're 1925 00:34:27,040 --> 00:34:28,550 cool animals. We're that's where we're at. All in the water, but really cool 1926 00:34:28,550 --> 00:34:28,560 at. All in the water, but really cool 1927 00:34:28,560 --> 00:34:29,830 at. All in the water, but really cool animals. 1928 00:34:29,830 --> 00:34:29,840 animals. 1929 00:34:29,840 --> 00:34:31,350 animals. >> Wow, that's animals and stuff. But we're 1930 00:34:31,350 --> 00:34:31,360 >> Wow, that's animals and stuff. But we're 1931 00:34:31,360 --> 00:34:32,590 >> Wow, that's animals and stuff. But we're still in the ocean. Hey, can we go on 1932 00:34:32,590 --> 00:34:32,600 still in the ocean. Hey, can we go on 1933 00:34:32,600 --> 00:34:32,950 still in the ocean. Hey, can we go on land? 1934 00:34:32,950 --> 00:34:32,960 land? 1935 00:34:32,960 --> 00:34:33,750 land? >> No. 1936 00:34:33,750 --> 00:34:33,760 >> No. 1937 00:34:33,760 --> 00:34:34,149 >> No. >> Why? 1938 00:34:34,149 --> 00:34:34,159 >> Why? 1939 00:34:34,159 --> 00:34:36,270 >> Why? >> The sun is a deadly [music] laser. 1940 00:34:36,270 --> 00:34:36,280 >> The sun is a deadly [music] laser. 1941 00:34:36,280 --> 00:34:36,990 >> The sun is a deadly [music] laser. >> Okay. 1942 00:34:36,990 --> 00:34:37,000 >> Okay. 1943 00:34:37,000 --> 00:34:38,950 >> Okay. >> Not anymore, there's a blanket. 1944 00:34:38,950 --> 00:34:38,960 >> Not anymore, there's a blanket. 1945 00:34:38,960 --> 00:34:42,750 >> Not anymore, there's a blanket. >> Now the animal So, right. So so um 1946 00:34:42,750 --> 00:34:42,760 >> Now the animal So, right. So so um 1947 00:34:42,760 --> 00:34:46,389 >> Now the animal So, right. So so um in earlier stages of Earth's atmosphere 1948 00:34:46,389 --> 00:34:46,399 in earlier stages of Earth's atmosphere 1949 00:34:46,399 --> 00:34:49,270 in earlier stages of Earth's atmosphere uh UV light was very very penetrative, 1950 00:34:49,270 --> 00:34:49,280 uh UV light was very very penetrative, 1951 00:34:49,280 --> 00:34:51,470 uh UV light was very very penetrative, right? So we don't have we didn't have 1952 00:34:51,470 --> 00:34:51,480 right? So we don't have we didn't have 1953 00:34:51,480 --> 00:34:53,990 right? So we don't have we didn't have the Earth didn't have uh the ozone layer 1954 00:34:53,990 --> 00:34:54,000 the Earth didn't have uh the ozone layer 1955 00:34:54,000 --> 00:34:55,909 the Earth didn't have uh the ozone layer that that blocked a lot of the UV light. 1956 00:34:55,909 --> 00:34:55,919 that that blocked a lot of the UV light. 1957 00:34:55,919 --> 00:34:58,870 that that blocked a lot of the UV light. So um mutation rates would have been 1958 00:34:58,870 --> 00:34:58,880 So um mutation rates would have been 1959 00:34:58,880 --> 00:35:01,430 So um mutation rates would have been very very very high. And so that could 1960 00:35:01,430 --> 00:35:01,440 very very very high. And so that could 1961 00:35:01,440 --> 00:35:02,830 very very very high. And so that could have served that could have actually 1962 00:35:02,830 --> 00:35:02,840 have served that could have actually 1963 00:35:02,840 --> 00:35:05,870 have served that could have actually been beneficial d- uh during a for an 1964 00:35:05,870 --> 00:35:05,880 been beneficial d- uh during a for an 1965 00:35:05,880 --> 00:35:07,790 been beneficial d- uh during a for an abiogenesis event because you needed all 1966 00:35:07,790 --> 00:35:07,800 abiogenesis event because you needed all 1967 00:35:07,800 --> 00:35:10,470 abiogenesis event because you needed all of that genetic diversity um with early 1968 00:35:10,470 --> 00:35:10,480 of that genetic diversity um with early 1969 00:35:10,480 --> 00:35:13,390 of that genetic diversity um with early stuff uh and RNA didn't have the the 1970 00:35:13,390 --> 00:35:13,400 stuff uh and RNA didn't have the the 1971 00:35:13,400 --> 00:35:16,319 stuff uh and RNA didn't have the the replicative fidelity of DNA anyway. Um 1972 00:35:16,319 --> 00:35:16,329 replicative fidelity of DNA anyway. Um 1973 00:35:16,329 --> 00:35:16,350 replicative fidelity of DNA anyway. Um >> [clears throat] 1974 00:35:16,350 --> 00:35:16,360 >> [clears throat] 1975 00:35:16,360 --> 00:35:18,990 >> [clears throat] >> but now that we've got very complex 1976 00:35:18,990 --> 00:35:19,000 >> but now that we've got very complex 1977 00:35:19,000 --> 00:35:21,590 >> but now that we've got very complex multicellular life, you can't tinker too 1978 00:35:21,590 --> 00:35:21,600 multicellular life, you can't tinker too 1979 00:35:21,600 --> 00:35:23,670 multicellular life, you can't tinker too much with the mutation rate. If you go 1980 00:35:23,670 --> 00:35:23,680 much with the mutation rate. If you go 1981 00:35:23,680 --> 00:35:25,590 much with the mutation rate. If you go way too many mutations, you're going to 1982 00:35:25,590 --> 00:35:25,600 way too many mutations, you're going to 1983 00:35:25,600 --> 00:35:29,230 way too many mutations, you're going to lose what you have. So um 1984 00:35:29,230 --> 00:35:29,240 lose what you have. So um 1985 00:35:29,240 --> 00:35:31,590 lose what you have. So um only once you had this ozone layer 1986 00:35:31,590 --> 00:35:31,600 only once you had this ozone layer 1987 00:35:31,600 --> 00:35:32,550 only once you had this ozone layer because remember you've got 1988 00:35:32,550 --> 00:35:32,560 because remember you've got 1989 00:35:32,560 --> 00:35:34,630 because remember you've got photosynthetic organisms that are 1990 00:35:34,630 --> 00:35:34,640 photosynthetic organisms that are 1991 00:35:34,640 --> 00:35:36,870 photosynthetic organisms that are continuously oxygenating oxygenating the 1992 00:35:36,870 --> 00:35:36,880 continuously oxygenating oxygenating the 1993 00:35:36,880 --> 00:35:38,910 continuously oxygenating oxygenating the atmosphere and ozone is an allotrope of 1994 00:35:38,910 --> 00:35:38,920 atmosphere and ozone is an allotrope of 1995 00:35:38,920 --> 00:35:41,350 atmosphere and ozone is an allotrope of oxygen. It's O3 instead of O2, right? 1996 00:35:41,350 --> 00:35:41,360 oxygen. It's O3 instead of O2, right? 1997 00:35:41,360 --> 00:35:43,270 oxygen. It's O3 instead of O2, right? Molecular oxygen in the atmosphere is 1998 00:35:43,270 --> 00:35:43,280 Molecular oxygen in the atmosphere is 1999 00:35:43,280 --> 00:35:45,870 Molecular oxygen in the atmosphere is O2, but you also have O3. And so that 2000 00:35:45,870 --> 00:35:45,880 O2, but you also have O3. And so that 2001 00:35:45,880 --> 00:35:48,790 O2, but you also have O3. And so that once you had sufficient ozone and uh and 2002 00:35:48,790 --> 00:35:48,800 once you had sufficient ozone and uh and 2003 00:35:48,800 --> 00:35:51,110 once you had sufficient ozone and uh and that is blocking a good amount of the of 2004 00:35:51,110 --> 00:35:51,120 that is blocking a good amount of the of 2005 00:35:51,120 --> 00:35:54,910 that is blocking a good amount of the of the UV rays, um that that made it such 2006 00:35:54,910 --> 00:35:54,920 the UV rays, um that that made it such 2007 00:35:54,920 --> 00:35:58,110 the UV rays, um that that made it such that uh animal life could get onto land 2008 00:35:58,110 --> 00:35:58,120 that uh animal life could get onto land 2009 00:35:58,120 --> 00:36:00,750 that uh animal life could get onto land and live there. So now we're going to 2010 00:36:00,750 --> 00:36:00,760 and live there. So now we're going to 2011 00:36:00,760 --> 00:36:03,470 and live there. So now we're going to see, I think, the first tetrapods make 2012 00:36:03,470 --> 00:36:03,480 see, I think, the first tetrapods make 2013 00:36:03,480 --> 00:36:04,430 see, I think, the first tetrapods make their way onto land. 2014 00:36:04,430 --> 00:36:04,440 their way onto land. 2015 00:36:04,440 --> 00:36:05,790 their way onto land. >> Now the animals can go on land. Come on, 2016 00:36:05,790 --> 00:36:05,800 >> Now the animals can go on land. Come on, 2017 00:36:05,800 --> 00:36:07,190 >> Now the animals can go on land. Come on, animals, let's go on land. Nope, can't 2018 00:36:07,190 --> 00:36:07,200 animals, let's go on land. Nope, can't 2019 00:36:07,200 --> 00:36:09,110 animals, let's go on land. Nope, can't walk yet. And there's no food yet, so I 2020 00:36:09,110 --> 00:36:09,120 walk yet. And there's no food yet, so I 2021 00:36:09,120 --> 00:36:10,670 walk yet. And there's no food yet, so I don't care. 2022 00:36:10,670 --> 00:36:10,680 don't care. 2023 00:36:10,680 --> 00:36:11,870 don't care. Okay, will you learn to walk if there's 2024 00:36:11,870 --> 00:36:11,880 Okay, will you learn to walk if there's 2025 00:36:11,880 --> 00:36:14,390 Okay, will you learn to walk if there's plants up here? Maybe, said some bugs 2026 00:36:14,390 --> 00:36:14,400 plants up here? Maybe, said some bugs 2027 00:36:14,400 --> 00:36:19,830 plants up here? Maybe, said some bugs and fish. 2028 00:36:19,830 --> 00:36:19,840 2029 00:36:19,840 --> 00:36:22,990 >> I [laughter] like that. So it so uh so I 2030 00:36:22,990 --> 00:36:23,000 >> I [laughter] like that. So it so uh so I 2031 00:36:23,000 --> 00:36:25,630 >> I [laughter] like that. So it so uh so I I That is true that uh that insects 2032 00:36:25,630 --> 00:36:25,640 I That is true that uh that insects 2033 00:36:25,640 --> 00:36:28,270 I That is true that uh that insects actually came onto land before tetrapods 2034 00:36:28,270 --> 00:36:28,280 actually came onto land before tetrapods 2035 00:36:28,280 --> 00:36:31,390 actually came onto land before tetrapods um and plants as well. Um 2036 00:36:31,390 --> 00:36:31,400 um and plants as well. Um 2037 00:36:31,400 --> 00:36:33,470 um and plants as well. Um I mean plants first. I'm almost certain 2038 00:36:33,470 --> 00:36:33,480 I mean plants first. I'm almost certain 2039 00:36:33,480 --> 00:36:35,750 I mean plants first. I'm almost certain right there has there has to be for 2040 00:36:35,750 --> 00:36:35,760 right there has there has to be for 2041 00:36:35,760 --> 00:36:36,950 right there has there has to be for animal there has to be plant life for 2042 00:36:36,950 --> 00:36:36,960 animal there has to be plant life for 2043 00:36:36,960 --> 00:36:40,030 animal there has to be plant life for animals to feed on because plants are 2044 00:36:40,030 --> 00:36:40,040 animals to feed on because plants are 2045 00:36:40,040 --> 00:36:42,110 animals to feed on because plants are going to be the produce the the the 2046 00:36:42,110 --> 00:36:42,120 going to be the produce the the the 2047 00:36:42,120 --> 00:36:44,350 going to be the produce the the the primary producers. Plants can get on 2048 00:36:44,350 --> 00:36:44,360 primary producers. Plants can get on 2049 00:36:44,360 --> 00:36:46,550 primary producers. Plants can get on land without any source of 2050 00:36:46,550 --> 00:36:46,560 land without any source of 2051 00:36:46,560 --> 00:36:48,230 land without any source of source of food because they're feeding 2052 00:36:48,230 --> 00:36:48,240 source of food because they're feeding 2053 00:36:48,240 --> 00:36:49,630 source of food because they're feeding from the sun 2054 00:36:49,630 --> 00:36:49,640 from the sun 2055 00:36:49,640 --> 00:36:52,510 from the sun making their own food from sunlight and 2056 00:36:52,510 --> 00:36:52,520 making their own food from sunlight and 2057 00:36:52,520 --> 00:36:54,390 making their own food from sunlight and and so then you have insects and then I 2058 00:36:54,390 --> 00:36:54,400 and so then you have insects and then I 2059 00:36:54,400 --> 00:36:57,190 and so then you have insects and then I love that like that's supposed to be 2060 00:36:57,190 --> 00:36:57,200 love that like that's supposed to be 2061 00:36:57,200 --> 00:36:58,630 love that like that's supposed to be like 2062 00:36:58,630 --> 00:36:58,640 like 2063 00:36:58,640 --> 00:37:00,510 like an ancestor of Tiktaalik or something 2064 00:37:00,510 --> 00:37:00,520 an ancestor of Tiktaalik or something 2065 00:37:00,520 --> 00:37:01,710 an ancestor of Tiktaalik or something that's just 2066 00:37:01,710 --> 00:37:01,720 that's just 2067 00:37:01,720 --> 00:37:04,630 that's just cuz you the the the fins 2068 00:37:04,630 --> 00:37:04,640 cuz you the the the fins 2069 00:37:04,640 --> 00:37:06,790 cuz you the the the fins this is this is the development of 2070 00:37:06,790 --> 00:37:06,800 this is this is the development of 2071 00:37:06,800 --> 00:37:08,470 this is this is the development of Sarcopterygian. 2072 00:37:08,470 --> 00:37:08,480 Sarcopterygian. 2073 00:37:08,480 --> 00:37:11,790 Sarcopterygian. So the lobe-finned fish was a very slow 2074 00:37:11,790 --> 00:37:11,800 So the lobe-finned fish was a very slow 2075 00:37:11,800 --> 00:37:15,510 So the lobe-finned fish was a very slow and gradual process by which fins became 2076 00:37:15,510 --> 00:37:15,520 and gradual process by which fins became 2077 00:37:15,520 --> 00:37:17,110 and gradual process by which fins became these sort of 2078 00:37:17,110 --> 00:37:17,120 these sort of 2079 00:37:17,120 --> 00:37:19,230 these sort of these sort of pseudo limbs that could 2080 00:37:19,230 --> 00:37:19,240 these sort of pseudo limbs that could 2081 00:37:19,240 --> 00:37:21,470 these sort of pseudo limbs that could kind of drag around the 2082 00:37:21,470 --> 00:37:21,480 kind of drag around the 2083 00:37:21,480 --> 00:37:25,030 kind of drag around the the floor the shallow ocean floor. 2084 00:37:25,030 --> 00:37:25,040 the floor the shallow ocean floor. 2085 00:37:25,040 --> 00:37:27,510 the floor the shallow ocean floor. And then they just slowly evolved into 2086 00:37:27,510 --> 00:37:27,520 And then they just slowly evolved into 2087 00:37:27,520 --> 00:37:29,190 And then they just slowly evolved into actual appendages that would allow them 2088 00:37:29,190 --> 00:37:29,200 actual appendages that would allow them 2089 00:37:29,200 --> 00:37:32,230 actual appendages that would allow them to kind of crawl onto onto land and 2090 00:37:32,230 --> 00:37:32,240 to kind of crawl onto onto land and 2091 00:37:32,240 --> 00:37:34,070 to kind of crawl onto onto land and and you know it's it's 2092 00:37:34,070 --> 00:37:34,080 and you know it's it's 2093 00:37:34,080 --> 00:37:35,510 and you know it's it's you know creationists like to scoff at 2094 00:37:35,510 --> 00:37:35,520 you know creationists like to scoff at 2095 00:37:35,520 --> 00:37:37,230 you know creationists like to scoff at that and I always say look at look at 2096 00:37:37,230 --> 00:37:37,240 that and I always say look at look at 2097 00:37:37,240 --> 00:37:38,830 that and I always say look at look at mudskippers, you know what I mean? Like 2098 00:37:38,830 --> 00:37:38,840 mudskippers, you know what I mean? Like 2099 00:37:38,840 --> 00:37:41,070 mudskippers, you know what I mean? Like they do that [\h__\h] today. They kind of 2100 00:37:41,070 --> 00:37:41,080 they do that [\h__\h] today. They kind of 2101 00:37:41,080 --> 00:37:43,230 they do that [\h__\h] today. They kind of hobble around and and jump around and 2102 00:37:43,230 --> 00:37:43,240 hobble around and and jump around and 2103 00:37:43,240 --> 00:37:44,790 hobble around and and jump around and walk on 2104 00:37:44,790 --> 00:37:44,800 walk on 2105 00:37:44,800 --> 00:37:47,990 walk on walk on on land in a in a you know in a 2106 00:37:47,990 --> 00:37:48,000 walk on on land in a in a you know in a 2107 00:37:48,000 --> 00:37:50,390 walk on on land in a in a you know in a in a mediocre way I suppose. So that's 2108 00:37:50,390 --> 00:37:50,400 in a mediocre way I suppose. So that's 2109 00:37:50,400 --> 00:37:52,550 in a mediocre way I suppose. So that's somewhat analogous to what the early 2110 00:37:52,550 --> 00:37:52,560 somewhat analogous to what the early 2111 00:37:52,560 --> 00:37:54,870 somewhat analogous to what the early Sarcopterygian would have been like. And 2112 00:37:54,870 --> 00:37:54,880 Sarcopterygian would have been like. And 2113 00:37:54,880 --> 00:37:58,390 Sarcopterygian would have been like. And so Tiktaalik and some of these other 2114 00:37:58,390 --> 00:37:58,400 so Tiktaalik and some of these other 2115 00:37:58,400 --> 00:38:00,350 so Tiktaalik and some of these other Acanthostega I forget some of the the 2116 00:38:00,350 --> 00:38:00,360 Acanthostega I forget some of the the 2117 00:38:00,360 --> 00:38:01,990 Acanthostega I forget some of the the names of them but there are many many 2118 00:38:01,990 --> 00:38:02,000 names of them but there are many many 2119 00:38:02,000 --> 00:38:04,630 names of them but there are many many many many different species that we have 2120 00:38:04,630 --> 00:38:04,640 many many different species that we have 2121 00:38:04,640 --> 00:38:06,750 many many different species that we have the the the fossil record is is is 2122 00:38:06,750 --> 00:38:06,760 the the the fossil record is is is 2123 00:38:06,760 --> 00:38:09,710 the the the fossil record is is is fairly robust going from the early 2124 00:38:09,710 --> 00:38:09,720 fairly robust going from the early 2125 00:38:09,720 --> 00:38:12,350 fairly robust going from the early Sarcopterygian to the early land 2126 00:38:12,350 --> 00:38:12,360 Sarcopterygian to the early land 2127 00:38:12,360 --> 00:38:13,790 Sarcopterygian to the early land tetrapods 2128 00:38:13,790 --> 00:38:13,800 tetrapods 2129 00:38:13,800 --> 00:38:15,670 tetrapods and so that's going to yield amphibians 2130 00:38:15,670 --> 00:38:15,680 and so that's going to yield amphibians 2131 00:38:15,680 --> 00:38:17,750 and so that's going to yield amphibians first amphibians first and then reptiles 2132 00:38:17,750 --> 00:38:17,760 first amphibians first and then reptiles 2133 00:38:17,760 --> 00:38:19,230 first amphibians first and then reptiles and then mammals. So let's get through 2134 00:38:19,230 --> 00:38:19,240 and then mammals. So let's get through 2135 00:38:19,240 --> 00:38:20,110 and then mammals. So let's get through that. 2136 00:38:20,110 --> 00:38:20,120 that. 2137 00:38:20,120 --> 00:38:21,630 that. Okay so I can go on land but I have to 2138 00:38:21,630 --> 00:38:21,640 Okay so I can go on land but I have to 2139 00:38:21,640 --> 00:38:22,996 Okay so I can go on land but I have to go back in the water to have 2140 00:38:22,996 --> 00:38:23,006 go back in the water to have 2141 00:38:23,006 --> 00:38:23,910 go back in the water to have >> [singing] 2142 00:38:23,910 --> 00:38:23,920 >> [singing] 2143 00:38:23,920 --> 00:38:25,030 >> [singing] >> Learn to use an egg. [clears throat] 2144 00:38:25,030 --> 00:38:25,040 >> Learn to use an egg. [clears throat] 2145 00:38:25,040 --> 00:38:25,990 >> Learn to use an egg. [clears throat] >> I was already doing that. 2146 00:38:25,990 --> 00:38:26,000 >> I was already doing that. 2147 00:38:26,000 --> 00:38:27,630 >> I was already doing that. >> Use a stronger egg. Put water in it. 2148 00:38:27,630 --> 00:38:27,640 >> Use a stronger egg. Put water in it. 2149 00:38:27,640 --> 00:38:30,190 >> Use a stronger egg. Put water in it. Have a baby on land in an egg. Water. 2150 00:38:30,190 --> 00:38:30,200 Have a baby on land in an egg. Water. 2151 00:38:30,200 --> 00:38:32,110 Have a baby on land in an egg. Water. >> Right, so that's so that's the birth of 2152 00:38:32,110 --> 00:38:32,120 >> Right, so that's so that's the birth of 2153 00:38:32,120 --> 00:38:34,430 >> Right, so that's so that's the birth of of amniotes. Right, so the the amniotic 2154 00:38:34,430 --> 00:38:34,440 of amniotes. Right, so the the amniotic 2155 00:38:34,440 --> 00:38:36,430 of amniotes. Right, so the the amniotic egg. This is actually an unbelievable 2156 00:38:36,430 --> 00:38:36,440 egg. This is actually an unbelievable 2157 00:38:36,440 --> 00:38:39,670 egg. This is actually an unbelievable evolutionary uh innovation because all 2158 00:38:39,670 --> 00:38:39,680 evolutionary uh innovation because all 2159 00:38:39,680 --> 00:38:43,030 evolutionary uh innovation because all life needed water, uh lived in water, 2160 00:38:43,030 --> 00:38:43,040 life needed water, uh lived in water, 2161 00:38:43,040 --> 00:38:45,270 life needed water, uh lived in water, and needed to give birth in water. And 2162 00:38:45,270 --> 00:38:45,280 and needed to give birth in water. And 2163 00:38:45,280 --> 00:38:47,510 and needed to give birth in water. And so what nature figured out how to do is 2164 00:38:47,510 --> 00:38:47,520 so what nature figured out how to do is 2165 00:38:47,520 --> 00:38:50,110 so what nature figured out how to do is to is to have an egg with water in it 2166 00:38:50,110 --> 00:38:50,120 to is to have an egg with water in it 2167 00:38:50,120 --> 00:38:53,270 to is to have an egg with water in it that could be laid on land. Uh and so 2168 00:38:53,270 --> 00:38:53,280 that could be laid on land. Uh and so 2169 00:38:53,280 --> 00:38:54,550 that could be laid on land. Uh and so all of a sudden and it's very 2170 00:38:54,550 --> 00:38:54,560 all of a sudden and it's very 2171 00:38:54,560 --> 00:38:56,590 all of a sudden and it's very interesting with plant uh with plant 2172 00:38:56,590 --> 00:38:56,600 interesting with plant uh with plant 2173 00:38:56,600 --> 00:38:59,070 interesting with plant uh with plant life, too, how the first uh like the 2174 00:38:59,070 --> 00:38:59,080 life, too, how the first uh like the 2175 00:38:59,080 --> 00:39:01,110 life, too, how the first uh like the bryophytes and uh you know, mosses and 2176 00:39:01,110 --> 00:39:01,120 bryophytes and uh you know, mosses and 2177 00:39:01,120 --> 00:39:04,470 bryophytes and uh you know, mosses and things also had to be right near water. 2178 00:39:04,470 --> 00:39:04,480 things also had to be right near water. 2179 00:39:04,480 --> 00:39:07,510 things also had to be right near water. And it was the advent of gymnosperms 2180 00:39:07,510 --> 00:39:07,520 And it was the advent of gymnosperms 2181 00:39:07,520 --> 00:39:11,430 And it was the advent of gymnosperms uh that allowed for uh new strategies, 2182 00:39:11,430 --> 00:39:11,440 uh that allowed for uh new strategies, 2183 00:39:11,440 --> 00:39:13,790 uh that allowed for uh new strategies, uh new uh reproductive strategies that 2184 00:39:13,790 --> 00:39:13,800 uh new uh reproductive strategies that 2185 00:39:13,800 --> 00:39:16,430 uh new uh reproductive strategies that finally allowed plants to be far away 2186 00:39:16,430 --> 00:39:16,440 finally allowed plants to be far away 2187 00:39:16,440 --> 00:39:17,670 finally allowed plants to be far away from water. 2188 00:39:17,670 --> 00:39:17,680 from water. 2189 00:39:17,680 --> 00:39:20,150 from water. Um and so that's when forests began to 2190 00:39:20,150 --> 00:39:20,160 Um and so that's when forests began to 2191 00:39:20,160 --> 00:39:22,150 Um and so that's when forests began to cover uh cover the land and things like 2192 00:39:22,150 --> 00:39:22,160 cover uh cover the land and things like 2193 00:39:22,160 --> 00:39:23,550 cover uh cover the land and things like that. Um 2194 00:39:23,550 --> 00:39:23,560 that. Um 2195 00:39:23,560 --> 00:39:25,270 that. Um But so the amniotic egg, that's an 2196 00:39:25,270 --> 00:39:25,280 But so the amniotic egg, that's an 2197 00:39:25,280 --> 00:39:28,510 But so the amniotic egg, that's an incredible uh a step in evolution so 2198 00:39:28,510 --> 00:39:28,520 incredible uh a step in evolution so 2199 00:39:28,520 --> 00:39:31,270 incredible uh a step in evolution so that animals can lay eggs uh you know, 2200 00:39:31,270 --> 00:39:31,280 that animals can lay eggs uh you know, 2201 00:39:31,280 --> 00:39:33,310 that animals can lay eggs uh you know, not right it it it doesn't have to be in 2202 00:39:33,310 --> 00:39:33,320 not right it it it doesn't have to be in 2203 00:39:33,320 --> 00:39:35,150 not right it it it doesn't have to be in the water. Could be somewhere else. So 2204 00:39:35,150 --> 00:39:35,160 the water. Could be somewhere else. So 2205 00:39:35,160 --> 00:39:36,430 the water. Could be somewhere else. So now we have amniotes. Now we have 2206 00:39:36,430 --> 00:39:36,440 now we have amniotes. Now we have 2207 00:39:36,440 --> 00:39:37,310 now we have amniotes. Now we have reptiles. 2208 00:39:37,310 --> 00:39:37,320 reptiles. 2209 00:39:37,320 --> 00:39:39,190 reptiles. >> Water is in the egg. Baby in the egg in 2210 00:39:39,190 --> 00:39:39,200 >> Water is in the egg. Baby in the egg in 2211 00:39:39,200 --> 00:39:42,252 >> Water is in the egg. Baby in the egg in the water in the egg. Works for me. 2212 00:39:42,252 --> 00:39:42,262 the water in the egg. Works for me. 2213 00:39:42,262 --> 00:39:42,907 the water in the egg. Works for me. >> [music] 2214 00:39:42,907 --> 00:39:42,917 >> [music] 2215 00:39:42,917 --> 00:39:43,510 >> [music] [singing] 2216 00:39:43,510 --> 00:39:43,520 [singing] 2217 00:39:43,520 --> 00:39:45,270 [singing] >> And now everything's huge, including 2218 00:39:45,270 --> 00:39:45,280 >> And now everything's huge, including 2219 00:39:45,280 --> 00:39:46,790 >> And now everything's huge, including bugs. Want to see a map of the land? 2220 00:39:46,790 --> 00:39:46,800 bugs. Want to see a map of the land? 2221 00:39:46,800 --> 00:39:48,230 bugs. Want to see a map of the land? Sure. 2222 00:39:48,230 --> 00:39:48,240 Sure. 2223 00:39:48,240 --> 00:39:49,950 Sure. Oh, [\h__\h] Now everything's dead. Just 2224 00:39:49,950 --> 00:39:49,960 Oh, [\h__\h] Now everything's dead. Just 2225 00:39:49,960 --> 00:39:51,310 Oh, [\h__\h] Now everything's dead. Just kidding. Here are the survivors. Keep 2226 00:39:51,310 --> 00:39:51,320 kidding. Here are the survivors. Keep 2227 00:39:51,320 --> 00:39:52,670 kidding. Here are the survivors. Keep your eye on this one because it's about 2228 00:39:52,670 --> 00:39:52,680 your eye on this one because it's about 2229 00:39:52,680 --> 00:39:54,230 your eye on this one because it's about to become the dinosaurs. Here's another 2230 00:39:54,230 --> 00:39:54,240 to become the dinosaurs. Here's another 2231 00:39:54,240 --> 00:39:55,390 to become the dinosaurs. Here's another map of the land. Yeah, it broke apart. 2232 00:39:55,390 --> 00:39:55,400 map of the land. Yeah, it broke apart. 2233 00:39:55,400 --> 00:39:56,230 map of the land. Yeah, it broke apart. Don't worry about it. It does that all 2234 00:39:56,230 --> 00:39:56,240 Don't worry about it. It does that all 2235 00:39:56,240 --> 00:40:00,790 Don't worry about it. It does that all the time. Here comes a meteor. 2236 00:40:00,790 --> 00:40:00,800 2237 00:40:00,800 --> 00:40:03,950 >> We just went we just covered get to the 2238 00:40:03,950 --> 00:40:03,960 >> We just went we just covered get to the 2239 00:40:03,960 --> 00:40:06,310 >> We just went we just covered get to the dinosaur the entire era of the dinosaurs 2240 00:40:06,310 --> 00:40:06,320 dinosaur the entire era of the dinosaurs 2241 00:40:06,320 --> 00:40:08,870 dinosaur the entire era of the dinosaurs in about 4 seconds, but it's good and it 2242 00:40:08,870 --> 00:40:08,880 in about 4 seconds, but it's good and it 2243 00:40:08,880 --> 00:40:12,030 in about 4 seconds, but it's good and it works. It's just it it's accurate and 2244 00:40:12,030 --> 00:40:12,040 works. It's just it it's accurate and 2245 00:40:12,040 --> 00:40:13,430 works. It's just it it's accurate and fun and funny. 2246 00:40:13,430 --> 00:40:13,440 fun and funny. 2247 00:40:13,440 --> 00:40:16,750 fun and funny. Um so yeah, so we had uh that I like 2248 00:40:16,750 --> 00:40:16,760 Um so yeah, so we had uh that I like 2249 00:40:16,760 --> 00:40:18,270 Um so yeah, so we had uh that I like that part about everything's getting 2250 00:40:18,270 --> 00:40:18,280 that part about everything's getting 2251 00:40:18,280 --> 00:40:20,430 that part about everything's getting bigger. So at first there was sort of an 2252 00:40:20,430 --> 00:40:20,440 bigger. So at first there was sort of an 2253 00:40:20,440 --> 00:40:22,790 bigger. So at first there was sort of an evolutionary arms race because of how 2254 00:40:22,790 --> 00:40:22,800 evolutionary arms race because of how 2255 00:40:22,800 --> 00:40:25,430 evolutionary arms race because of how heavily oxygenated, I believe, the 2256 00:40:25,430 --> 00:40:25,440 heavily oxygenated, I believe, the 2257 00:40:25,440 --> 00:40:27,230 heavily oxygenated, I believe, the atmosphere was. Something about the the 2258 00:40:27,230 --> 00:40:27,240 atmosphere was. Something about the the 2259 00:40:27,240 --> 00:40:28,790 atmosphere was. Something about the the atmosphere of the time that really 2260 00:40:28,790 --> 00:40:28,800 atmosphere of the time that really 2261 00:40:28,800 --> 00:40:29,990 atmosphere of the time that really allowed 2262 00:40:29,990 --> 00:40:30,000 allowed 2263 00:40:30,000 --> 00:40:30,670 allowed um 2264 00:40:30,670 --> 00:40:30,680 um 2265 00:40:30,680 --> 00:40:32,550 um animals to get very large, including 2266 00:40:32,550 --> 00:40:32,560 animals to get very large, including 2267 00:40:32,560 --> 00:40:34,150 animals to get very large, including insects. That was the era where you had 2268 00:40:34,150 --> 00:40:34,160 insects. That was the era where you had 2269 00:40:34,160 --> 00:40:36,110 insects. That was the era where you had these dragonflies that were the size of 2270 00:40:36,110 --> 00:40:36,120 these dragonflies that were the size of 2271 00:40:36,120 --> 00:40:37,910 these dragonflies that were the size of like a freaking 2272 00:40:37,910 --> 00:40:37,920 like a freaking 2273 00:40:37,920 --> 00:40:39,150 like a freaking car or something, or I don't know 2274 00:40:39,150 --> 00:40:39,160 car or something, or I don't know 2275 00:40:39,160 --> 00:40:40,550 car or something, or I don't know remember exactly how big, but they're 2276 00:40:40,550 --> 00:40:40,560 remember exactly how big, but they're 2277 00:40:40,560 --> 00:40:43,670 remember exactly how big, but they're just unbelievably huge. Um maybe not 2278 00:40:43,670 --> 00:40:43,680 just unbelievably huge. Um maybe not 2279 00:40:43,680 --> 00:40:46,230 just unbelievably huge. Um maybe not size of car, but just crazy big. 2280 00:40:46,230 --> 00:40:46,240 size of car, but just crazy big. 2281 00:40:46,240 --> 00:40:48,510 size of car, but just crazy big. Um and then there were very extinct 2282 00:40:48,510 --> 00:40:48,520 Um and then there were very extinct 2283 00:40:48,520 --> 00:40:49,990 Um and then there were very extinct extinctions, right? So there was that 2284 00:40:49,990 --> 00:40:50,000 extinctions, right? So there was that 2285 00:40:50,000 --> 00:40:51,950 extinctions, right? So there was that that great dying event, the 2286 00:40:51,950 --> 00:40:51,960 that great dying event, the 2287 00:40:51,960 --> 00:40:54,190 that great dying event, the Permian-Triassic 2288 00:40:54,190 --> 00:40:54,200 Permian-Triassic 2289 00:40:54,200 --> 00:40:56,190 Permian-Triassic extinction, I believe it's called. It's 2290 00:40:56,190 --> 00:40:56,200 extinction, I believe it's called. It's 2291 00:40:56,200 --> 00:40:57,950 extinction, I believe it's called. It's We also know it as the great dying. 2292 00:40:57,950 --> 00:40:57,960 We also know it as the great dying. 2293 00:40:57,960 --> 00:41:00,510 We also know it as the great dying. That's where something in the ballpark 2294 00:41:00,510 --> 00:41:00,520 That's where something in the ballpark 2295 00:41:00,520 --> 00:41:04,190 That's where something in the ballpark of 90% of life died. And so I believe 2296 00:41:04,190 --> 00:41:04,200 of 90% of life died. And so I believe 2297 00:41:04,200 --> 00:41:06,870 of 90% of life died. And so I believe that was what sort of paved the way for 2298 00:41:06,870 --> 00:41:06,880 that was what sort of paved the way for 2299 00:41:06,880 --> 00:41:09,150 that was what sort of paved the way for the era of the dinosaurs, which thrived 2300 00:41:09,150 --> 00:41:09,160 the era of the dinosaurs, which thrived 2301 00:41:09,160 --> 00:41:11,590 the era of the dinosaurs, which thrived for a very very very long time. 2302 00:41:11,590 --> 00:41:11,600 for a very very very long time. 2303 00:41:11,600 --> 00:41:14,590 for a very very very long time. Uh 150 million years or something like 2304 00:41:14,590 --> 00:41:14,600 Uh 150 million years or something like 2305 00:41:14,600 --> 00:41:17,950 Uh 150 million years or something like that. And then we now know pretty firmly 2306 00:41:17,950 --> 00:41:17,960 that. And then we now know pretty firmly 2307 00:41:17,960 --> 00:41:20,190 that. And then we now know pretty firmly that it was a 2308 00:41:20,190 --> 00:41:20,200 that it was a 2309 00:41:20,200 --> 00:41:23,830 that it was a an impact asteroid comet, I forget. 2310 00:41:23,830 --> 00:41:23,840 an impact asteroid comet, I forget. 2311 00:41:23,840 --> 00:41:26,470 an impact asteroid comet, I forget. An impact event that 2312 00:41:26,470 --> 00:41:26,480 An impact event that 2313 00:41:26,480 --> 00:41:28,710 An impact event that that that caused the extinction of the 2314 00:41:28,710 --> 00:41:28,720 that that caused the extinction of the 2315 00:41:28,720 --> 00:41:31,590 that that caused the extinction of the dinosaurs. So now we'll be 2316 00:41:31,590 --> 00:41:31,600 dinosaurs. So now we'll be 2317 00:41:31,600 --> 00:41:32,830 dinosaurs. So now we'll be the rise of the mammals. There were 2318 00:41:32,830 --> 00:41:32,840 the rise of the mammals. There were 2319 00:41:32,840 --> 00:41:34,750 the rise of the mammals. There were already mammals, but they were very 2320 00:41:34,750 --> 00:41:34,760 already mammals, but they were very 2321 00:41:34,760 --> 00:41:36,830 already mammals, but they were very small. Now with the dinosaurs gone, we 2322 00:41:36,830 --> 00:41:36,840 small. Now with the dinosaurs gone, we 2323 00:41:36,840 --> 00:41:37,670 small. Now with the dinosaurs gone, we can 2324 00:41:37,670 --> 00:41:37,680 can 2325 00:41:37,680 --> 00:41:39,710 can us mammals can thrive. 2326 00:41:39,710 --> 00:41:39,720 us mammals can thrive. 2327 00:41:39,720 --> 00:41:41,270 us mammals can thrive. >> It's mammal time. Here come the mammals. 2328 00:41:41,270 --> 00:41:41,280 >> It's mammal time. Here come the mammals. 2329 00:41:41,280 --> 00:41:42,590 >> It's mammal time. Here come the mammals. Look at those breasts. Now they're going 2330 00:41:42,590 --> 00:41:42,600 Look at those breasts. Now they're going 2331 00:41:42,600 --> 00:41:43,750 Look at those breasts. Now they're going to dominate the world, and one of them 2332 00:41:43,750 --> 00:41:43,760 to dominate the world, and one of them 2333 00:41:43,760 --> 00:41:45,990 to dominate the world, and one of them just learned how to grab stuff and walk. 2334 00:41:45,990 --> 00:41:46,000 just learned how to grab stuff and walk. 2335 00:41:46,000 --> 00:41:48,270 just learned how to grab stuff and walk. No, like walk like that and grab stuff 2336 00:41:48,270 --> 00:41:48,280 No, like walk like that and grab stuff 2337 00:41:48,280 --> 00:41:50,510 No, like walk like that and grab stuff at the same time and bang rocks together 2338 00:41:50,510 --> 00:41:50,520 at the same time and bang rocks together 2339 00:41:50,520 --> 00:41:51,710 at the same time and bang rocks together to make pointed rocks. 2340 00:41:51,710 --> 00:41:51,720 to make pointed rocks. 2341 00:41:51,720 --> 00:41:54,390 to make pointed rocks. >> I like it's just so fast. It's just like 2342 00:41:54,390 --> 00:41:54,400 >> I like it's just so fast. It's just like 2343 00:41:54,400 --> 00:41:56,430 >> I like it's just so fast. It's just like whiplash from this [\h__\h] But it's true, 2344 00:41:56,430 --> 00:41:56,440 whiplash from this [\h__\h] But it's true, 2345 00:41:56,440 --> 00:41:57,990 whiplash from this [\h__\h] But it's true, you had [snorts] small mammals and then 2346 00:41:57,990 --> 00:41:58,000 you had [snorts] small mammals and then 2347 00:41:58,000 --> 00:42:01,790 you had [snorts] small mammals and then you know, skipping a lot to get to um 2348 00:42:01,790 --> 00:42:01,800 you know, skipping a lot to get to um 2349 00:42:01,800 --> 00:42:03,590 you know, skipping a lot to get to um you know, something 2350 00:42:03,590 --> 00:42:03,600 you know, something 2351 00:42:03,600 --> 00:42:04,910 you know, something to [clears throat] get to We're we're 2352 00:42:04,910 --> 00:42:04,920 to [clears throat] get to We're we're 2353 00:42:04,920 --> 00:42:06,310 to [clears throat] get to We're we're going through all of biological 2354 00:42:06,310 --> 00:42:06,320 going through all of biological 2355 00:42:06,320 --> 00:42:08,230 going through all of biological anthropology or old world monkeys and 2356 00:42:08,230 --> 00:42:08,240 anthropology or old world monkeys and 2357 00:42:08,240 --> 00:42:10,070 anthropology or old world monkeys and then apes. And then we're we're getting 2358 00:42:10,070 --> 00:42:10,080 then apes. And then we're we're getting 2359 00:42:10,080 --> 00:42:13,310 then apes. And then we're we're getting to the lineage where the the last common 2360 00:42:13,310 --> 00:42:13,320 to the lineage where the the last common 2361 00:42:13,320 --> 00:42:15,510 to the lineage where the the last common ancestor between humans and chimps sort 2362 00:42:15,510 --> 00:42:15,520 ancestor between humans and chimps sort 2363 00:42:15,520 --> 00:42:17,270 ancestor between humans and chimps sort of branches off and we're going up the 2364 00:42:17,270 --> 00:42:17,280 of branches off and we're going up the 2365 00:42:17,280 --> 00:42:20,590 of branches off and we're going up the up the hominid branch. And so I I I 2366 00:42:20,590 --> 00:42:20,600 up the hominid branch. And so I I I 2367 00:42:20,600 --> 00:42:22,150 up the hominid branch. And so I I I actually do like how that was described. 2368 00:42:22,150 --> 00:42:22,160 actually do like how that was described. 2369 00:42:22,160 --> 00:42:24,750 actually do like how that was described. It's so fast and so succinct, but we're 2370 00:42:24,750 --> 00:42:24,760 It's so fast and so succinct, but we're 2371 00:42:24,760 --> 00:42:27,470 It's so fast and so succinct, but we're talking about something 2372 00:42:27,470 --> 00:42:27,480 talking about something 2373 00:42:27,480 --> 00:42:29,710 talking about something we're talking about australopithecines 2374 00:42:29,710 --> 00:42:29,720 we're talking about australopithecines 2375 00:42:29,720 --> 00:42:31,630 we're talking about australopithecines that are beginning to walk upright, but 2376 00:42:31,630 --> 00:42:31,640 that are beginning to walk upright, but 2377 00:42:31,640 --> 00:42:34,590 that are beginning to walk upright, but they still can maneuver in the trees. So 2378 00:42:34,590 --> 00:42:34,600 they still can maneuver in the trees. So 2379 00:42:34,600 --> 00:42:36,590 they still can maneuver in the trees. So the these are the morphologies, these 2380 00:42:36,590 --> 00:42:36,600 the these are the morphologies, these 2381 00:42:36,600 --> 00:42:38,270 the these are the morphologies, these are morphological 2382 00:42:38,270 --> 00:42:38,280 are morphological 2383 00:42:38,280 --> 00:42:40,470 are morphological I should say anatomical characteristics 2384 00:42:40,470 --> 00:42:40,480 I should say anatomical characteristics 2385 00:42:40,480 --> 00:42:41,950 I should say anatomical characteristics that um 2386 00:42:41,950 --> 00:42:41,960 that um 2387 00:42:41,960 --> 00:42:45,310 that um that that clue us in to hominid 2388 00:42:45,310 --> 00:42:45,320 that that clue us in to hominid 2389 00:42:45,320 --> 00:42:48,070 that that clue us in to hominid evolution and how these organisms 2390 00:42:48,070 --> 00:42:48,080 evolution and how these organisms 2391 00:42:48,080 --> 00:42:50,470 evolution and how these organisms certainly were not chimps and were not 2392 00:42:50,470 --> 00:42:50,480 certainly were not chimps and were not 2393 00:42:50,480 --> 00:42:52,790 certainly were not chimps and were not humans. They have these intermediary 2394 00:42:52,790 --> 00:42:52,800 humans. They have these intermediary 2395 00:42:52,800 --> 00:42:55,350 humans. They have these intermediary characteristics where they're bipedal, 2396 00:42:55,350 --> 00:42:55,360 characteristics where they're bipedal, 2397 00:42:55,360 --> 00:42:58,390 characteristics where they're bipedal, but they have their yeah, their arms and 2398 00:42:58,390 --> 00:42:58,400 but they have their yeah, their arms and 2399 00:42:58,400 --> 00:43:00,790 but they have their yeah, their arms and things are very clearly for moving 2400 00:43:00,790 --> 00:43:00,800 things are very clearly for moving 2401 00:43:00,800 --> 00:43:02,870 things are very clearly for moving around in the trees. And so this is all 2402 00:43:02,870 --> 00:43:02,880 around in the trees. And so this is all 2403 00:43:02,880 --> 00:43:04,910 around in the trees. And so this is all happening in Africa and the impetus for 2404 00:43:04,910 --> 00:43:04,920 happening in Africa and the impetus for 2405 00:43:04,920 --> 00:43:07,830 happening in Africa and the impetus for this is that um 2406 00:43:07,830 --> 00:43:07,840 this is that um 2407 00:43:07,840 --> 00:43:11,550 this is that um um yeah, hominids or hominids were 2408 00:43:11,550 --> 00:43:11,560 um yeah, hominids or hominids were 2409 00:43:11,560 --> 00:43:14,470 um yeah, hominids or hominids were moving around in trees, but then there 2410 00:43:14,470 --> 00:43:14,480 moving around in trees, but then there 2411 00:43:14,480 --> 00:43:16,550 moving around in trees, but then there there's sort of a climatic shift and and 2412 00:43:16,550 --> 00:43:16,560 there's sort of a climatic shift and and 2413 00:43:16,560 --> 00:43:20,110 there's sort of a climatic shift and and the biome shifted towards savanna where 2414 00:43:20,110 --> 00:43:20,120 the biome shifted towards savanna where 2415 00:43:20,120 --> 00:43:22,510 the biome shifted towards savanna where you have [snorts] these long sort of 2416 00:43:22,510 --> 00:43:22,520 you have [snorts] these long sort of 2417 00:43:22,520 --> 00:43:25,590 you have [snorts] these long sort of empty stretches in between 2418 00:43:25,590 --> 00:43:25,600 empty stretches in between 2419 00:43:25,600 --> 00:43:27,830 empty stretches in between tree-filled regions. So they've got 2420 00:43:27,830 --> 00:43:27,840 tree-filled regions. So they've got 2421 00:43:27,840 --> 00:43:30,470 tree-filled regions. So they've got these canopy and there there's a high 2422 00:43:30,470 --> 00:43:30,480 these canopy and there there's a high 2423 00:43:30,480 --> 00:43:32,390 these canopy and there there's a high premium on being able to climb around in 2424 00:43:32,390 --> 00:43:32,400 premium on being able to climb around in 2425 00:43:32,400 --> 00:43:34,710 premium on being able to climb around in trees and get around in trees, but they 2426 00:43:34,710 --> 00:43:34,720 trees and get around in trees, but they 2427 00:43:34,720 --> 00:43:37,150 trees and get around in trees, but they also have to be able to traverse these 2428 00:43:37,150 --> 00:43:37,160 also have to be able to traverse these 2429 00:43:37,160 --> 00:43:40,790 also have to be able to traverse these large open sections of savanna where 2430 00:43:40,790 --> 00:43:40,800 large open sections of savanna where 2431 00:43:40,800 --> 00:43:43,710 large open sections of savanna where they are very vulnerable to predators. 2432 00:43:43,710 --> 00:43:43,720 they are very vulnerable to predators. 2433 00:43:43,720 --> 00:43:45,510 they are very vulnerable to predators. So you've got all kinds of different you 2434 00:43:45,510 --> 00:43:45,520 So you've got all kinds of different you 2435 00:43:45,520 --> 00:43:47,710 So you've got all kinds of different you know, large cats and 2436 00:43:47,710 --> 00:43:47,720 know, large cats and 2437 00:43:47,720 --> 00:43:48,790 know, large cats and and things like that that can very 2438 00:43:48,790 --> 00:43:48,800 and things like that that can very 2439 00:43:48,800 --> 00:43:51,230 and things like that that can very easily kill australopithecines. So there 2440 00:43:51,230 --> 00:43:51,240 easily kill australopithecines. So there 2441 00:43:51,240 --> 00:43:53,230 easily kill australopithecines. So there becomes a high premium 2442 00:43:53,230 --> 00:43:53,240 becomes a high premium 2443 00:43:53,240 --> 00:43:55,950 becomes a high premium also on being able to run really fast. 2444 00:43:55,950 --> 00:43:55,960 also on being able to run really fast. 2445 00:43:55,960 --> 00:43:58,790 also on being able to run really fast. And so bipedality evolved out of 2446 00:43:58,790 --> 00:43:58,800 And so bipedality evolved out of 2447 00:43:58,800 --> 00:44:01,110 And so bipedality evolved out of necessity to be able to traverse safely 2448 00:44:01,110 --> 00:44:01,120 necessity to be able to traverse safely 2449 00:44:01,120 --> 00:44:03,270 necessity to be able to traverse safely the these savanna regions, 2450 00:44:03,270 --> 00:44:03,280 the these savanna regions, 2451 00:44:03,280 --> 00:44:04,510 the these savanna regions, but they still needed to be able to 2452 00:44:04,510 --> 00:44:04,520 but they still needed to be able to 2453 00:44:04,520 --> 00:44:06,870 but they still needed to be able to climb around trees. And then as 2454 00:44:06,870 --> 00:44:06,880 climb around trees. And then as 2455 00:44:06,880 --> 00:44:08,630 climb around trees. And then as evolution continued, 2456 00:44:08,630 --> 00:44:08,640 evolution continued, 2457 00:44:08,640 --> 00:44:11,070 evolution continued, it became less tree-centric. 2458 00:44:11,070 --> 00:44:11,080 it became less tree-centric. 2459 00:44:11,080 --> 00:44:11,750 it became less tree-centric. Um 2460 00:44:11,750 --> 00:44:11,760 Um 2461 00:44:11,760 --> 00:44:13,870 Um And now we are getting to 2462 00:44:13,870 --> 00:44:13,880 And now we are getting to 2463 00:44:13,880 --> 00:44:16,670 And now we are getting to the genus Homo. I don't remember I don't 2464 00:44:16,670 --> 00:44:16,680 the genus Homo. I don't remember I don't 2465 00:44:16,680 --> 00:44:19,870 the genus Homo. I don't remember I don't think there are Australopithecines that 2466 00:44:19,870 --> 00:44:19,880 think there are Australopithecines that 2467 00:44:19,880 --> 00:44:23,030 think there are Australopithecines that were using stone tools. That may or may 2468 00:44:23,030 --> 00:44:23,040 were using stone tools. That may or may 2469 00:44:23,040 --> 00:44:25,550 were using stone tools. That may or may not be correct, but I know obviously 2470 00:44:25,550 --> 00:44:25,560 not be correct, but I know obviously 2471 00:44:25,560 --> 00:44:26,590 not be correct, but I know obviously that 2472 00:44:26,590 --> 00:44:26,600 that 2473 00:44:26,600 --> 00:44:29,790 that multiple Homo species 2474 00:44:29,790 --> 00:44:29,800 multiple Homo species 2475 00:44:29,800 --> 00:44:32,590 multiple Homo species were using tools. So tools tool use 2476 00:44:32,590 --> 00:44:32,600 were using tools. So tools tool use 2477 00:44:32,600 --> 00:44:34,870 were using tools. So tools tool use predates Homo sapiens. That absolutely 2478 00:44:34,870 --> 00:44:34,880 predates Homo sapiens. That absolutely 2479 00:44:34,880 --> 00:44:36,470 predates Homo sapiens. That absolutely is known. 2480 00:44:36,470 --> 00:44:36,480 is known. 2481 00:44:36,480 --> 00:44:38,790 is known. And so here we go. Let's now now we're 2482 00:44:38,790 --> 00:44:38,800 And so here we go. Let's now now we're 2483 00:44:38,800 --> 00:44:41,510 And so here we go. Let's now now we're firmly we're getting into early human 2484 00:44:41,510 --> 00:44:41,520 firmly we're getting into early human 2485 00:44:41,520 --> 00:44:44,750 firmly we're getting into early human prehistory. We're transitioning from 2486 00:44:44,750 --> 00:44:44,760 prehistory. We're transitioning from 2487 00:44:44,760 --> 00:44:46,390 prehistory. We're transitioning from biological anthropology into 2488 00:44:46,390 --> 00:44:46,400 biological anthropology into 2489 00:44:46,400 --> 00:44:47,790 biological anthropology into archaeology. We're going to start 2490 00:44:47,790 --> 00:44:47,800 archaeology. We're going to start 2491 00:44:47,800 --> 00:44:50,670 archaeology. We're going to start getting to the earliest civilizations. 2492 00:44:50,670 --> 00:44:50,680 getting to the earliest civilizations. 2493 00:44:50,680 --> 00:44:52,750 getting to the earliest civilizations. >> Ouch and set things on fire. Youch and 2494 00:44:52,750 --> 00:44:52,760 >> Ouch and set things on fire. Youch and 2495 00:44:52,760 --> 00:44:54,510 >> Ouch and set things on fire. Youch and make crazy sounds with their voice 2496 00:44:54,510 --> 00:44:54,520 make crazy sounds with their voice 2497 00:44:54,520 --> 00:44:55,870 make crazy sounds with their voice which can mean different things. 2498 00:44:55,870 --> 00:44:55,880 which can mean different things. 2499 00:44:55,880 --> 00:44:57,830 which can mean different things. >> That's a human [music] person. 2500 00:44:57,830 --> 00:44:57,840 >> That's a human [music] person. 2501 00:44:57,840 --> 00:44:59,870 >> That's a human [music] person. >> And now they're everywhere. Almost. 2502 00:44:59,870 --> 00:44:59,880 >> And now they're everywhere. Almost. 2503 00:44:59,880 --> 00:45:00,710 >> And now they're everywhere. Almost. >> Ice age. 2504 00:45:00,710 --> 00:45:00,720 >> Ice age. 2505 00:45:00,720 --> 00:45:02,950 >> Ice age. >> What? You can walk over here? Cool. 2506 00:45:02,950 --> 00:45:02,960 >> What? You can walk over here? Cool. 2507 00:45:02,960 --> 00:45:03,910 >> What? You can walk over here? Cool. >> Not anymore. [music] 2508 00:45:03,910 --> 00:45:03,920 >> Not anymore. [music] 2509 00:45:03,920 --> 00:45:05,430 >> Not anymore. [music] >> Well, I guess we're stuck here now. 2510 00:45:05,430 --> 00:45:05,440 >> Well, I guess we're stuck here now. 2511 00:45:05,440 --> 00:45:06,470 >> Well, I guess we're stuck here now. Let's review. There's people on the 2512 00:45:06,470 --> 00:45:06,480 Let's review. There's people on the 2513 00:45:06,480 --> 00:45:07,430 Let's review. There's people on the planet. 2514 00:45:07,430 --> 00:45:07,440 planet. 2515 00:45:07,440 --> 00:45:08,950 planet. And they're chasing their food. [\h__\h] it. 2516 00:45:08,950 --> 00:45:08,960 And they're chasing their food. [\h__\h] it. 2517 00:45:08,960 --> 00:45:10,670 And they're chasing their food. [\h__\h] it. Time to plant some grass. Look at this. 2518 00:45:10,670 --> 00:45:10,680 Time to plant some grass. Look at this. 2519 00:45:10,680 --> 00:45:12,310 Time to plant some grass. Look at this. I control the food now. Now everyone 2520 00:45:12,310 --> 00:45:12,320 I control the food now. Now everyone 2521 00:45:12,320 --> 00:45:13,550 I control the food now. Now everyone will want to be my friend and live near 2522 00:45:13,550 --> 00:45:13,560 will want to be my friend and live near 2523 00:45:13,560 --> 00:45:15,030 will want to be my friend and live near me. Let's all build houses except mine 2524 00:45:15,030 --> 00:45:15,040 me. Let's all build houses except mine 2525 00:45:15,040 --> 00:45:16,630 me. Let's all build houses except mine is bigger because I own the food. This 2526 00:45:16,630 --> 00:45:16,640 is bigger because I own the food. This 2527 00:45:16,640 --> 00:45:16,961 is bigger because I own the food. This is 2528 00:45:16,961 --> 00:45:16,971 is 2529 00:45:16,971 --> 00:45:17,230 is >> [laughter] 2530 00:45:17,230 --> 00:45:17,240 >> [laughter] 2531 00:45:17,240 --> 00:45:18,271 >> [laughter] >> So 2532 00:45:18,271 --> 00:45:18,281 >> So 2533 00:45:18,281 --> 00:45:18,310 >> So >> [snorts] 2534 00:45:18,310 --> 00:45:18,320 >> [snorts] 2535 00:45:18,320 --> 00:45:20,310 >> [snorts] >> Okay, so we've gotten all the way up to 2536 00:45:20,310 --> 00:45:20,320 >> Okay, so we've gotten all the way up to 2537 00:45:20,320 --> 00:45:22,190 >> Okay, so we've gotten all the way up to agriculture. So we've got to to early 2538 00:45:22,190 --> 00:45:22,200 agriculture. So we've got to to early 2539 00:45:22,200 --> 00:45:25,430 agriculture. So we've got to to early civilization. So so early Holocene we're 2540 00:45:25,430 --> 00:45:25,440 civilization. So so early Holocene we're 2541 00:45:25,440 --> 00:45:28,550 civilization. So so early Holocene we're talking about just past the most recent 2542 00:45:28,550 --> 00:45:28,560 talking about just past the most recent 2543 00:45:28,560 --> 00:45:30,230 talking about just past the most recent ice age. 2544 00:45:30,230 --> 00:45:30,240 ice age. 2545 00:45:30,240 --> 00:45:33,270 ice age. And so that that 2546 00:45:33,270 --> 00:45:33,280 And so that that 2547 00:45:33,280 --> 00:45:35,390 And so that that right after the Younger Dryas you have 2548 00:45:35,390 --> 00:45:35,400 right after the Younger Dryas you have 2549 00:45:35,400 --> 00:45:37,950 right after the Younger Dryas you have this global climatic shift. Prior to 2550 00:45:37,950 --> 00:45:37,960 this global climatic shift. Prior to 2551 00:45:37,960 --> 00:45:42,110 this global climatic shift. Prior to that the climate was too unstable to to 2552 00:45:42,110 --> 00:45:42,120 that the climate was too unstable to to 2553 00:45:42,120 --> 00:45:44,830 that the climate was too unstable to to very reliably farm anything. But 2554 00:45:44,830 --> 00:45:44,840 very reliably farm anything. But 2555 00:45:44,840 --> 00:45:47,830 very reliably farm anything. But globally we see agriculture emerge 2556 00:45:47,830 --> 00:45:47,840 globally we see agriculture emerge 2557 00:45:47,840 --> 00:45:49,870 globally we see agriculture emerge in the early Holocene all over the world 2558 00:45:49,870 --> 00:45:49,880 in the early Holocene all over the world 2559 00:45:49,880 --> 00:45:51,870 in the early Holocene all over the world because of this global climatic shift 2560 00:45:51,870 --> 00:45:51,880 because of this global climatic shift 2561 00:45:51,880 --> 00:45:53,550 because of this global climatic shift and then also because 2562 00:45:53,550 --> 00:45:53,560 and then also because 2563 00:45:53,560 --> 00:45:55,150 and then also because this information can be shared. People 2564 00:45:55,150 --> 00:45:55,160 this information can be shared. People 2565 00:45:55,160 --> 00:45:58,270 this information can be shared. People can migrate merchants merchants can 2566 00:45:58,270 --> 00:45:58,280 can migrate merchants merchants can 2567 00:45:58,280 --> 00:46:00,150 can migrate merchants merchants can can bring seeds and stuff. So so So, 2568 00:46:00,150 --> 00:46:00,160 can bring seeds and stuff. So so So, 2569 00:46:00,160 --> 00:46:02,950 can bring seeds and stuff. So so So, have this emergence of agriculture, 2570 00:46:02,950 --> 00:46:02,960 have this emergence of agriculture, 2571 00:46:02,960 --> 00:46:03,550 have this emergence of agriculture, uh 2572 00:46:03,550 --> 00:46:03,560 uh 2573 00:46:03,560 --> 00:46:07,150 uh and uh that's happening and uh this this 2574 00:46:07,150 --> 00:46:07,160 and uh that's happening and uh this this 2575 00:46:07,160 --> 00:46:09,070 and uh that's happening and uh this this begins to pave the way for large-scale 2576 00:46:09,070 --> 00:46:09,080 begins to pave the way for large-scale 2577 00:46:09,080 --> 00:46:13,030 begins to pave the way for large-scale civilization. Uh and when you have uh 2578 00:46:13,030 --> 00:46:13,040 civilization. Uh and when you have uh 2579 00:46:13,040 --> 00:46:16,070 civilization. Uh and when you have uh less of a hunter-gatherer focused uh 2580 00:46:16,070 --> 00:46:16,080 less of a hunter-gatherer focused uh 2581 00:46:16,080 --> 00:46:19,430 less of a hunter-gatherer focused uh society, you have uh very localized 2582 00:46:19,430 --> 00:46:19,440 society, you have uh very localized 2583 00:46:19,440 --> 00:46:21,030 society, you have uh very localized civilization. That's when you begin to 2584 00:46:21,030 --> 00:46:21,040 civilization. That's when you begin to 2585 00:46:21,040 --> 00:46:23,990 civilization. That's when you begin to see social hierarchy evolve. You begin 2586 00:46:23,990 --> 00:46:24,000 see social hierarchy evolve. You begin 2587 00:46:24,000 --> 00:46:26,190 see social hierarchy evolve. You begin to see the emergence of the concept of 2588 00:46:26,190 --> 00:46:26,200 to see the emergence of the concept of 2589 00:46:26,200 --> 00:46:29,550 to see the emergence of the concept of the possession of property uh along that 2590 00:46:29,550 --> 00:46:29,560 the possession of property uh along that 2591 00:46:29,560 --> 00:46:33,270 the possession of property uh along that uh marriage, things like that. Um and uh 2592 00:46:33,270 --> 00:46:33,280 uh marriage, things like that. Um and uh 2593 00:46:33,280 --> 00:46:34,950 uh marriage, things like that. Um and uh so, this is a 2594 00:46:34,950 --> 00:46:34,960 so, this is a 2595 00:46:34,960 --> 00:46:37,950 so, this is a This is an enormous shift in the way 2596 00:46:37,950 --> 00:46:37,960 This is an enormous shift in the way 2597 00:46:37,960 --> 00:46:40,550 This is an enormous shift in the way humans behaved when we start to see 2598 00:46:40,550 --> 00:46:40,560 humans behaved when we start to see 2599 00:46:40,560 --> 00:46:41,990 humans behaved when we start to see these early civilizations. So, we're 2600 00:46:41,990 --> 00:46:42,000 these early civilizations. So, we're 2601 00:46:42,000 --> 00:46:43,470 these early civilizations. So, we're going to start talking about Sumer, 2602 00:46:43,470 --> 00:46:43,480 going to start talking about Sumer, 2603 00:46:43,480 --> 00:46:45,910 going to start talking about Sumer, Babylon, uh that kind of stuff. 2604 00:46:45,910 --> 00:46:45,920 Babylon, uh that kind of stuff. 2605 00:46:45,920 --> 00:46:47,110 Babylon, uh that kind of stuff. >> This is great. I wonder if anyone else 2606 00:46:47,110 --> 00:46:47,120 >> This is great. I wonder if anyone else 2607 00:46:47,120 --> 00:46:48,870 >> This is great. I wonder if anyone else is doing this. Tired of using rocks for 2608 00:46:48,870 --> 00:46:48,880 is doing this. Tired of using rocks for 2609 00:46:48,880 --> 00:46:51,030 is doing this. Tired of using rocks for everything? Use metal. It's underground. 2610 00:46:51,030 --> 00:46:51,040 everything? Use metal. It's underground. 2611 00:46:51,040 --> 00:46:52,470 everything? Use metal. It's underground. Better farming was just invented in a 2612 00:46:52,470 --> 00:46:52,480 Better farming was just invented in a 2613 00:46:52,480 --> 00:46:53,670 Better farming was just invented in a sweet dank valley [music] right in 2614 00:46:53,670 --> 00:46:53,680 sweet dank valley [music] right in 2615 00:46:53,680 --> 00:46:55,030 sweet dank valley [music] right in between these two rivers, and the 2616 00:46:55,030 --> 00:46:55,040 between these two rivers, and the 2617 00:46:55,040 --> 00:46:55,870 between these two rivers, and the animals are helping. 2618 00:46:55,870 --> 00:46:55,880 animals are helping. 2619 00:46:55,880 --> 00:46:57,590 animals are helping. >> Guess what happens next? 2620 00:46:57,590 --> 00:46:57,600 >> Guess what happens next? 2621 00:46:57,600 --> 00:46:59,070 >> Guess what happens next? >> More food and more people who came to 2622 00:46:59,070 --> 00:46:59,080 >> More food and more people who came to 2623 00:46:59,080 --> 00:47:00,190 >> More food and more people who came to buy [music] the food. And you need 2624 00:47:00,190 --> 00:47:00,200 buy [music] the food. And you need 2625 00:47:00,200 --> 00:47:01,310 buy [music] the food. And you need people to help make the food and keep 2626 00:47:01,310 --> 00:47:01,320 people to help make the food and keep 2627 00:47:01,320 --> 00:47:02,470 people to help make the food and keep track of the sales. And now you need 2628 00:47:02,470 --> 00:47:02,480 track of the sales. And now you need 2629 00:47:02,480 --> 00:47:03,750 track of the sales. And now you need houses for people to live in and people 2630 00:47:03,750 --> 00:47:03,760 houses for people to live in and people 2631 00:47:03,760 --> 00:47:04,830 houses for people to live in and people to make the houses. And now there's more 2632 00:47:04,830 --> 00:47:04,840 to make the houses. And now there's more 2633 00:47:04,840 --> 00:47:05,870 to make the houses. And now there's more people and they invent things, [music] 2634 00:47:05,870 --> 00:47:05,880 people and they invent things, [music] 2635 00:47:05,880 --> 00:47:06,910 people and they invent things, [music] which makes things better, and more 2636 00:47:06,910 --> 00:47:06,920 which makes things better, and more 2637 00:47:06,920 --> 00:47:08,070 which makes things better, and more people come, and there's more farming, 2638 00:47:08,070 --> 00:47:08,080 people come, and there's more farming, 2639 00:47:08,080 --> 00:47:09,310 people come, and there's more farming, and more people to make more things for 2640 00:47:09,310 --> 00:47:09,320 and more people to make more things for 2641 00:47:09,320 --> 00:47:10,710 and more people to make more things for more people. And now there's business, 2642 00:47:10,710 --> 00:47:10,720 more people. And now there's business, 2643 00:47:10,720 --> 00:47:12,790 more people. And now there's business, money, writing, laws, power. 2644 00:47:12,790 --> 00:47:12,800 money, writing, laws, power. 2645 00:47:12,800 --> 00:47:15,590 money, writing, laws, power. >> Society. 2646 00:47:15,590 --> 00:47:15,600 2647 00:47:15,600 --> 00:47:18,950 >> It's I mean, it's like it's so funny and 2648 00:47:18,950 --> 00:47:18,960 >> It's I mean, it's like it's so funny and 2649 00:47:18,960 --> 00:47:21,910 >> It's I mean, it's like it's so funny and overly reductive, but strangely 2650 00:47:21,910 --> 00:47:21,920 overly reductive, but strangely 2651 00:47:21,920 --> 00:47:24,750 overly reductive, but strangely accurate, right? It This is what it is, 2652 00:47:24,750 --> 00:47:24,760 accurate, right? It This is what it is, 2653 00:47:24,760 --> 00:47:26,510 accurate, right? It This is what it is, right? You You have agriculture, you 2654 00:47:26,510 --> 00:47:26,520 right? You You have agriculture, you 2655 00:47:26,520 --> 00:47:29,710 right? You You have agriculture, you have the ability to grow much larger 2656 00:47:29,710 --> 00:47:29,720 have the ability to grow much larger 2657 00:47:29,720 --> 00:47:31,350 have the ability to grow much larger amounts of food that can sustain more 2658 00:47:31,350 --> 00:47:31,360 amounts of food that can sustain more 2659 00:47:31,360 --> 00:47:33,230 amounts of food that can sustain more people. So, the people are going to go 2660 00:47:33,230 --> 00:47:33,240 people. So, the people are going to go 2661 00:47:33,240 --> 00:47:35,070 people. So, the people are going to go to where the food is, and then they need 2662 00:47:35,070 --> 00:47:35,080 to where the food is, and then they need 2663 00:47:35,080 --> 00:47:37,670 to where the food is, and then they need to be housed, and then the 2664 00:47:37,670 --> 00:47:37,680 to be housed, and then the 2665 00:47:37,680 --> 00:47:40,310 to be housed, and then the very complicated social dynamics arise. 2666 00:47:40,310 --> 00:47:40,320 very complicated social dynamics arise. 2667 00:47:40,320 --> 00:47:43,470 very complicated social dynamics arise. So, there has to be uh there has to be 2668 00:47:43,470 --> 00:47:43,480 So, there has to be uh there has to be 2669 00:47:43,480 --> 00:47:45,430 So, there has to be uh there has to be the development of laws if all of these 2670 00:47:45,430 --> 00:47:45,440 the development of laws if all of these 2671 00:47:45,440 --> 00:47:47,310 the development of laws if all of these people are going to live in this small 2672 00:47:47,310 --> 00:47:47,320 people are going to live in this small 2673 00:47:47,320 --> 00:47:49,030 people are going to live in this small space, which has never happened before 2674 00:47:49,030 --> 00:47:49,040 space, which has never happened before 2675 00:47:49,040 --> 00:47:51,590 space, which has never happened before in human history. We have to have rules 2676 00:47:51,590 --> 00:47:51,600 in human history. We have to have rules 2677 00:47:51,600 --> 00:47:53,630 in human history. We have to have rules such that we can all coexist in this 2678 00:47:53,630 --> 00:47:53,640 such that we can all coexist in this 2679 00:47:53,640 --> 00:47:55,550 such that we can all coexist in this space, have access to the the things 2680 00:47:55,550 --> 00:47:55,560 space, have access to the the things 2681 00:47:55,560 --> 00:47:56,910 space, have access to the the things like that. 2682 00:47:56,910 --> 00:47:56,920 like that. 2683 00:47:56,920 --> 00:47:59,470 like that. It's it's remarkably complicated, but 2684 00:47:59,470 --> 00:47:59,480 It's it's remarkably complicated, but 2685 00:47:59,480 --> 00:48:02,070 It's it's remarkably complicated, but then when you zoom out and get really 2686 00:48:02,070 --> 00:48:02,080 then when you zoom out and get really 2687 00:48:02,080 --> 00:48:03,390 then when you zoom out and get really just 2688 00:48:03,390 --> 00:48:03,400 just 2689 00:48:03,400 --> 00:48:06,070 just it is that simple, right? Everything is 2690 00:48:06,070 --> 00:48:06,080 it is that simple, right? Everything is 2691 00:48:06,080 --> 00:48:08,230 it is that simple, right? Everything is simple and then you learn more about it 2692 00:48:08,230 --> 00:48:08,240 simple and then you learn more about it 2693 00:48:08,240 --> 00:48:10,150 simple and then you learn more about it and it gets very, very, very complicated 2694 00:48:10,150 --> 00:48:10,160 and it gets very, very, very complicated 2695 00:48:10,160 --> 00:48:11,550 and it gets very, very, very complicated and then you zoom out even further and 2696 00:48:11,550 --> 00:48:11,560 and then you zoom out even further and 2697 00:48:11,560 --> 00:48:13,590 and then you zoom out even further and it's kind of simple again. That's the 2698 00:48:13,590 --> 00:48:13,600 it's kind of simple again. That's the 2699 00:48:13,600 --> 00:48:15,870 it's kind of simple again. That's the bizarre thing about in particular human 2700 00:48:15,870 --> 00:48:15,880 bizarre thing about in particular human 2701 00:48:15,880 --> 00:48:19,990 bizarre thing about in particular human history. Um but uh it's incredible. So, 2702 00:48:19,990 --> 00:48:20,000 history. Um but uh it's incredible. So, 2703 00:48:20,000 --> 00:48:21,750 history. Um but uh it's incredible. So, yes, we're at we're we're basically 2704 00:48:21,750 --> 00:48:21,760 yes, we're at we're we're basically 2705 00:48:21,760 --> 00:48:23,830 yes, we're at we're we're basically we're at Sumer here, I believe is what 2706 00:48:23,830 --> 00:48:23,840 we're at Sumer here, I believe is what 2707 00:48:23,840 --> 00:48:24,948 we're at Sumer here, I believe is what what's being depicted. 2708 00:48:24,948 --> 00:48:24,958 what's being depicted. 2709 00:48:24,958 --> 00:48:25,190 what's being depicted. >> [snorts] 2710 00:48:25,190 --> 00:48:25,200 >> [snorts] 2711 00:48:25,200 --> 00:48:26,910 >> [snorts] >> Coming soon to a dank river valley near 2712 00:48:26,910 --> 00:48:26,920 >> Coming soon to a dank river valley near 2713 00:48:26,920 --> 00:48:28,430 >> Coming soon to a dank river valley near you. Meanwhile, out in the middle of 2714 00:48:28,430 --> 00:48:28,440 you. Meanwhile, out in the middle of 2715 00:48:28,440 --> 00:48:29,830 you. Meanwhile, out in the middle of nowhere, the horse is probably being 2716 00:48:29,830 --> 00:48:29,840 nowhere, the horse is probably being 2717 00:48:29,840 --> 00:48:31,710 nowhere, the horse is probably being tamed. Why is all my metal so lame and 2718 00:48:31,710 --> 00:48:31,720 tamed. Why is all my metal so lame and 2719 00:48:31,720 --> 00:48:33,870 tamed. Why is all my metal so lame and lumpy? Tired of using lame, sad metal? 2720 00:48:33,870 --> 00:48:33,880 lumpy? Tired of using lame, sad metal? 2721 00:48:33,880 --> 00:48:36,070 lumpy? Tired of using lame, sad metal? Introducing made with special ingredient 2722 00:48:36,070 --> 00:48:36,080 Introducing made with special ingredient 2723 00:48:36,080 --> 00:48:37,830 Introducing made with special ingredient tin from the far lands of Tinland. I 2724 00:48:37,830 --> 00:48:37,840 tin from the far lands of Tinland. I 2725 00:48:37,840 --> 00:48:39,070 tin from the far lands of Tinland. I don't know, my dealer won't tell me 2726 00:48:39,070 --> 00:48:39,080 don't know, my dealer won't tell me 2727 00:48:39,080 --> 00:48:41,323 don't know, my dealer won't tell me where he gets it. Also, guess what? 2728 00:48:41,323 --> 00:48:41,333 where he gets it. Also, guess what? 2729 00:48:41,333 --> 00:48:42,070 where he gets it. Also, guess what? >> [music] 2730 00:48:42,070 --> 00:48:42,080 >> [music] 2731 00:48:42,080 --> 00:48:43,190 >> [music] >> Meanwhile, out in the middle of nowhere, 2732 00:48:43,190 --> 00:48:43,200 >> Meanwhile, out in the middle of nowhere, 2733 00:48:43,200 --> 00:48:44,510 >> Meanwhile, out in the middle of nowhere, they figured out how to put wheels on a 2734 00:48:44,510 --> 00:48:44,520 they figured out how to put wheels on a 2735 00:48:44,520 --> 00:48:47,830 they figured out how to put wheels on a horse. Now we're getting somewhere. 2736 00:48:47,830 --> 00:48:47,840 horse. Now we're getting somewhere. 2737 00:48:47,840 --> 00:48:49,183 horse. Now we're getting somewhere. And did I mention 2738 00:48:49,183 --> 00:48:49,193 And did I mention 2739 00:48:49,193 --> 00:48:50,870 And did I mention >> [music] 2740 00:48:50,870 --> 00:48:50,880 >> [music] 2741 00:48:50,880 --> 00:48:52,510 >> [music] >> I love [laughter] it. Like entire 2742 00:48:52,510 --> 00:48:52,520 >> I love [laughter] it. Like entire 2743 00:48:52,520 --> 00:48:56,510 >> I love [laughter] it. Like entire civilizations are just Egypt. 2744 00:48:56,510 --> 00:48:56,520 civilizations are just Egypt. 2745 00:48:56,520 --> 00:48:58,830 civilizations are just Egypt. But we're going so fast, right? At each 2746 00:48:58,830 --> 00:48:58,840 But we're going so fast, right? At each 2747 00:48:58,840 --> 00:49:01,470 But we're going so fast, right? At each second is a thousand years. So, that's 2748 00:49:01,470 --> 00:49:01,480 second is a thousand years. So, that's 2749 00:49:01,480 --> 00:49:02,790 second is a thousand years. So, that's where that's how fast we're going. I 2750 00:49:02,790 --> 00:49:02,800 where that's how fast we're going. I 2751 00:49:02,800 --> 00:49:03,990 where that's how fast we're going. I mean, not a thousand, but I mean it's 2752 00:49:03,990 --> 00:49:04,000 mean, not a thousand, but I mean it's 2753 00:49:04,000 --> 00:49:05,750 mean, not a thousand, but I mean it's it's really, really moving. Okay, 2754 00:49:05,750 --> 00:49:05,760 it's really, really moving. Okay, 2755 00:49:05,760 --> 00:49:10,030 it's really, really moving. Okay, society count. Let's check it out. 2756 00:49:10,030 --> 00:49:10,040 2757 00:49:10,040 --> 00:49:10,910 >> The Middle East is getting more 2758 00:49:10,910 --> 00:49:10,920 >> The Middle East is getting more 2759 00:49:10,920 --> 00:49:12,230 >> The Middle East is getting more complicated. Maybe because it's in the 2760 00:49:12,230 --> 00:49:12,240 complicated. Maybe because it's in the 2761 00:49:12,240 --> 00:49:14,350 complicated. Maybe because it's in the middle of the East. Knock knock or clap 2762 00:49:14,350 --> 00:49:14,360 middle of the East. Knock knock or clap 2763 00:49:14,360 --> 00:49:16,430 middle of the East. Knock knock or clap clap, it's the people with the horses 2764 00:49:16,430 --> 00:49:16,440 clap, it's the people with the horses 2765 00:49:16,440 --> 00:49:17,630 clap, it's the people with the horses and they made an empire and then 2766 00:49:17,630 --> 00:49:17,640 and they made an empire and then 2767 00:49:17,640 --> 00:49:19,470 and they made an empire and then everyone else copied their horses. 2768 00:49:19,470 --> 00:49:19,480 everyone else copied their horses. 2769 00:49:19,480 --> 00:49:21,030 everyone else copied their horses. Oh, look, it must be the Greeks or a 2770 00:49:21,030 --> 00:49:21,040 Oh, look, it must be the Greeks or a 2771 00:49:21,040 --> 00:49:22,670 Oh, look, it must be the Greeks or a beta version of the Greeks. Let's check 2772 00:49:22,670 --> 00:49:22,680 beta version of the Greeks. Let's check 2773 00:49:22,680 --> 00:49:23,710 beta version of the Greeks. Let's check in with the Indus River Valley 2774 00:49:23,710 --> 00:49:23,720 in with the Indus River Valley 2775 00:49:23,720 --> 00:49:25,030 in with the Indus River Valley civilization. They're gone. 2776 00:49:25,030 --> 00:49:25,040 civilization. They're gone. 2777 00:49:25,040 --> 00:49:28,150 civilization. They're gone. >> Beta version. So, you have like Minoan 2778 00:49:28,150 --> 00:49:28,160 >> Beta version. So, you have like Minoan 2779 00:49:28,160 --> 00:49:30,390 >> Beta version. So, you have like Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations, which are 2780 00:49:30,390 --> 00:49:30,400 and Mycenaean civilizations, which are 2781 00:49:30,400 --> 00:49:33,110 and Mycenaean civilizations, which are Greek, but they predate classical Greece 2782 00:49:33,110 --> 00:49:33,120 Greek, but they predate classical Greece 2783 00:49:33,120 --> 00:49:34,910 Greek, but they predate classical Greece by a good amount, a thousand or two 2784 00:49:34,910 --> 00:49:34,920 by a good amount, a thousand or two 2785 00:49:34,920 --> 00:49:38,350 by a good amount, a thousand or two thousand years or something. Um and uh 2786 00:49:38,350 --> 00:49:38,360 thousand years or something. Um and uh 2787 00:49:38,360 --> 00:49:40,590 thousand years or something. Um and uh yeah, so that's 2788 00:49:40,590 --> 00:49:40,600 yeah, so that's 2789 00:49:40,600 --> 00:49:42,630 yeah, so that's uneventful I mean, there's a lot going 2790 00:49:42,630 --> 00:49:42,640 uneventful I mean, there's a lot going 2791 00:49:42,640 --> 00:49:45,430 uneventful I mean, there's a lot going on, but not compared to the classical 2792 00:49:45,430 --> 00:49:45,440 on, but not compared to the classical 2793 00:49:45,440 --> 00:49:47,190 on, but not compared to the classical Greece that that we're familiar with. 2794 00:49:47,190 --> 00:49:47,200 Greece that that we're familiar with. 2795 00:49:47,200 --> 00:49:49,030 Greece that that we're familiar with. And then pivot to Indus Valley really 2796 00:49:49,030 --> 00:49:49,040 And then pivot to Indus Valley really 2797 00:49:49,040 --> 00:49:49,790 And then pivot to Indus Valley really quickly. 2798 00:49:49,790 --> 00:49:49,800 quickly. 2799 00:49:49,800 --> 00:49:51,870 quickly. >> They're gone. Guess who's not gone? 2800 00:49:51,870 --> 00:49:51,880 >> They're gone. Guess who's not gone? 2801 00:49:51,880 --> 00:49:53,110 >> They're gone. Guess who's not gone? New arrivals [music and singing] in 2802 00:49:53,110 --> 00:49:53,120 New arrivals [music and singing] in 2803 00:49:53,120 --> 00:49:55,670 New arrivals [music and singing] in India. Maybe it's those horse people I 2804 00:49:55,670 --> 00:49:55,680 India. Maybe it's those horse people I 2805 00:49:55,680 --> 00:49:57,304 India. Maybe it's those horse people I was talking about or their cousins 2806 00:49:57,304 --> 00:49:57,314 was talking about or their cousins 2807 00:49:57,314 --> 00:49:59,630 was talking about or their cousins [music] or something. 2808 00:49:59,630 --> 00:49:59,640 [music] or something. 2809 00:49:59,640 --> 00:50:02,190 [music] or something. And they wrote some hymns and mantras 2810 00:50:02,190 --> 00:50:02,200 And they wrote some hymns and mantras 2811 00:50:02,200 --> 00:50:03,070 And they wrote some hymns and mantras and stuff. 2812 00:50:03,070 --> 00:50:03,080 and stuff. 2813 00:50:03,080 --> 00:50:04,750 and stuff. >> You could make a religion out of this. 2814 00:50:04,750 --> 00:50:04,760 >> You could make a religion out of this. 2815 00:50:04,760 --> 00:50:05,950 >> You could make a religion out of this. There's the Bronze Age collapse. 2816 00:50:05,950 --> 00:50:05,960 There's the Bronze Age collapse. 2817 00:50:05,960 --> 00:50:07,710 There's the Bronze Age collapse. >> Now the Phoenicians can get down to 2818 00:50:07,710 --> 00:50:07,720 >> Now the Phoenicians can get down to 2819 00:50:07,720 --> 00:50:08,550 >> Now the Phoenicians can get down to business. 2820 00:50:08,550 --> 00:50:08,560 business. 2821 00:50:08,560 --> 00:50:09,830 business. >> Also, can we switch to a metal that's a 2822 00:50:09,830 --> 00:50:09,840 >> Also, can we switch to a metal that's a 2823 00:50:09,840 --> 00:50:11,390 >> Also, can we switch to a metal that's a little easier to find? Thanks. Look who 2824 00:50:11,390 --> 00:50:11,400 little easier to find? Thanks. Look who 2825 00:50:11,400 --> 00:50:12,950 little easier to find? Thanks. Look who came back to Israel. It's the 12 tribes 2826 00:50:12,950 --> 00:50:12,960 came back to Israel. It's the 12 tribes 2827 00:50:12,960 --> 00:50:13,430 came back to Israel. It's the 12 tribes of Israel. 2828 00:50:13,430 --> 00:50:13,440 of Israel. 2829 00:50:13,440 --> 00:50:14,989 of Israel. >> And they believe [music] in God. 2830 00:50:14,989 --> 00:50:14,999 >> And they believe [music] in God. 2831 00:50:14,999 --> 00:50:15,270 >> And they believe [music] in God. [singing] 2832 00:50:15,270 --> 00:50:15,280 [singing] 2833 00:50:15,280 --> 00:50:16,950 [singing] >> Just one though. He's got like a 10-step 2834 00:50:16,950 --> 00:50:16,960 >> Just one though. He's got like a 10-step 2835 00:50:16,960 --> 00:50:18,990 >> Just one though. He's got like a 10-step program. Here's some huge heads. Must 2836 00:50:18,990 --> 00:50:19,000 program. Here's some huge heads. Must 2837 00:50:19,000 --> 00:50:21,430 program. Here's some huge heads. Must >> It's great. I mean, they just you you're 2838 00:50:21,430 --> 00:50:21,440 >> It's great. I mean, they just you you're 2839 00:50:21,440 --> 00:50:23,510 >> It's great. I mean, they just you you're going from Bronze Age to Iron Age just 2840 00:50:23,510 --> 00:50:23,520 going from Bronze Age to Iron Age just 2841 00:50:23,520 --> 00:50:25,430 going from Bronze Age to Iron Age just by saying iron. And [laughter] 2842 00:50:25,430 --> 00:50:25,440 by saying iron. And [laughter] 2843 00:50:25,440 --> 00:50:29,550 by saying iron. And [laughter] and then the the the uh right now we 2844 00:50:29,550 --> 00:50:29,560 and then the the the uh right now we 2845 00:50:29,560 --> 00:50:32,390 and then the the the uh right now we have monotheism monotheism is a thing. 2846 00:50:32,390 --> 00:50:32,400 have monotheism monotheism is a thing. 2847 00:50:32,400 --> 00:50:33,830 have monotheism monotheism is a thing. Uh okay, now let's check out so the 2848 00:50:33,830 --> 00:50:33,840 Uh okay, now let's check out so the 2849 00:50:33,840 --> 00:50:35,710 Uh okay, now let's check out so the Olmecs are the earliest uh civilization 2850 00:50:35,710 --> 00:50:35,720 Olmecs are the earliest uh civilization 2851 00:50:35,720 --> 00:50:36,390 Olmecs are the earliest uh civilization in this region. 2852 00:50:36,390 --> 00:50:36,400 in this region. 2853 00:50:36,400 --> 00:50:37,870 in this region. >> It's the Olmecs. The Phoenicians make 2854 00:50:37,870 --> 00:50:37,880 >> It's the Olmecs. The Phoenicians make 2855 00:50:37,880 --> 00:50:39,270 >> It's the Olmecs. The Phoenicians make some colonies. The Greeks copy their 2856 00:50:39,270 --> 00:50:39,280 some colonies. The Greeks copy their 2857 00:50:39,280 --> 00:50:40,470 some colonies. The Greeks copy their idea and make some colonies. The 2858 00:50:40,470 --> 00:50:40,480 idea and make some colonies. The 2859 00:50:40,480 --> 00:50:41,870 idea and make some colonies. The Phoenicians made a colony so big it 2860 00:50:41,870 --> 00:50:41,880 Phoenicians made a colony so big it 2861 00:50:41,880 --> 00:50:43,350 Phoenicians made a colony so big it makes colonies. Here comes the Assyrian 2862 00:50:43,350 --> 00:50:43,360 makes colonies. Here comes the Assyrian 2863 00:50:43,360 --> 00:50:44,830 makes colonies. Here comes the Assyrian Empire. Never mind, it's the Babylonian 2864 00:50:44,830 --> 00:50:44,840 Empire. Never mind, it's the Babylonian 2865 00:50:44,840 --> 00:50:45,190 Empire. Never mind, it's the Babylonian Median. 2866 00:50:45,190 --> 00:50:45,200 Median. 2867 00:50:45,200 --> 00:50:47,550 Median. >> It's the Persian Empire. 2868 00:50:47,550 --> 00:50:47,560 >> It's the Persian Empire. 2869 00:50:47,560 --> 00:50:49,270 >> It's the Persian Empire. >> Wow, that's big. 2870 00:50:49,270 --> 00:50:49,280 >> Wow, that's big. 2871 00:50:49,280 --> 00:50:50,470 >> Wow, that's big. Uh the Buddha was just enlightened. 2872 00:50:50,470 --> 00:50:50,480 Uh the Buddha was just enlightened. 2873 00:50:50,480 --> 00:50:52,070 Uh the Buddha was just enlightened. Who's the Buddha? This guy who sat under 2874 00:50:52,070 --> 00:50:52,080 Who's the Buddha? This guy who sat under 2875 00:50:52,080 --> 00:50:53,350 Who's the Buddha? This guy who sat under a tree for so long that he figured out 2876 00:50:53,350 --> 00:50:53,360 a tree for so long that he figured out 2877 00:50:53,360 --> 00:50:54,350 a tree for so long that he figured out how to ignore the fact that we're all 2878 00:50:54,350 --> 00:50:54,360 how to ignore the fact that we're all 2879 00:50:54,360 --> 00:50:55,600 how to ignore the fact that we're all dying. You can make a religion out of 2880 00:50:55,600 --> 00:50:55,610 dying. You can make a religion out of 2881 00:50:55,610 --> 00:50:56,470 dying. You can make a religion out of [music] this. 2882 00:50:56,470 --> 00:50:56,480 [music] this. 2883 00:50:56,480 --> 00:50:57,870 [music] this. Oops, China just broke but while it was 2884 00:50:57,870 --> 00:50:57,880 Oops, China just broke but while it was 2885 00:50:57,880 --> 00:50:59,510 Oops, China just broke but while it was breaking Confucius was figuring out how 2886 00:50:59,510 --> 00:50:59,520 breaking Confucius was figuring out how 2887 00:50:59,520 --> 00:51:00,870 breaking Confucius was figuring out how to have good morals. 2888 00:51:00,870 --> 00:51:00,880 to have good morals. 2889 00:51:00,880 --> 00:51:02,190 to have good morals. Uh the Greeks just had the idea of 2890 00:51:02,190 --> 00:51:02,200 Uh the Greeks just had the idea of 2891 00:51:02,200 --> 00:51:03,590 Uh the Greeks just had the idea of thinking about stuff. And right over 2892 00:51:03,590 --> 00:51:03,600 thinking about stuff. And right over 2893 00:51:03,600 --> 00:51:05,190 thinking about stuff. And right over here Alexander just had the idea of 2894 00:51:05,190 --> 00:51:05,200 here Alexander just had the idea of 2895 00:51:05,200 --> 00:51:06,750 here Alexander just had the idea of conquering the entire Persian Empire. 2896 00:51:06,750 --> 00:51:06,760 conquering the entire Persian Empire. 2897 00:51:06,760 --> 00:51:07,310 conquering the entire Persian Empire. It's a great 2898 00:51:07,310 --> 00:51:07,320 It's a great 2899 00:51:07,320 --> 00:51:10,150 It's a great >> We just we did classical Greece in about 2900 00:51:10,150 --> 00:51:10,160 >> We just we did classical Greece in about 2901 00:51:10,160 --> 00:51:12,790 >> We just we did classical Greece in about a half a second and it was summarized as 2902 00:51:12,790 --> 00:51:12,800 a half a second and it was summarized as 2903 00:51:12,800 --> 00:51:15,790 a half a second and it was summarized as the idea of thinking about stuff. It's 2904 00:51:15,790 --> 00:51:15,800 the idea of thinking about stuff. It's 2905 00:51:15,800 --> 00:51:18,270 the idea of thinking about stuff. It's just beautiful. It's just perfect. If 2906 00:51:18,270 --> 00:51:18,280 just beautiful. It's just perfect. If 2907 00:51:18,280 --> 00:51:20,110 just beautiful. It's just perfect. If you're going to summarize classical 2908 00:51:20,110 --> 00:51:20,120 you're going to summarize classical 2909 00:51:20,120 --> 00:51:21,950 you're going to summarize classical Greece in half a second, that is what 2910 00:51:21,950 --> 00:51:21,960 Greece in half a second, that is what 2911 00:51:21,960 --> 00:51:25,430 Greece in half a second, that is what you would say. Um just the the the 2912 00:51:25,430 --> 00:51:25,440 you would say. Um just the the the 2913 00:51:25,440 --> 00:51:27,830 you would say. Um just the the the headiness of that civilization and that 2914 00:51:27,830 --> 00:51:27,840 headiness of that civilization and that 2915 00:51:27,840 --> 00:51:30,550 headiness of that civilization and that it was sort of the backbone of of 2916 00:51:30,550 --> 00:51:30,560 it was sort of the backbone of of 2917 00:51:30,560 --> 00:51:33,150 it was sort of the backbone of of Western thought for a couple thousand 2918 00:51:33,150 --> 00:51:33,160 Western thought for a couple thousand 2919 00:51:33,160 --> 00:51:36,790 Western thought for a couple thousand right Aristotelian logic was the the 2920 00:51:36,790 --> 00:51:36,800 right Aristotelian logic was the the 2921 00:51:36,800 --> 00:51:39,910 right Aristotelian logic was the the paradigm of logic until the Phrygian 2922 00:51:39,910 --> 00:51:39,920 paradigm of logic until the Phrygian 2923 00:51:39,920 --> 00:51:41,990 paradigm of logic until the Phrygian revolution like a hundred years ago or 2924 00:51:41,990 --> 00:51:42,000 revolution like a hundred years ago or 2925 00:51:42,000 --> 00:51:43,870 revolution like a hundred years ago or something right as something like that. 2926 00:51:43,870 --> 00:51:43,880 something right as something like that. 2927 00:51:43,880 --> 00:51:44,910 something right as something like that. Um 2928 00:51:44,910 --> 00:51:44,920 Um 2929 00:51:44,920 --> 00:51:46,950 Um that's that's how much of a how much of 2930 00:51:46,950 --> 00:51:46,960 that's that's how much of a how much of 2931 00:51:46,960 --> 00:51:49,190 that's that's how much of a how much of a mark classical Greece made on Western 2932 00:51:49,190 --> 00:51:49,200 a mark classical Greece made on Western 2933 00:51:49,200 --> 00:51:51,270 a mark classical Greece made on Western civilization. 2934 00:51:51,270 --> 00:51:51,280 civilization. 2935 00:51:51,280 --> 00:51:52,190 civilization. Um what was the other thing I was going 2936 00:51:52,190 --> 00:51:52,200 Um what was the other thing I was going 2937 00:51:52,200 --> 00:51:53,310 Um what was the other thing I was going to say? I can't remember. It's just 2938 00:51:53,310 --> 00:51:53,320 to say? I can't remember. It's just 2939 00:51:53,320 --> 00:51:54,870 to say? I can't remember. It's just going way too fast. 2940 00:51:54,870 --> 00:51:54,880 going way too fast. 2941 00:51:54,880 --> 00:51:57,150 going way too fast. Alexander the Great, so now we are in 2942 00:51:57,150 --> 00:51:57,160 Alexander the Great, so now we are in 2943 00:51:57,160 --> 00:52:00,030 Alexander the Great, so now we are in Hellenistic Greece. Um and now it's just 2944 00:52:00,030 --> 00:52:00,040 Hellenistic Greece. Um and now it's just 2945 00:52:00,040 --> 00:52:01,470 Hellenistic Greece. Um and now it's just go like 2946 00:52:01,470 --> 00:52:01,480 go like 2947 00:52:01,480 --> 00:52:02,710 go like this is kind of the interesting thing 2948 00:52:02,710 --> 00:52:02,720 this is kind of the interesting thing 2949 00:52:02,720 --> 00:52:04,310 this is kind of the interesting thing about and this is something that I 2950 00:52:04,310 --> 00:52:04,320 about and this is something that I 2951 00:52:04,320 --> 00:52:06,830 about and this is something that I noticed when I was doing doing the 2952 00:52:06,830 --> 00:52:06,840 noticed when I was doing doing the 2953 00:52:06,840 --> 00:52:09,510 noticed when I was doing doing the uh the antiquity portion of of my world 2954 00:52:09,510 --> 00:52:09,520 uh the antiquity portion of of my world 2955 00:52:09,520 --> 00:52:11,830 uh the antiquity portion of of my world history content is it when you kind of 2956 00:52:11,830 --> 00:52:11,840 history content is it when you kind of 2957 00:52:11,840 --> 00:52:14,310 history content is it when you kind of zoom out it's just they they conquered 2958 00:52:14,310 --> 00:52:14,320 zoom out it's just they they conquered 2959 00:52:14,320 --> 00:52:15,430 zoom out it's just they they conquered this, they conquered that, they 2960 00:52:15,430 --> 00:52:15,440 this, they conquered that, they 2961 00:52:15,440 --> 00:52:17,470 this, they conquered that, they conquered this, they conquered that. And 2962 00:52:17,470 --> 00:52:17,480 conquered this, they conquered that. And 2963 00:52:17,480 --> 00:52:19,470 conquered this, they conquered that. And it's it's kind of ridiculous like when 2964 00:52:19,470 --> 00:52:19,480 it's it's kind of ridiculous like when 2965 00:52:19,480 --> 00:52:21,830 it's it's kind of ridiculous like when you zoom way out and play it on fast 2966 00:52:21,830 --> 00:52:21,840 you zoom way out and play it on fast 2967 00:52:21,840 --> 00:52:24,470 you zoom way out and play it on fast forward you miss all the nuance of all 2968 00:52:24,470 --> 00:52:24,480 forward you miss all the nuance of all 2969 00:52:24,480 --> 00:52:25,350 forward you miss all the nuance of all the different cultures and everything, 2970 00:52:25,350 --> 00:52:25,360 the different cultures and everything, 2971 00:52:25,360 --> 00:52:27,390 the different cultures and everything, but it is just kind of like my land, my 2972 00:52:27,390 --> 00:52:27,400 but it is just kind of like my land, my 2973 00:52:27,400 --> 00:52:30,070 but it is just kind of like my land, my land, my land, my land and human history 2974 00:52:30,070 --> 00:52:30,080 land, my land, my land and human history 2975 00:52:30,080 --> 00:52:33,630 land, my land, my land and human history was [\h__\h] like that until like a 2976 00:52:33,630 --> 00:52:33,640 was [\h__\h] like that until like a 2977 00:52:33,640 --> 00:52:35,790 was [\h__\h] like that until like a hundred years ago. And honestly and it's 2978 00:52:35,790 --> 00:52:35,800 hundred years ago. And honestly and it's 2979 00:52:35,800 --> 00:52:37,910 hundred years ago. And honestly and it's not over, right? We're still seeing that 2980 00:52:37,910 --> 00:52:37,920 not over, right? We're still seeing that 2981 00:52:37,920 --> 00:52:40,470 not over, right? We're still seeing that in the Middle East. We're still seeing 2982 00:52:40,470 --> 00:52:40,480 in the Middle East. We're still seeing 2983 00:52:40,480 --> 00:52:43,030 in the Middle East. We're still seeing that type of colonialism at being acted 2984 00:52:43,030 --> 00:52:43,040 that type of colonialism at being acted 2985 00:52:43,040 --> 00:52:45,270 that type of colonialism at being acted out in the [\h__\h] 21st century, which 2986 00:52:45,270 --> 00:52:45,280 out in the [\h__\h] 21st century, which 2987 00:52:45,280 --> 00:52:47,670 out in the [\h__\h] 21st century, which has been bananas, but in that era it was 2988 00:52:47,670 --> 00:52:47,680 has been bananas, but in that era it was 2989 00:52:47,680 --> 00:52:48,990 has been bananas, but in that era it was par for the course. That's just what 2990 00:52:48,990 --> 00:52:49,000 par for the course. That's just what 2991 00:52:49,000 --> 00:52:51,550 par for the course. That's just what everything was is just is just taking 2992 00:52:51,550 --> 00:52:51,560 everything was is just is just taking 2993 00:52:51,560 --> 00:52:53,230 everything was is just is just taking over everything that you can and then 2994 00:52:53,230 --> 00:52:53,240 over everything that you can and then 2995 00:52:53,240 --> 00:52:54,950 over everything that you can and then it's someone else's turn when you run 2996 00:52:54,950 --> 00:52:54,960 it's someone else's turn when you run 2997 00:52:54,960 --> 00:52:56,310 it's someone else's turn when you run out of steam. 2998 00:52:56,310 --> 00:52:56,320 out of steam. 2999 00:52:56,320 --> 00:52:56,910 out of steam. Um 3000 00:52:56,910 --> 00:52:56,920 Um 3001 00:52:56,920 --> 00:52:59,070 Um so Alexander the Great obviously did 3002 00:52:59,070 --> 00:52:59,080 so Alexander the Great obviously did 3003 00:52:59,080 --> 00:53:02,230 so Alexander the Great obviously did that a lot. I mean more than more than 3004 00:53:02,230 --> 00:53:02,240 that a lot. I mean more than more than 3005 00:53:02,240 --> 00:53:03,990 that a lot. I mean more than more than almost anybody. I guess maybe Genghis 3006 00:53:03,990 --> 00:53:04,000 almost anybody. I guess maybe Genghis 3007 00:53:04,000 --> 00:53:05,430 almost anybody. I guess maybe Genghis Khan 3008 00:53:05,430 --> 00:53:05,440 Khan 3009 00:53:05,440 --> 00:53:08,270 Khan but Alexander the Great conquered a very 3010 00:53:08,270 --> 00:53:08,280 but Alexander the Great conquered a very 3011 00:53:08,280 --> 00:53:10,110 but Alexander the Great conquered a very very impressive 3012 00:53:10,110 --> 00:53:10,120 very impressive 3013 00:53:10,120 --> 00:53:11,870 very impressive uh kingdom there for for Hellenistic 3014 00:53:11,870 --> 00:53:11,880 uh kingdom there for for Hellenistic 3015 00:53:11,880 --> 00:53:12,430 uh kingdom there for for Hellenistic Greece. 3016 00:53:12,430 --> 00:53:12,440 Greece. 3017 00:53:12,440 --> 00:53:14,590 Greece. >> It's a great idea. He was great and now 3018 00:53:14,590 --> 00:53:14,600 >> It's a great idea. He was great and now 3019 00:53:14,600 --> 00:53:16,070 >> It's a great idea. He was great and now he's dead. Hopefully the rest of the 3020 00:53:16,070 --> 00:53:16,080 he's dead. Hopefully the rest of the 3021 00:53:16,080 --> 00:53:17,550 he's dead. Hopefully the rest of the gang will be able to share the empire 3022 00:53:17,550 --> 00:53:17,560 gang will be able to share the empire 3023 00:53:17,560 --> 00:53:19,190 gang will be able to share the empire evenly between them. Knock knock it's 3024 00:53:19,190 --> 00:53:19,200 evenly between them. Knock knock it's 3025 00:53:19,200 --> 00:53:20,630 evenly between them. Knock knock it's Chandra Gupta. He says get the hell out 3026 00:53:20,630 --> 00:53:20,640 Chandra Gupta. He says get the hell out 3027 00:53:20,640 --> 00:53:21,630 Chandra Gupta. He says get the hell out of here. Will you get the hell out of 3028 00:53:21,630 --> 00:53:21,640 of here. Will you get the hell out of 3029 00:53:21,640 --> 00:53:23,190 of here. Will you get the hell out of here if I give you 500 elephants? Okay, 3030 00:53:23,190 --> 00:53:23,200 here if I give you 500 elephants? Okay, 3031 00:53:23,200 --> 00:53:23,870 here if I give you 500 elephants? Okay, thanks. Bye. 3032 00:53:23,870 --> 00:53:23,880 thanks. Bye. 3033 00:53:23,880 --> 00:53:26,030 thanks. Bye. >> Time [singing] to conquer [music] all of 3034 00:53:26,030 --> 00:53:26,040 >> Time [singing] to conquer [music] all of 3035 00:53:26,040 --> 00:53:28,110 >> Time [singing] to conquer [music] all of India 3036 00:53:28,110 --> 00:53:28,120 India 3037 00:53:28,120 --> 00:53:30,182 India or most of India. 3038 00:53:30,182 --> 00:53:30,192 or most of India. 3039 00:53:30,192 --> 00:53:31,350 or most of India. >> [singing] 3040 00:53:31,350 --> 00:53:31,360 >> [singing] 3041 00:53:31,360 --> 00:53:32,430 >> [singing] >> But what about this part? That's the 3042 00:53:32,430 --> 00:53:32,440 >> But what about this part? That's the 3043 00:53:32,440 --> 00:53:33,950 >> But what about this part? That's the Tamil Kings. No one conquers the Tamil 3044 00:53:33,950 --> 00:53:33,960 Tamil Kings. No one conquers the Tamil 3045 00:53:33,960 --> 00:53:35,390 Tamil Kings. No one conquers the Tamil Kings. Who are the Tamil Kings? 3046 00:53:35,390 --> 00:53:35,400 Kings. Who are the Tamil Kings? 3047 00:53:35,400 --> 00:53:37,510 Kings. Who are the Tamil Kings? >> Merchants probably. [music] 3048 00:53:37,510 --> 00:53:37,520 >> Merchants probably. [music] 3049 00:53:37,520 --> 00:53:39,510 >> Merchants probably. [music] >> And they've got spices. Who would like 3050 00:53:39,510 --> 00:53:39,520 >> And they've got spices. Who would like 3051 00:53:39,520 --> 00:53:41,230 >> And they've got spices. Who would like to buy the spices? Me, said the Arabians 3052 00:53:41,230 --> 00:53:41,240 to buy the spices? Me, said the Arabians 3053 00:53:41,240 --> 00:53:42,430 to buy the spices? Me, said the Arabians swiftly buying it and selling it to the 3054 00:53:42,430 --> 00:53:42,440 swiftly buying it and selling it to the 3055 00:53:42,440 --> 00:53:44,030 swiftly buying it and selling it to the rest of the world. Hey, China put itself 3056 00:53:44,030 --> 00:53:44,040 rest of the world. Hey, China put itself 3057 00:53:44,040 --> 00:53:45,630 rest of the world. Hey, China put itself back together again with good morals as 3058 00:53:45,630 --> 00:53:45,640 back together again with good morals as 3059 00:53:45,640 --> 00:53:47,150 back together again with good morals as their main philosophy. Actually, they 3060 00:53:47,150 --> 00:53:47,160 their main philosophy. Actually, they 3061 00:53:47,160 --> 00:53:50,310 their main philosophy. Actually, they have three main philosophies. 3062 00:53:50,310 --> 00:53:50,320 3063 00:53:50,320 --> 00:53:52,230 Out here, the horse nomads run wild and 3064 00:53:52,230 --> 00:53:52,240 Out here, the horse nomads run wild and 3065 00:53:52,240 --> 00:53:53,670 Out here, the horse nomads run wild and free, and they would like to ransack 3066 00:53:53,670 --> 00:53:53,680 free, and they would like to ransack 3067 00:53:53,680 --> 00:53:57,470 free, and they would like to ransack your city. 3068 00:53:57,470 --> 00:53:57,480 3069 00:53:57,480 --> 00:53:58,910 Let's check the Greekification levels of 3070 00:53:58,910 --> 00:53:58,920 Let's check the Greekification levels of 3071 00:53:58,920 --> 00:54:00,510 Let's check the Greekification levels of the Greekified kingdoms. Greekification 3072 00:54:00,510 --> 00:54:00,520 the Greekified kingdoms. Greekification 3073 00:54:00,520 --> 00:54:02,350 the Greekified kingdoms. Greekification overload. Bye, said the Parthians. Bye, 3074 00:54:02,350 --> 00:54:02,360 overload. Bye, said the Parthians. Bye, 3075 00:54:02,360 --> 00:54:04,070 overload. Bye, said the Parthians. Bye, said the Jews. Hi, said the Parthians 3076 00:54:04,070 --> 00:54:04,080 said the Jews. Hi, said the Parthians 3077 00:54:04,080 --> 00:54:06,230 said the Jews. Hi, said the Parthians taking over the entire place. Hey, said 3078 00:54:06,230 --> 00:54:06,240 taking over the entire place. Hey, said 3079 00:54:06,240 --> 00:54:07,550 taking over the entire place. Hey, said the Romans eating the entire 3080 00:54:07,550 --> 00:54:07,560 the Romans eating the entire 3081 00:54:07,560 --> 00:54:09,270 the Romans eating the entire Mediterranean for breakfast. Thanks for 3082 00:54:09,270 --> 00:54:09,280 Mediterranean for breakfast. Thanks for 3083 00:54:09,280 --> 00:54:10,790 Mediterranean for breakfast. Thanks for invading our homeland, said the Jews who 3084 00:54:10,790 --> 00:54:10,800 invading our homeland, said the Jews who 3085 00:54:10,800 --> 00:54:11,910 invading our homeland, said the Jews who were starting to get tired of people 3086 00:54:11,910 --> 00:54:11,920 were starting to get tired of people 3087 00:54:11,920 --> 00:54:13,270 were starting to get tired of people invading their homeland. Hi, 3088 00:54:13,270 --> 00:54:13,280 invading their homeland. Hi, 3089 00:54:13,280 --> 00:54:14,710 invading their homeland. Hi, everything's great, said some guy who 3090 00:54:14,710 --> 00:54:14,720 everything's great, said some guy who 3091 00:54:14,720 --> 00:54:16,070 everything's great, said some guy who seems to be getting very popular and is 3092 00:54:16,070 --> 00:54:16,080 seems to be getting very popular and is 3093 00:54:16,080 --> 00:54:17,230 seems to be getting very popular and is then arrested and killed for being too 3094 00:54:17,230 --> 00:54:17,240 then arrested and killed for being too 3095 00:54:17,240 --> 00:54:18,310 then arrested and killed for being too popular, which only makes him more 3096 00:54:18,310 --> 00:54:18,320 popular, which only makes him more 3097 00:54:18,320 --> 00:54:19,630 popular, which only makes him more popular. You can make a religion out of 3098 00:54:19,630 --> 00:54:19,640 popular. You can make a religion out of 3099 00:54:19,640 --> 00:54:21,270 popular. You can make a religion out of this. Want silk? Now you can buy it from 3100 00:54:21,270 --> 00:54:21,280 this. Want silk? Now you can buy it from 3101 00:54:21,280 --> 00:54:22,030 this. Want silk? Now you can buy it from China. They just 3102 00:54:22,030 --> 00:54:22,040 China. They just 3103 00:54:22,040 --> 00:54:23,990 China. They just >> I love you can make a religion out of 3104 00:54:23,990 --> 00:54:24,000 >> I love you can make a religion out of 3105 00:54:24,000 --> 00:54:26,190 >> I love you can make a religion out of this is just the catchphrase every time 3106 00:54:26,190 --> 00:54:26,200 this is just the catchphrase every time 3107 00:54:26,200 --> 00:54:28,310 this is just the catchphrase every time he summarizes the development of a new 3108 00:54:28,310 --> 00:54:28,320 he summarizes the development of a new 3109 00:54:28,320 --> 00:54:30,710 he summarizes the development of a new religion in about a second. It's pretty 3110 00:54:30,710 --> 00:54:30,720 religion in about a second. It's pretty 3111 00:54:30,720 --> 00:54:33,150 religion in about a second. It's pretty great. Um [snorts] okay, Silk Road. 3112 00:54:33,150 --> 00:54:33,160 great. Um [snorts] okay, Silk Road. 3113 00:54:33,160 --> 00:54:38,910 great. Um [snorts] okay, Silk Road. >> They just made a 3114 00:54:38,910 --> 00:54:38,920 3115 00:54:38,920 --> 00:54:41,110 Or you can get their own water. Sick new 3116 00:54:41,110 --> 00:54:41,120 Or you can get their own water. Sick new 3117 00:54:41,120 --> 00:54:42,590 Or you can get their own water. Sick new trade route, said India, accidentally 3118 00:54:42,590 --> 00:54:42,600 trade route, said India, accidentally 3119 00:54:42,600 --> 00:54:43,790 trade route, said India, accidentally spreading their religion to the entire 3120 00:54:43,790 --> 00:54:43,800 spreading their religion to the entire 3121 00:54:43,800 --> 00:54:45,270 spreading their religion to the entire Southeast. That's a good place for an 3122 00:54:45,270 --> 00:54:45,280 Southeast. That's a good place for an 3123 00:54:45,280 --> 00:54:46,830 Southeast. That's a good place for an epic trading [music] kingdom. There goes 3124 00:54:46,830 --> 00:54:46,840 epic trading [music] kingdom. There goes 3125 00:54:46,840 --> 00:54:48,270 epic trading [music] kingdom. There goes Buddhism traveling up the Silk Road. I 3126 00:54:48,270 --> 00:54:48,280 Buddhism traveling up the Silk Road. I 3127 00:54:48,280 --> 00:54:49,470 Buddhism traveling up the Silk Road. I wonder if it'll reach China before it 3128 00:54:49,470 --> 00:54:49,480 wonder if it'll reach China before it 3129 00:54:49,480 --> 00:54:50,990 wonder if it'll reach China before it collapses again. Remember the Persian 3130 00:54:50,990 --> 00:54:51,000 collapses again. Remember the Persian 3131 00:54:51,000 --> 00:54:52,630 collapses again. Remember the Persian Empire? Yep, said the Persians making a 3132 00:54:52,630 --> 00:54:52,640 Empire? Yep, said the Persians making a 3133 00:54:52,640 --> 00:54:54,390 Empire? Yep, said the Persians making a new one. Axum is getting so powerful 3134 00:54:54,390 --> 00:54:54,400 new one. Axum is getting so powerful 3135 00:54:54,400 --> 00:54:56,070 new one. Axum is getting so powerful they would like to build a long stick. 3136 00:54:56,070 --> 00:54:56,080 they would like to build a long stick. 3137 00:54:56,080 --> 00:54:57,830 they would like to build a long stick. Has anyone populated Madagascar yet? 3138 00:54:57,830 --> 00:54:57,840 Has anyone populated Madagascar yet? 3139 00:54:57,840 --> 00:55:03,193 Has anyone populated Madagascar yet? Let's do it together. 3140 00:55:03,193 --> 00:55:03,203 3141 00:55:03,203 --> 00:55:04,470 >> [music] 3142 00:55:04,470 --> 00:55:04,480 >> [music] 3143 00:55:04,480 --> 00:55:06,070 >> [music] >> Still can't cross the Sahara Desert? Try 3144 00:55:06,070 --> 00:55:06,080 >> Still can't cross the Sahara Desert? Try 3145 00:55:06,080 --> 00:55:09,150 >> Still can't cross the Sahara Desert? Try camels. 3146 00:55:09,150 --> 00:55:09,160 3147 00:55:09,160 --> 00:55:10,550 said the Ghana Empire selling lots of 3148 00:55:10,550 --> 00:55:10,560 said the Ghana Empire selling lots of 3149 00:55:10,560 --> 00:55:12,590 said the Ghana Empire selling lots of gold and slaves. Hi, I live in the Roman 3150 00:55:12,590 --> 00:55:12,600 gold and slaves. Hi, I live in the Roman 3151 00:55:12,600 --> 00:55:14,983 gold and slaves. Hi, I live in the Roman Empire and I was wondering 3152 00:55:14,983 --> 00:55:14,993 Empire and I was wondering 3153 00:55:14,993 --> 00:55:16,710 Empire and I was wondering >> [music and singing] 3154 00:55:16,710 --> 00:55:16,720 >> [music and singing] 3155 00:55:16,720 --> 00:55:17,550 >> [music and singing] >> No. 3156 00:55:17,550 --> 00:55:17,560 >> No. 3157 00:55:17,560 --> 00:55:19,150 >> No. Actually, okay, sure, said Constantine 3158 00:55:19,150 --> 00:55:19,160 Actually, okay, sure, said Constantine 3159 00:55:19,160 --> 00:55:20,470 Actually, okay, sure, said Constantine moving the capital way over here to be 3160 00:55:20,470 --> 00:55:20,480 moving the capital way over here to be 3161 00:55:20,480 --> 00:55:22,190 moving the capital way over here to be closer to his main rival. [music] 3162 00:55:22,190 --> 00:55:22,200 closer to his main rival. [music] 3163 00:55:22,200 --> 00:55:26,030 closer to his main rival. [music] Don't worry about Rome, it won't fall. 3164 00:55:26,030 --> 00:55:26,040 3165 00:55:26,040 --> 00:55:28,790 >> It's just like my god, like the summary 3166 00:55:28,790 --> 00:55:28,800 >> It's just like my god, like the summary 3167 00:55:28,800 --> 00:55:31,590 >> It's just like my god, like the summary is just such breakneck speed. 3168 00:55:31,590 --> 00:55:31,600 is just such breakneck speed. 3169 00:55:31,600 --> 00:55:33,790 is just such breakneck speed. Um right, the persecution of Christians 3170 00:55:33,790 --> 00:55:33,800 Um right, the persecution of Christians 3171 00:55:33,800 --> 00:55:35,470 Um right, the persecution of Christians and then the adoption of Christianity as 3172 00:55:35,470 --> 00:55:35,480 and then the adoption of Christianity as 3173 00:55:35,480 --> 00:55:37,070 and then the adoption of Christianity as the official language for the Roman 3174 00:55:37,070 --> 00:55:37,080 the official language for the Roman 3175 00:55:37,080 --> 00:55:38,790 the official language for the Roman Empire, and then the splintering into 3176 00:55:38,790 --> 00:55:38,800 Empire, and then the splintering into 3177 00:55:38,800 --> 00:55:40,230 Empire, and then the splintering into Western and Eastern 3178 00:55:40,230 --> 00:55:40,240 Western and Eastern 3179 00:55:40,240 --> 00:55:41,870 Western and Eastern right, so moving over to to 3180 00:55:41,870 --> 00:55:41,880 right, so moving over to to 3181 00:55:41,880 --> 00:55:43,390 right, so moving over to to Constantinople. 3182 00:55:43,390 --> 00:55:43,400 Constantinople. 3183 00:55:43,400 --> 00:55:44,750 Constantinople. Um 3184 00:55:44,750 --> 00:55:44,760 Um 3185 00:55:44,760 --> 00:55:46,990 Um uh and having the Byzantine Empire and 3186 00:55:46,990 --> 00:55:47,000 uh and having the Byzantine Empire and 3187 00:55:47,000 --> 00:55:49,150 uh and having the Byzantine Empire and and it's just like it's just going so 3188 00:55:49,150 --> 00:55:49,160 and it's just like it's just going so 3189 00:55:49,160 --> 00:55:52,318 and it's just like it's just going so freaking fast. It's so hard to keep up. 3190 00:55:52,318 --> 00:55:52,328 freaking fast. It's so hard to keep up. 3191 00:55:52,328 --> 00:55:53,430 freaking fast. It's so hard to keep up. >> [music] 3192 00:55:53,430 --> 00:55:53,440 >> [music] 3193 00:55:53,440 --> 00:55:54,790 >> [music] >> There's the Gupta Empire, not Chandra 3194 00:55:54,790 --> 00:55:54,800 >> There's the Gupta Empire, not Chandra 3195 00:55:54,800 --> 00:55:57,190 >> There's the Gupta Empire, not Chandra Gupta, just Gupta. First name Chandra 3196 00:55:57,190 --> 00:55:57,200 Gupta, just Gupta. First name Chandra 3197 00:55:57,200 --> 00:55:58,470 Gupta, just Gupta. First name Chandra the first. 3198 00:55:58,470 --> 00:55:58,480 the first. 3199 00:55:58,480 --> 00:55:59,150 the first. Guess who's in Rome? 3200 00:55:59,150 --> 00:55:59,160 Guess who's in Rome? 3201 00:55:59,160 --> 00:56:00,030 Guess who's in Rome? >> Barbarians. [music] 3202 00:56:00,030 --> 00:56:00,040 >> Barbarians. [music] 3203 00:56:00,040 --> 00:56:01,550 >> Barbarians. [music] >> It's a barbarian. Non-Romans, said the 3204 00:56:01,550 --> 00:56:01,560 >> It's a barbarian. Non-Romans, said the 3205 00:56:01,560 --> 00:56:03,590 >> It's a barbarian. Non-Romans, said the Romans being invaded by non-Romans. RIP 3206 00:56:03,590 --> 00:56:03,600 Romans being invaded by non-Romans. RIP 3207 00:56:03,600 --> 00:56:04,710 Romans being invaded by non-Romans. RIP Roman Empire. 3208 00:56:04,710 --> 00:56:04,720 Roman Empire. 3209 00:56:04,720 --> 00:56:07,030 Roman Empire. >> That's a great like this is one a thing 3210 00:56:07,030 --> 00:56:07,040 >> That's a great like this is one a thing 3211 00:56:07,040 --> 00:56:08,510 >> That's a great like this is one a thing I like to talk about right just this the 3212 00:56:08,510 --> 00:56:08,520 I like to talk about right just this the 3213 00:56:08,520 --> 00:56:10,390 I like to talk about right just this the politicization of 3214 00:56:10,390 --> 00:56:10,400 politicization of 3215 00:56:10,400 --> 00:56:13,470 politicization of so so the non-Romans are barbarians. 3216 00:56:13,470 --> 00:56:13,480 so so the non-Romans are barbarians. 3217 00:56:13,480 --> 00:56:15,270 so so the non-Romans are barbarians. Right, kind of like Native Americans are 3218 00:56:15,270 --> 00:56:15,280 Right, kind of like Native Americans are 3219 00:56:15,280 --> 00:56:16,950 Right, kind of like Native Americans are savages and 3220 00:56:16,950 --> 00:56:16,960 savages and 3221 00:56:16,960 --> 00:56:19,910 savages and this the language of the colonizer. So 3222 00:56:19,910 --> 00:56:19,920 this the language of the colonizer. So 3223 00:56:19,920 --> 00:56:21,630 this the language of the colonizer. So it's like in the West we have this 3224 00:56:21,630 --> 00:56:21,640 it's like in the West we have this 3225 00:56:21,640 --> 00:56:25,190 it's like in the West we have this favorable view of the Roman Empire and 3226 00:56:25,190 --> 00:56:25,200 favorable view of the Roman Empire and 3227 00:56:25,200 --> 00:56:27,830 favorable view of the Roman Empire and and so you know it's you can do the 3228 00:56:27,830 --> 00:56:27,840 and so you know it's you can do the 3229 00:56:27,840 --> 00:56:30,030 and so you know it's you can do the Monty Python thing. What have the Romans 3230 00:56:30,030 --> 00:56:30,040 Monty Python thing. What have the Romans 3231 00:56:30,040 --> 00:56:31,830 Monty Python thing. What have the Romans ever done for us? Oh, you know, roads 3232 00:56:31,830 --> 00:56:31,840 ever done for us? Oh, you know, roads 3233 00:56:31,840 --> 00:56:33,710 ever done for us? Oh, you know, roads and the aqueduct and the and yes, that's 3234 00:56:33,710 --> 00:56:33,720 and the aqueduct and the and yes, that's 3235 00:56:33,720 --> 00:56:35,710 and the aqueduct and the and yes, that's a byproduct of um 3236 00:56:35,710 --> 00:56:35,720 a byproduct of um 3237 00:56:35,720 --> 00:56:38,430 a byproduct of um of of an empire is that is is 3238 00:56:38,430 --> 00:56:38,440 of of an empire is that is is 3239 00:56:38,440 --> 00:56:41,830 of of an empire is that is is urbanization and there's useful results 3240 00:56:41,830 --> 00:56:41,840 urbanization and there's useful results 3241 00:56:41,840 --> 00:56:45,390 urbanization and there's useful results there, but it's also just the massacring 3242 00:56:45,390 --> 00:56:45,400 there, but it's also just the massacring 3243 00:56:45,400 --> 00:56:48,510 there, but it's also just the massacring of various indigenous peoples 3244 00:56:48,510 --> 00:56:48,520 of various indigenous peoples 3245 00:56:48,520 --> 00:56:50,230 of various indigenous peoples and the political justification of it 3246 00:56:50,230 --> 00:56:50,240 and the political justification of it 3247 00:56:50,240 --> 00:56:52,150 and the political justification of it right they're barbarians. The Gauls are 3248 00:56:52,150 --> 00:56:52,160 right they're barbarians. The Gauls are 3249 00:56:52,160 --> 00:56:54,510 right they're barbarians. The Gauls are barbarians, so we should 3250 00:56:54,510 --> 00:56:54,520 barbarians, so we should 3251 00:56:54,520 --> 00:56:56,230 barbarians, so we should you know, take their land you know, it 3252 00:56:56,230 --> 00:56:56,240 you know, take their land you know, it 3253 00:56:56,240 --> 00:56:58,110 you know, take their land you know, it belongs to us where the where you know, 3254 00:56:58,110 --> 00:56:58,120 belongs to us where the where you know, 3255 00:56:58,120 --> 00:56:59,870 belongs to us where the where you know, we're Rome. We should get to rule the 3256 00:56:59,870 --> 00:56:59,880 we're Rome. We should get to rule the 3257 00:56:59,880 --> 00:57:01,310 we're Rome. We should get to rule the entire world. 3258 00:57:01,310 --> 00:57:01,320 entire world. 3259 00:57:01,320 --> 00:57:04,630 entire world. And that that mentality is 3260 00:57:04,630 --> 00:57:04,640 And that that mentality is 3261 00:57:04,640 --> 00:57:09,790 And that that mentality is a lot even well today know that we 3262 00:57:09,790 --> 00:57:09,800 a lot even well today know that we 3263 00:57:09,800 --> 00:57:12,070 a lot even well today know that we will ever see a time where 3264 00:57:12,070 --> 00:57:12,080 will ever see a time where 3265 00:57:12,080 --> 00:57:13,710 will ever see a time where human beings aren't like that, but it's 3266 00:57:13,710 --> 00:57:13,720 human beings aren't like that, but it's 3267 00:57:13,720 --> 00:57:15,510 human beings aren't like that, but it's not here yet. 3268 00:57:15,510 --> 00:57:15,520 not here yet. 3269 00:57:15,520 --> 00:57:16,750 not here yet. >> Actually just half of it. The other half 3270 00:57:16,750 --> 00:57:16,760 >> Actually just half of it. The other half 3271 00:57:16,760 --> 00:57:17,910 >> Actually just half of it. The other half is just fine, but it's not in Rome 3272 00:57:17,910 --> 00:57:17,920 is just fine, but it's not in Rome 3273 00:57:17,920 --> 00:57:19,550 is just fine, but it's not in Rome anymore, so let's give it a new name. 3274 00:57:19,550 --> 00:57:19,560 anymore, so let's give it a new name. 3275 00:57:19,560 --> 00:57:21,430 anymore, so let's give it a new name. The Mayans have figured [music] 3276 00:57:21,430 --> 00:57:21,440 The Mayans have figured [music] 3277 00:57:21,440 --> 00:57:23,390 The Mayans have figured [music] out the stars. 3278 00:57:23,390 --> 00:57:23,400 out the stars. 3279 00:57:23,400 --> 00:57:25,150 out the stars. Oh, and here's a huge city population 3280 00:57:25,150 --> 00:57:25,160 Oh, and here's a huge city population 3281 00:57:25,160 --> 00:57:26,990 Oh, and here's a huge city population everyone. The Gokturks have taken over 3282 00:57:26,990 --> 00:57:27,000 everyone. The Gokturks have taken over 3283 00:57:27,000 --> 00:57:28,590 everyone. The Gokturks have taken over the entire Eurasian step. Great job 3284 00:57:28,590 --> 00:57:28,600 the entire Eurasian step. Great job 3285 00:57:28,600 --> 00:57:30,310 the entire Eurasian step. Great job Gokturks. How's India? Broken. How's 3286 00:57:30,310 --> 00:57:30,320 Gokturks. How's India? Broken. How's 3287 00:57:30,320 --> 00:57:31,879 Gokturks. How's India? Broken. How's China? 3288 00:57:31,879 --> 00:57:31,889 China? 3289 00:57:31,889 --> 00:57:32,310 China? >> [music] 3290 00:57:32,310 --> 00:57:32,320 >> [music] 3291 00:57:32,320 --> 00:57:33,844 >> [music] >> How's those trading kingdoms? Bigger and 3292 00:57:33,844 --> 00:57:33,854 >> How's those trading kingdoms? Bigger and 3293 00:57:33,854 --> 00:57:35,590 >> How's those trading kingdoms? Bigger and [singing] there's more of them. Korea 3294 00:57:35,590 --> 00:57:35,600 [singing] there's more of them. Korea 3295 00:57:35,600 --> 00:57:37,070 [singing] there's more of them. Korea has three kingdoms. Japan has a kingdom, 3296 00:57:37,070 --> 00:57:37,080 has three kingdoms. Japan has a kingdom, 3297 00:57:37,080 --> 00:57:39,084 has three kingdoms. Japan has a kingdom, it's the sunrise kingdom. 3298 00:57:39,084 --> 00:57:39,094 it's the sunrise kingdom. 3299 00:57:39,094 --> 00:57:39,190 it's the sunrise kingdom. >> [music] 3300 00:57:39,190 --> 00:57:39,200 >> [music] 3301 00:57:39,200 --> 00:57:40,750 >> [music] >> Deep in the Arabian desert on the top of 3302 00:57:40,750 --> 00:57:40,760 >> Deep in the Arabian desert on the top of 3303 00:57:40,760 --> 00:57:42,270 >> Deep in the Arabian desert on the top of a mountain, the real god whispers in 3304 00:57:42,270 --> 00:57:42,280 a mountain, the real god whispers in 3305 00:57:42,280 --> 00:57:43,790 a mountain, the real god whispers in Muhammad's ear. So, he goes down to the 3306 00:57:43,790 --> 00:57:43,800 Muhammad's ear. So, he goes down to the 3307 00:57:43,800 --> 00:57:45,350 Muhammad's ear. So, he goes down to the cube where everyone worships gods and he 3308 00:57:45,350 --> 00:57:45,360 cube where everyone worships gods and he 3309 00:57:45,360 --> 00:57:46,750 cube where everyone worships gods and he tells them their gods are all fake. And 3310 00:57:46,750 --> 00:57:46,760 tells them their gods are all fake. And 3311 00:57:46,760 --> 00:57:48,230 tells them their gods are all fake. And everyone got so mad at him and he had to 3312 00:57:48,230 --> 00:57:48,240 everyone got so mad at him and he had to 3313 00:57:48,240 --> 00:57:49,670 everyone got so mad at him and he had to leave town and go to a different town. 3314 00:57:49,670 --> 00:57:49,680 leave town and go to a different town. 3315 00:57:49,680 --> 00:57:50,950 leave town and go to a different town. You can make a religion out of this and 3316 00:57:50,950 --> 00:57:50,960 You can make a religion out of this and 3317 00:57:50,960 --> 00:57:52,710 You can make a religion out of this and maybe conquer the world as well. The 3318 00:57:52,710 --> 00:57:52,720 maybe conquer the world as well. The 3319 00:57:52,720 --> 00:57:54,230 maybe conquer the world as well. The Roman Empire's long gone, but somehow 3320 00:57:54,230 --> 00:57:54,240 Roman Empire's long gone, but somehow 3321 00:57:54,240 --> 00:57:55,630 Roman Empire's long gone, but somehow the Pope is still the Pope. Plus, 3322 00:57:55,630 --> 00:57:55,640 the Pope is still the Pope. Plus, 3323 00:57:55,640 --> 00:57:56,770 the Pope is still the Pope. Plus, there's 3324 00:57:56,770 --> 00:57:56,780 there's 3325 00:57:56,780 --> 00:57:57,630 there's >> [music] 3326 00:57:57,630 --> 00:57:57,640 >> [music] 3327 00:57:57,640 --> 00:57:59,310 >> [music] >> I wonder if there's room for more. 3328 00:57:59,310 --> 00:57:59,320 >> I wonder if there's room for more. 3329 00:57:59,320 --> 00:58:01,270 >> I wonder if there's room for more. Here's all the wisdom in a house. It's 3330 00:58:01,270 --> 00:58:01,280 Here's all the wisdom in a house. It's 3331 00:58:01,280 --> 00:58:02,870 Here's all the wisdom in a house. It's the Baghdad House of Wisdom. Just in 3332 00:58:02,870 --> 00:58:02,880 the Baghdad House of Wisdom. Just in 3333 00:58:02,880 --> 00:58:03,975 the Baghdad House of Wisdom. Just in time for the Islamic 3334 00:58:03,975 --> 00:58:03,985 time for the Islamic 3335 00:58:03,985 --> 00:58:05,190 time for the Islamic >> [music] 3336 00:58:05,190 --> 00:58:05,200 >> [music] 3337 00:58:05,200 --> 00:58:06,670 >> [music] >> Let's bring stuff to the coast and sell 3338 00:58:06,670 --> 00:58:06,680 >> Let's bring stuff to the coast and sell 3339 00:58:06,680 --> 00:58:08,310 >> Let's bring stuff to the coast and sell it and become the Swahili on the Swahili 3340 00:58:08,310 --> 00:58:08,320 it and become the Swahili on the Swahili 3341 00:58:08,320 --> 00:58:09,910 it and become the Swahili on the Swahili coast, said the Swahili on the Swahili 3342 00:58:09,910 --> 00:58:09,920 coast, said the Swahili on the Swahili 3343 00:58:09,920 --> 00:58:11,430 coast, said the Swahili on the Swahili coast. Remember this tiny space you have 3344 00:58:11,430 --> 00:58:11,440 coast. Remember this tiny space you have 3345 00:58:11,440 --> 00:58:12,630 coast. Remember this tiny space you have to go through to get from here to there? 3346 00:58:12,630 --> 00:58:12,640 to go through to get from here to there? 3347 00:58:12,640 --> 00:58:14,030 to go through to get from here to there? Someone owns that now. Want to get 3348 00:58:14,030 --> 00:58:14,040 Someone owns that now. Want to get 3349 00:58:14,040 --> 00:58:15,110 Someone owns that now. Want to get enlightened in the middle of nowhere? 3350 00:58:15,110 --> 00:58:15,120 enlightened in the middle of nowhere? 3351 00:58:15,120 --> 00:58:16,150 enlightened in the middle of nowhere? [music] The Franks have the biggest 3352 00:58:16,150 --> 00:58:16,160 [music] The Franks have the biggest 3353 00:58:16,160 --> 00:58:17,470 [music] The Franks have the biggest kingdom in Europe and the Pope is so 3354 00:58:17,470 --> 00:58:17,480 kingdom in Europe and the Pope is so 3355 00:58:17,480 --> 00:58:18,790 kingdom in Europe and the Pope is so proud that he invites the king over for 3356 00:58:18,790 --> 00:58:18,800 proud that he invites the king over for 3357 00:58:18,800 --> 00:58:20,070 proud that he invites the king over for Christmas. Surprise, you're the new 3358 00:58:20,070 --> 00:58:20,080 Christmas. Surprise, you're the new 3359 00:58:20,080 --> 00:58:21,470 Christmas. Surprise, you're the new Roman Emperor, said the Pope pretending 3360 00:58:21,470 --> 00:58:21,480 Roman Emperor, said the Pope pretending 3361 00:58:21,480 --> 00:58:22,950 Roman Emperor, said the Pope pretending to still be part of the Roman Empire. 3362 00:58:22,950 --> 00:58:22,960 to still be part of the Roman Empire. 3363 00:58:22,960 --> 00:58:24,270 to still be part of the Roman Empire. Then the Franks broke their kingdom and 3364 00:58:24,270 --> 00:58:24,280 Then the Franks broke their kingdom and 3365 00:58:24,280 --> 00:58:25,790 Then the Franks broke their kingdom and >> Like the definitely not the Roman 3366 00:58:25,790 --> 00:58:25,800 >> Like the definitely not the Roman 3367 00:58:25,800 --> 00:58:29,350 >> Like the definitely not the Roman Empire. It this is starting to get very, 3368 00:58:29,350 --> 00:58:29,360 Empire. It this is starting to get very, 3369 00:58:29,360 --> 00:58:31,950 Empire. It this is starting to get very, very difficult to comment on because 3370 00:58:31,950 --> 00:58:31,960 very difficult to comment on because 3371 00:58:31,960 --> 00:58:35,150 very difficult to comment on because it's just so rapid. It's literally like 3372 00:58:35,150 --> 00:58:35,160 it's just so rapid. It's literally like 3373 00:58:35,160 --> 00:58:37,070 it's just so rapid. It's literally like a tenth of a second 3374 00:58:37,070 --> 00:58:37,080 a tenth of a second 3375 00:58:37,080 --> 00:58:38,790 a tenth of a second per kingdom, right? They're just like 3376 00:58:38,790 --> 00:58:38,800 per kingdom, right? They're just like 3377 00:58:38,800 --> 00:58:40,670 per kingdom, right? They're just like here's there are some kingdoms and it's 3378 00:58:40,670 --> 00:58:40,680 here's there are some kingdoms and it's 3379 00:58:40,680 --> 00:58:42,670 here's there are some kingdoms and it's and it's all accurate and it's actually 3380 00:58:42,670 --> 00:58:42,680 and it's all accurate and it's actually 3381 00:58:42,680 --> 00:58:44,070 and it's all accurate and it's actually very thorough, right? It really is 3382 00:58:44,070 --> 00:58:44,080 very thorough, right? It really is 3383 00:58:44,080 --> 00:58:47,270 very thorough, right? It really is covering almost everything just a tenth 3384 00:58:47,270 --> 00:58:47,280 covering almost everything just a tenth 3385 00:58:47,280 --> 00:58:49,430 covering almost everything just a tenth of a second each, right? Each of those 3386 00:58:49,430 --> 00:58:49,440 of a second each, right? Each of those 3387 00:58:49,440 --> 00:58:51,830 of a second each, right? Each of those things could be a 20-minute, a 3388 00:58:51,830 --> 00:58:51,840 things could be a 20-minute, a 3389 00:58:51,840 --> 00:58:54,710 things could be a 20-minute, a 30-minute, an hour-long video uh history 3390 00:58:54,710 --> 00:58:54,720 30-minute, an hour-long video uh history 3391 00:58:54,720 --> 00:58:57,630 30-minute, an hour-long video uh history video um detailing the development of 3392 00:58:57,630 --> 00:58:57,640 video um detailing the development of 3393 00:58:57,640 --> 00:58:59,430 video um detailing the development of that particular empire and its relations 3394 00:58:59,430 --> 00:58:59,440 that particular empire and its relations 3395 00:58:59,440 --> 00:59:01,190 that particular empire and its relations with its neighbors and everything. Um 3396 00:59:01,190 --> 00:59:01,200 with its neighbors and everything. Um 3397 00:59:01,200 --> 00:59:02,350 with its neighbors and everything. Um and he's doing it literally in a tenth 3398 00:59:02,350 --> 00:59:02,360 and he's doing it literally in a tenth 3399 00:59:02,360 --> 00:59:03,430 and he's doing it literally in a tenth of a second, which is the point of the 3400 00:59:03,430 --> 00:59:03,440 of a second, which is the point of the 3401 00:59:03,440 --> 00:59:07,710 of a second, which is the point of the video. Um it's just it's like it's it's 3402 00:59:07,710 --> 00:59:07,720 video. Um it's just it's like it's it's 3403 00:59:07,720 --> 00:59:08,820 video. Um it's just it's like it's it's I mean, it's beautiful, 3404 00:59:08,820 --> 00:59:08,830 I mean, it's beautiful, 3405 00:59:08,830 --> 00:59:09,070 I mean, it's beautiful, >> [laughter] 3406 00:59:09,070 --> 00:59:09,080 >> [laughter] 3407 00:59:09,080 --> 00:59:10,785 >> [laughter] >> but it's crazy to watch. 3408 00:59:10,785 --> 00:59:10,795 >> but it's crazy to watch. 3409 00:59:10,795 --> 00:59:10,830 >> but it's crazy to watch. >> [snorts] 3410 00:59:10,830 --> 00:59:10,840 >> [snorts] 3411 00:59:10,840 --> 00:59:11,990 >> [snorts] >> kingdom into what will later be called 3412 00:59:11,990 --> 00:59:12,000 >> kingdom into what will later be called 3413 00:59:12,000 --> 00:59:13,790 >> kingdom into what will later be called France and not France. The northerners, 3414 00:59:13,790 --> 00:59:13,800 France and not France. The northerners, 3415 00:59:13,800 --> 00:59:15,070 France and not France. The northerners, or just Norse if you don't have much 3416 00:59:15,070 --> 00:59:15,080 or just Norse if you don't have much 3417 00:59:15,080 --> 00:59:17,070 or just Norse if you don't have much time, are exploring. They go north from 3418 00:59:17,070 --> 00:59:17,080 time, are exploring. They go north from 3419 00:59:17,080 --> 00:59:18,510 time, are exploring. They go north from the north to the northern north and they 3420 00:59:18,510 --> 00:59:18,520 the north to the northern north and they 3421 00:59:18,520 --> 00:59:20,190 the north to the northern north and they find some land, two types of land, and 3422 00:59:20,190 --> 00:59:20,200 find some land, two types of land, and 3423 00:59:20,200 --> 00:59:22,030 find some land, two types of land, and they name them accordingly. 3424 00:59:22,030 --> 00:59:22,040 they name them accordingly. 3425 00:59:22,040 --> 00:59:23,350 they name them accordingly. They also invade some other places and 3426 00:59:23,350 --> 00:59:23,360 They also invade some other places and 3427 00:59:23,360 --> 00:59:25,470 They also invade some other places and get called many names such as Vikings. 3428 00:59:25,470 --> 00:59:25,480 get called many names such as Vikings. 3429 00:59:25,480 --> 00:59:26,990 get called many names such as Vikings. There's the Rus, the Kievan Rus. Are 3430 00:59:26,990 --> 00:59:27,000 There's the Rus, the Kievan Rus. Are 3431 00:59:27,000 --> 00:59:28,430 There's the Rus, the Kievan Rus. Are they Vikings? I think so, said the 3432 00:59:28,430 --> 00:59:28,440 they Vikings? I think so, said the 3433 00:59:28,440 --> 00:59:30,430 they Vikings? I think so, said the Kievan Rus'. Okay, fair enough. The Pope 3434 00:59:30,430 --> 00:59:30,440 Kievan Rus'. Okay, fair enough. The Pope 3435 00:59:30,440 --> 00:59:31,950 Kievan Rus'. Okay, fair enough. The Pope is ready to make some more emperors of 3436 00:59:31,950 --> 00:59:31,960 is ready to make some more emperors of 3437 00:59:31,960 --> 00:59:33,990 is ready to make some more emperors of the Roman Empire, the Holy Roman Empire. 3438 00:59:33,990 --> 00:59:34,000 the Roman Empire, the Holy Roman Empire. 3439 00:59:34,000 --> 00:59:35,110 the Roman Empire, the Holy Roman Empire. It's actually Germany, but don't worry 3440 00:59:35,110 --> 00:59:35,120 It's actually Germany, but don't worry 3441 00:59:35,120 --> 00:59:36,270 It's actually Germany, but don't worry about it. New kingdoms. 3442 00:59:36,270 --> 00:59:36,280 about it. New kingdoms. 3443 00:59:36,280 --> 00:59:37,430 about it. New kingdoms. >> Christianize all the kingdoms. 3444 00:59:37,430 --> 00:59:37,440 >> Christianize all the kingdoms. 3445 00:59:37,440 --> 00:59:38,470 >> Christianize all the kingdoms. >> Which brand would you like? Mine's 3446 00:59:38,470 --> 00:59:38,480 >> Which brand would you like? Mine's 3447 00:59:38,480 --> 00:59:40,190 >> Which brand would you like? Mine's better. Mine's better. Mine's better. 3448 00:59:40,190 --> 00:59:40,200 better. Mine's better. Mine's better. 3449 00:59:40,200 --> 00:59:41,590 better. Mine's better. Mine's better. Time to conquer England, said William. 3450 00:59:41,590 --> 00:59:41,600 Time to conquer England, said William. 3451 00:59:41,600 --> 00:59:42,430 Time to conquer England, said William. It's a bird, it's a plane. 3452 00:59:42,430 --> 00:59:42,440 It's a bird, it's a plane. 3453 00:59:42,440 --> 00:59:46,156 It's a bird, it's a plane. >> So many wars, so much strife, and it's 3454 00:59:46,156 --> 00:59:46,166 >> So many wars, so much strife, and it's 3455 00:59:46,166 --> 00:59:46,550 >> So many wars, so much strife, and it's >> [laughter] 3456 00:59:46,550 --> 00:59:46,560 >> [laughter] 3457 00:59:46,560 --> 00:59:48,310 >> [laughter] >> it's abbreviated as mine's better, 3458 00:59:48,310 --> 00:59:48,320 >> it's abbreviated as mine's better, 3459 00:59:48,320 --> 00:59:49,470 >> it's abbreviated as mine's better, mine's better, mine's better, mine's 3460 00:59:49,470 --> 00:59:49,480 mine's better, mine's better, mine's 3461 00:59:49,480 --> 00:59:51,990 mine's better, mine's better, mine's better, which is accurate. It's pretty 3462 00:59:51,990 --> 00:59:52,000 better, which is accurate. It's pretty 3463 00:59:52,000 --> 00:59:52,670 better, which is accurate. It's pretty great. 3464 00:59:52,670 --> 00:59:52,680 great. 3465 00:59:52,680 --> 00:59:54,150 great. >> It's [snorts] a plane. It's the Seljuk 3466 00:59:54,150 --> 00:59:54,160 >> It's [snorts] a plane. It's the Seljuk 3467 00:59:54,160 --> 00:59:56,030 >> It's [snorts] a plane. It's the Seljuk Turks. Said the Byzantine Empire, who's 3468 00:59:56,030 --> 00:59:56,040 Turks. Said the Byzantine Empire, who's 3469 00:59:56,040 --> 00:59:57,430 Turks. Said the Byzantine Empire, who's getting so small it almost doesn't exist 3470 00:59:57,430 --> 00:59:57,440 getting so small it almost doesn't exist 3471 00:59:57,440 --> 00:59:58,750 getting so small it almost doesn't exist anymore. We need help. They need help, 3472 00:59:58,750 --> 00:59:58,760 anymore. We need help. They need help, 3473 00:59:58,760 --> 01:00:00,070 anymore. We need help. They need help, so they call the Pope. Hey Pope, can you 3474 01:00:00,070 --> 01:00:00,080 so they call the Pope. Hey Pope, can you 3475 01:00:00,080 --> 01:00:01,230 so they call the Pope. Hey Pope, can you help us get rid of the Seljuks? Maybe 3476 01:00:01,230 --> 01:00:01,240 help us get rid of the Seljuks? Maybe 3477 01:00:01,240 --> 01:00:02,790 help us get rid of the Seljuks? Maybe take back the Holy Land on the way. Come 3478 01:00:02,790 --> 01:00:02,800 take back the Holy Land on the way. Come 3479 01:00:02,800 --> 01:00:03,790 take back the Holy Land on the way. Come on, I know you want to take back the 3480 01:00:03,790 --> 01:00:03,800 on, I know you want to take back the 3481 01:00:03,800 --> 01:00:05,310 on, I know you want to take back the Holy Land. Yes, I do actually want to do 3482 01:00:05,310 --> 01:00:05,320 Holy Land. Yes, I do actually want to do 3483 01:00:05,320 --> 01:00:06,390 Holy Land. Yes, I do actually want to do that. Let's do a crusade. 3484 01:00:06,390 --> 01:00:06,400 that. Let's do a crusade. 3485 01:00:06,400 --> 01:00:07,110 that. Let's do a crusade. >> Crusade. 3486 01:00:07,110 --> 01:00:07,120 >> Crusade. 3487 01:00:07,120 --> 01:00:08,390 >> Crusade. >> They did many crusades, some of which 3488 01:00:08,390 --> 01:00:08,400 >> They did many crusades, some of which 3489 01:00:08,400 --> 01:00:09,510 >> They did many crusades, some of which almost didn't fail, but at least the 3490 01:00:09,510 --> 01:00:09,520 almost didn't fail, but at least the 3491 01:00:09,520 --> 01:00:11,150 almost didn't fail, but at least the Italians got some sweet trade deals. 3492 01:00:11,150 --> 01:00:11,160 Italians got some sweet trade deals. 3493 01:00:11,160 --> 01:00:11,910 Italians got some sweet trade deals. Goodbye, Mayans. 3494 01:00:11,910 --> 01:00:11,920 Goodbye, Mayans. 3495 01:00:11,920 --> 01:00:13,510 Goodbye, Mayans. >> Hello, [music] Toltecs. 3496 01:00:13,510 --> 01:00:13,520 >> Hello, [music] Toltecs. 3497 01:00:13,520 --> 01:00:14,310 >> Hello, [music] Toltecs. >> Goodbye, Toltecs. 3498 01:00:14,310 --> 01:00:14,320 >> Goodbye, Toltecs. 3499 01:00:14,320 --> 01:00:15,790 >> Goodbye, Toltecs. >> Hello, Mississippi. [singing] 3500 01:00:15,790 --> 01:00:15,800 >> Hello, Mississippi. [singing] 3501 01:00:15,800 --> 01:00:17,030 >> Hello, Mississippi. [singing] >> Look at those mounds. There's the 3502 01:00:17,030 --> 01:00:17,040 >> Look at those mounds. There's the 3503 01:00:17,040 --> 01:00:18,590 >> Look at those mounds. There's the Pueblo. I always wondered how to build a 3504 01:00:18,590 --> 01:00:18,600 Pueblo. I always wondered how to build a 3505 01:00:18,600 --> 01:00:20,310 Pueblo. I always wondered how to build a town in a cliff. Guess who's here. Come 3506 01:00:20,310 --> 01:00:20,320 town in a cliff. Guess who's here. Come 3507 01:00:20,320 --> 01:00:22,470 town in a cliff. Guess who's here. Come here. Where? Here. And Pagan is there. 3508 01:00:22,470 --> 01:00:22,480 here. Where? Here. And Pagan is there. 3509 01:00:22,480 --> 01:00:24,146 here. Where? Here. And Pagan is there. Vietnam unconquered itself. Korea just 3510 01:00:24,146 --> 01:00:24,156 Vietnam unconquered itself. Korea just 3511 01:00:24,156 --> 01:00:25,470 Vietnam unconquered itself. Korea just [music] became itself. And Japan is so 3512 01:00:25,470 --> 01:00:25,480 [music] became itself. And Japan is so 3513 01:00:25,480 --> 01:00:26,790 [music] became itself. And Japan is so addicted to art that the military might 3514 01:00:26,790 --> 01:00:26,800 addicted to art that the military might 3515 01:00:26,800 --> 01:00:28,150 addicted to art that the military might have to take over the government. China 3516 01:00:28,150 --> 01:00:28,160 have to take over the government. China 3517 01:00:28,160 --> 01:00:30,150 have to take over the government. China just invented bombs and typing. And the 3518 01:00:30,150 --> 01:00:30,160 just invented bombs and typing. And the 3519 01:00:30,160 --> 01:00:31,470 just invented bombs and typing. And the Mongols just invaded most of the 3520 01:00:31,470 --> 01:00:31,480 Mongols just invaded most of the 3521 01:00:31,480 --> 01:00:33,510 Mongols just invaded most of the universe. Nice going, Genghis. I bet 3522 01:00:33,510 --> 01:00:33,520 universe. Nice going, Genghis. I bet 3523 01:00:33,520 --> 01:00:35,550 universe. Nice going, Genghis. I bet that will last a long time. Some of the 3524 01:00:35,550 --> 01:00:35,560 that will last a long time. Some of the 3525 01:00:35,560 --> 01:00:36,990 that will last a long time. Some of the Islamic Turks were unaffected by the 3526 01:00:36,990 --> 01:00:37,000 Islamic Turks were unaffected by the 3527 01:00:37,000 --> 01:00:38,430 Islamic Turks were unaffected by the Mongol invasions because they were busy 3528 01:00:38,430 --> 01:00:38,440 Mongol invasions because they were busy 3529 01:00:38,440 --> 01:00:39,910 Mongol invasions because they were busy invading India. 3530 01:00:39,910 --> 01:00:39,920 invading India. 3531 01:00:39,920 --> 01:00:41,350 invading India. Is it Tonga time? I think it's Tonga 3532 01:00:41,350 --> 01:00:41,360 Is it Tonga time? I think it's Tonga 3533 01:00:41,360 --> 01:00:42,990 Is it Tonga time? I think it's Tonga time. 3534 01:00:42,990 --> 01:00:43,000 time. 3535 01:00:43,000 --> 01:00:44,430 time. I just found out where the Swahili gets 3536 01:00:44,430 --> 01:00:44,440 I just found out where the Swahili gets 3537 01:00:44,440 --> 01:00:46,390 I just found out where the Swahili gets all their gold. Look at this Chad. Means 3538 01:00:46,390 --> 01:00:46,400 all their gold. Look at this Chad. Means 3539 01:00:46,400 --> 01:00:48,030 all their gold. Look at this Chad. Means lake. There's an empire there, right in 3540 01:00:48,030 --> 01:00:48,040 lake. There's an empire there, right in 3541 01:00:48,040 --> 01:00:48,430 lake. There's an empire there, right in the middle of 3542 01:00:48,430 --> 01:00:48,440 the middle of 3543 01:00:48,440 --> 01:00:50,030 the middle of >> Africa. 3544 01:00:50,030 --> 01:00:50,040 >> Africa. 3545 01:00:50,040 --> 01:00:51,670 >> Africa. >> The king of Mali is so rich he's going 3546 01:00:51,670 --> 01:00:51,680 >> The king of Mali is so rich he's going 3547 01:00:51,680 --> 01:00:53,230 >> The king of Mali is so rich he's going on tour to let everyone know. Wow, that 3548 01:00:53,230 --> 01:00:53,240 on tour to let everyone know. Wow, that 3549 01:00:53,240 --> 01:00:54,550 on tour to let everyone know. Wow, that guy's rich, everyone said. The 3550 01:00:54,550 --> 01:00:54,560 guy's rich, everyone said. The 3551 01:00:54,560 --> 01:00:55,830 guy's rich, everyone said. The Christians are doing a great job 3552 01:00:55,830 --> 01:00:55,840 Christians are doing a great job 3553 01:00:55,840 --> 01:00:57,430 Christians are doing a great job reconquering Iberia, which will soon be 3554 01:00:57,430 --> 01:00:57,440 reconquering Iberia, which will soon be 3555 01:00:57,440 --> 01:00:58,830 reconquering Iberia, which will soon be called Spain and not Spain. Please 3556 01:00:58,830 --> 01:00:58,840 called Spain and not Spain. Please 3557 01:00:58,840 --> 01:01:00,310 called Spain and not Spain. Please remain Christian. We will check in later 3558 01:01:00,310 --> 01:01:00,320 remain Christian. We will check in later 3559 01:01:00,320 --> 01:01:01,470 remain Christian. We will check in later to see if you're still Christian when 3560 01:01:01,470 --> 01:01:01,480 to see if you're still Christian when 3561 01:01:01,480 --> 01:01:03,270 to see if you're still Christian when you least expect. Whoops, half of Europe 3562 01:01:03,270 --> 01:01:03,280 you least expect. Whoops, half of Europe 3563 01:01:03,280 --> 01:01:04,550 you least expect. Whoops, half of Europe just died. 3564 01:01:04,550 --> 01:01:04,560 just died. 3565 01:01:04,560 --> 01:01:06,390 just died. China's back, yay. Hey, come here. Time 3566 01:01:06,390 --> 01:01:06,400 China's back, yay. Hey, come here. Time 3567 01:01:06,400 --> 01:01:08,310 China's back, yay. Hey, come here. Time to share. New kingdoms here and there. 3568 01:01:08,310 --> 01:01:08,320 to share. New kingdoms here and there. 3569 01:01:08,320 --> 01:01:09,950 to share. New kingdoms here and there. Oh, look who controls all the islands. 3570 01:01:09,950 --> 01:01:09,960 Oh, look who controls all the islands. 3571 01:01:09,960 --> 01:01:12,150 Oh, look who controls all the islands. It's the Majapahit. Majapahit. 3572 01:01:12,150 --> 01:01:12,160 It's the Majapahit. Majapahit. 3573 01:01:12,160 --> 01:01:14,990 It's the Majapahit. Majapahit. Mapajahit. Mahapajit. Mapajahit. 3574 01:01:14,990 --> 01:01:15,000 Mapajahit. Mahapajit. Mapajahit. 3575 01:01:15,000 --> 01:01:17,390 Mapajahit. Mahapajit. Mapajahit. Majapahit. 3576 01:01:17,390 --> 01:01:17,400 Majapahit. 3577 01:01:17,400 --> 01:01:18,870 Majapahit. Oh, Italy's really rich. Time for them 3578 01:01:18,870 --> 01:01:18,880 Oh, Italy's really rich. Time for them 3579 01:01:18,880 --> 01:01:20,270 Oh, Italy's really rich. Time for them to care a lot about art and the ancient 3580 01:01:20,270 --> 01:01:20,280 to care a lot about art and the ancient 3581 01:01:20,280 --> 01:01:22,310 to care a lot about art and the ancient classics. It's kind of like a rebirth. 3582 01:01:22,310 --> 01:01:22,320 classics. It's kind of like a rebirth. 3583 01:01:22,320 --> 01:01:24,030 classics. It's kind of like a rebirth. Here's a printer, let's make books. So, 3584 01:01:24,030 --> 01:01:24,040 Here's a printer, let's make books. So, 3585 01:01:24,040 --> 01:01:25,390 Here's a printer, let's make books. So, you think you can conquer the Byzantine 3586 01:01:25,390 --> 01:01:25,400 you think you can conquer the Byzantine 3587 01:01:25,400 --> 01:01:26,990 you think you can conquer the Byzantine Empire? Yep, said the Ottoman Turks. 3588 01:01:26,990 --> 01:01:27,000 Empire? Yep, said the Ottoman Turks. 3589 01:01:27,000 --> 01:01:28,390 Empire? Yep, said the Ottoman Turks. Nice job, Ottoman Turks. Oops, you 3590 01:01:28,390 --> 01:01:28,400 Nice job, Ottoman Turks. Oops, you 3591 01:01:28,400 --> 01:01:29,830 Nice job, Ottoman Turks. Oops, you missed a spot. Don't forget to ban 3592 01:01:29,830 --> 01:01:29,840 missed a spot. Don't forget to ban 3593 01:01:29,840 --> 01:01:31,310 missed a spot. Don't forget to ban Europe from the Indian spice trade. 3594 01:01:31,310 --> 01:01:31,320 Europe from the Indian spice trade. 3595 01:01:31,320 --> 01:01:31,830 Europe from the Indian spice trade. What? 3596 01:01:31,830 --> 01:01:31,840 What? 3597 01:01:31,840 --> 01:01:34,870 What? >> It's crazy. It's just so fat. And it 3598 01:01:34,870 --> 01:01:34,880 >> It's crazy. It's just so fat. And it 3599 01:01:34,880 --> 01:01:37,870 >> It's crazy. It's just so fat. And it just it he puts in the date, right? 14, 3600 01:01:37,870 --> 01:01:37,880 just it he puts in the date, right? 14, 3601 01:01:37,880 --> 01:01:39,830 just it he puts in the date, right? 14, whatever it was, when the Ottomans 3602 01:01:39,830 --> 01:01:39,840 whatever it was, when the Ottomans 3603 01:01:39,840 --> 01:01:44,190 whatever it was, when the Ottomans conquered uh Constantinople. Um it like 3604 01:01:44,190 --> 01:01:44,200 conquered uh Constantinople. Um it like 3605 01:01:44,200 --> 01:01:45,750 conquered uh Constantinople. Um it like it's just like, "Holy [\h__\h] where are 3606 01:01:45,750 --> 01:01:45,760 it's just like, "Holy [\h__\h] where are 3607 01:01:45,760 --> 01:01:47,590 it's just like, "Holy [\h__\h] where are we?" Like we did the Renaissance in a 3608 01:01:47,590 --> 01:01:47,600 we?" Like we did the Renaissance in a 3609 01:01:47,600 --> 01:01:50,670 we?" Like we did the Renaissance in a second. Um what's really interesting 3610 01:01:50,670 --> 01:01:50,680 second. Um what's really interesting 3611 01:01:50,680 --> 01:01:52,470 second. Um what's really interesting about this, too, though, like obviously 3612 01:01:52,470 --> 01:01:52,480 about this, too, though, like obviously 3613 01:01:52,480 --> 01:01:53,990 about this, too, though, like obviously it hits all of the world history that we 3614 01:01:53,990 --> 01:01:54,000 it hits all of the world history that we 3615 01:01:54,000 --> 01:01:55,990 it hits all of the world history that we know, but there's so much like Tonga 3616 01:01:55,990 --> 01:01:56,000 know, but there's so much like Tonga 3617 01:01:56,000 --> 01:01:58,110 know, but there's so much like Tonga time. What the [\h__\h] is Tonga time? I I 3618 01:01:58,110 --> 01:01:58,120 time. What the [\h__\h] is Tonga time? I I 3619 01:01:58,120 --> 01:01:59,990 time. What the [\h__\h] is Tonga time? I I know what Tonga is, but I don't know 3620 01:01:59,990 --> 01:02:00,000 know what Tonga is, but I don't know 3621 01:02:00,000 --> 01:02:02,790 know what Tonga is, but I don't know anything about like Tonga doing whatever 3622 01:02:02,790 --> 01:02:02,800 anything about like Tonga doing whatever 3623 01:02:02,800 --> 01:02:04,350 anything about like Tonga doing whatever it did in the South Pacific. I mean, 3624 01:02:04,350 --> 01:02:04,360 it did in the South Pacific. I mean, 3625 01:02:04,360 --> 01:02:05,750 it did in the South Pacific. I mean, it's like 3626 01:02:05,750 --> 01:02:05,760 it's like 3627 01:02:05,760 --> 01:02:09,190 it's like to the point where I'm planning out uh 3628 01:02:09,190 --> 01:02:09,200 to the point where I'm planning out uh 3629 01:02:09,200 --> 01:02:11,550 to the point where I'm planning out uh the the uh world history content post 3630 01:02:11,550 --> 01:02:11,560 the the uh world history content post 3631 01:02:11,560 --> 01:02:13,710 the the uh world history content post Middle Ages, and it's like I could look 3632 01:02:13,710 --> 01:02:13,720 Middle Ages, and it's like I could look 3633 01:02:13,720 --> 01:02:16,230 Middle Ages, and it's like I could look at this to just make a list of what I 3634 01:02:16,230 --> 01:02:16,240 at this to just make a list of what I 3635 01:02:16,240 --> 01:02:18,310 at this to just make a list of what I need to cover. It gives me zero 3636 01:02:18,310 --> 01:02:18,320 need to cover. It gives me zero 3637 01:02:18,320 --> 01:02:20,390 need to cover. It gives me zero information, but I know there whatever 3638 01:02:20,390 --> 01:02:20,400 information, but I know there whatever 3639 01:02:20,400 --> 01:02:22,830 information, but I know there whatever Bill Wurtz references is a thing that 3640 01:02:22,830 --> 01:02:22,840 Bill Wurtz references is a thing that 3641 01:02:22,840 --> 01:02:24,668 Bill Wurtz references is a thing that happened in world history and should 3642 01:02:24,668 --> 01:02:24,678 happened in world history and should 3643 01:02:24,678 --> 01:02:25,910 happened in world history and should [snorts] be covered, right? I mean, it's 3644 01:02:25,910 --> 01:02:25,920 [snorts] be covered, right? I mean, it's 3645 01:02:25,920 --> 01:02:28,590 [snorts] be covered, right? I mean, it's like I it's going to be daunting to move 3646 01:02:28,590 --> 01:02:28,600 like I it's going to be daunting to move 3647 01:02:28,600 --> 01:02:32,190 like I it's going to be daunting to move on after the Middle Ages, um but uh it's 3648 01:02:32,190 --> 01:02:32,200 on after the Middle Ages, um but uh it's 3649 01:02:32,200 --> 01:02:33,950 on after the Middle Ages, um but uh it's just like 3650 01:02:33,950 --> 01:02:33,960 just like 3651 01:02:33,960 --> 01:02:35,750 just like holy crap, there's so much happened in 3652 01:02:35,750 --> 01:02:35,760 holy crap, there's so much happened in 3653 01:02:35,760 --> 01:02:37,790 holy crap, there's so much happened in world history. And to see it condensed 3654 01:02:37,790 --> 01:02:37,800 world history. And to see it condensed 3655 01:02:37,800 --> 01:02:40,230 world history. And to see it condensed like this is crazy. I'm going to have 3656 01:02:40,230 --> 01:02:40,240 like this is crazy. I'm going to have 3657 01:02:40,240 --> 01:02:43,008 like this is crazy. I'm going to have probably not as much to say for the next 3658 01:02:43,008 --> 01:02:43,018 probably not as much to say for the next 3659 01:02:43,018 --> 01:02:44,790 probably not as much to say for the next [snorts] couple of minutes. Um 3660 01:02:44,790 --> 01:02:44,800 [snorts] couple of minutes. Um 3661 01:02:44,800 --> 01:02:46,910 [snorts] couple of minutes. Um let's let's let's see. Let's see where 3662 01:02:46,910 --> 01:02:46,920 let's let's let's see. Let's see where 3663 01:02:46,920 --> 01:02:47,630 let's let's let's see. Let's see where we get. 3664 01:02:47,630 --> 01:02:47,640 we get. 3665 01:02:47,640 --> 01:02:49,270 we get. >> What? That's [\h__\h] said Portugal. 3666 01:02:49,270 --> 01:02:49,280 >> What? That's [\h__\h] said Portugal. 3667 01:02:49,280 --> 01:02:49,990 >> What? That's [\h__\h] said Portugal. Spiceless. 3668 01:02:49,990 --> 01:02:50,000 Spiceless. 3669 01:02:50,000 --> 01:02:51,750 Spiceless. >> Well, I guess we'll have [music] to find 3670 01:02:51,750 --> 01:02:51,760 >> Well, I guess we'll have [music] to find 3671 01:02:51,760 --> 01:02:55,630 >> Well, I guess we'll have [music] to find another [singing] way to India. 3672 01:02:55,630 --> 01:02:55,640 another [singing] way to India. 3673 01:02:55,640 --> 01:02:56,790 another [singing] way to India. >> Wait, said Christopher Columbus, 3674 01:02:56,790 --> 01:02:56,800 >> Wait, said Christopher Columbus, 3675 01:02:56,800 --> 01:02:58,350 >> Wait, said Christopher Columbus, probably smoking crack. If the world is 3676 01:02:58,350 --> 01:02:58,360 probably smoking crack. If the world is 3677 01:02:58,360 --> 01:02:59,990 probably smoking crack. If the world is round, let's go this way to India. No, 3678 01:02:59,990 --> 01:03:00,000 round, let's go this way to India. No, 3679 01:03:00,000 --> 01:03:01,190 round, let's go this way to India. No, don't worry, we already got this, said 3680 01:03:01,190 --> 01:03:01,200 don't worry, we already got this, said 3681 01:03:01,200 --> 01:03:02,750 don't worry, we already got this, said Portugal. So, Chris goes to Spain. Hey 3682 01:03:02,750 --> 01:03:02,760 Portugal. So, Chris goes to Spain. Hey 3683 01:03:02,760 --> 01:03:04,230 Portugal. So, Chris goes to Spain. Hey Spain, want to hire me to find India by 3684 01:03:04,230 --> 01:03:04,240 Spain, want to hire me to find India by 3685 01:03:04,240 --> 01:03:05,510 Spain, want to hire me to find India by going around back of the world? No. 3686 01:03:05,510 --> 01:03:05,520 going around back of the world? No. 3687 01:03:05,520 --> 01:03:08,150 going around back of the world? No. Please? No. Please? No. Please? Okay. 3688 01:03:08,150 --> 01:03:08,160 Please? No. Please? No. Please? Okay. 3689 01:03:08,160 --> 01:03:09,590 Please? No. Please? No. Please? Okay. So, he sails into the ocean and 3690 01:03:09,590 --> 01:03:09,600 So, he sails into the ocean and 3691 01:03:09,600 --> 01:03:11,710 So, he sails into the ocean and discovers more ocean, and then discovers 3692 01:03:11,710 --> 01:03:11,720 discovers more ocean, and then discovers 3693 01:03:11,720 --> 01:03:14,110 discovers more ocean, and then discovers the Indies and Japan. Let's draw a line 3694 01:03:14,110 --> 01:03:14,120 the Indies and Japan. Let's draw a line 3695 01:03:14,120 --> 01:03:15,350 the Indies and Japan. Let's draw a line to decide who gets which half of the 3696 01:03:15,350 --> 01:03:15,360 to decide who gets which half of the 3697 01:03:15,360 --> 01:03:17,230 to decide who gets which half of the world. The Aztec and Inca empires are 3698 01:03:17,230 --> 01:03:17,240 world. The Aztec and Inca empires are 3699 01:03:17,240 --> 01:03:18,710 world. The Aztec and Inca empires are off to a great start. I wonder if they 3700 01:03:18,710 --> 01:03:18,720 off to a great start. I wonder if they 3701 01:03:18,720 --> 01:03:19,910 off to a great start. I wonder if they know that Europe just discovered their 3702 01:03:19,910 --> 01:03:19,920 know that Europe just discovered their 3703 01:03:19,920 --> 01:03:21,710 know that Europe just discovered their continent. The Habsburgs are marrying 3704 01:03:21,710 --> 01:03:21,720 continent. The Habsburgs are marrying 3705 01:03:21,720 --> 01:03:23,030 continent. The Habsburgs are marrying into so many royal families they might 3706 01:03:23,030 --> 01:03:23,040 into so many royal families they might 3707 01:03:23,040 --> 01:03:24,550 into so many royal families they might have to start marrying each other. Move 3708 01:03:24,550 --> 01:03:24,560 have to start marrying each other. Move 3709 01:03:24,560 --> 01:03:26,550 have to start marrying each other. Move over Lithuania, here comes Moscow. Ivan 3710 01:03:26,550 --> 01:03:26,560 over Lithuania, here comes Moscow. Ivan 3711 01:03:26,560 --> 01:03:28,070 over Lithuania, here comes Moscow. Ivan wants to make Russia great again. Move 3712 01:03:28,070 --> 01:03:28,080 wants to make Russia great again. Move 3713 01:03:28,080 --> 01:03:29,790 wants to make Russia great again. Move over Timurids, maybe go invade India or 3714 01:03:29,790 --> 01:03:29,800 over Timurids, maybe go invade India or 3715 01:03:29,800 --> 01:03:31,310 over Timurids, maybe go invade India or something. Persia just made Persia 3716 01:03:31,310 --> 01:03:31,320 something. Persia just made Persia 3717 01:03:31,320 --> 01:03:32,750 something. Persia just made Persia Persian again. Let's make it the other 3718 01:03:32,750 --> 01:03:32,760 Persian again. Let's make it the other 3719 01:03:32,760 --> 01:03:34,190 Persian again. Let's make it the other kind of Islam, the one where we thought 3720 01:03:34,190 --> 01:03:34,200 kind of Islam, the one where we thought 3721 01:03:34,200 --> 01:03:35,510 kind of Islam, the one where we thought the first guy should have been the other 3722 01:03:35,510 --> 01:03:35,520 the first guy should have been the other 3723 01:03:35,520 --> 01:03:37,590 the first guy should have been the other guy. Hey Christians, do you sin? Now you 3724 01:03:37,590 --> 01:03:37,600 guy. Hey Christians, do you sin? Now you 3725 01:03:37,600 --> 01:03:38,990 guy. Hey Christians, do you sin? Now you can buy your way out of hell. That's 3726 01:03:38,990 --> 01:03:39,000 can buy your way out of hell. That's 3727 01:03:39,000 --> 01:03:40,470 can buy your way out of hell. That's [\h__\h] This whole thing is [\h__\h] 3728 01:03:40,470 --> 01:03:40,480 [\h__\h] This whole thing is [\h__\h] 3729 01:03:40,480 --> 01:03:42,070 [\h__\h] This whole thing is [\h__\h] That's a scam. [\h__\h] the church. Here's 3730 01:03:42,070 --> 01:03:42,080 That's a scam. [\h__\h] the church. Here's 3731 01:03:42,080 --> 01:03:43,950 That's a scam. [\h__\h] the church. Here's 95 reasons why, said Martin Luther in 3732 01:03:43,950 --> 01:03:43,960 95 reasons why, said Martin Luther in 3733 01:03:43,960 --> 01:03:45,030 95 reasons why, said Martin Luther in his new book which might have 3734 01:03:45,030 --> 01:03:45,040 his new book which might have 3735 01:03:45,040 --> 01:03:46,190 his new book which might have accidentally started the Protestant 3736 01:03:46,190 --> 01:03:46,200 accidentally started the Protestant 3737 01:03:46,200 --> 01:03:47,230 accidentally started the Protestant Reformation. You know what would be 3738 01:03:47,230 --> 01:03:47,240 Reformation. You know what would be 3739 01:03:47,240 --> 01:03:48,830 Reformation. You know what would be magnificent, said Suleiman wearing an 3740 01:03:48,830 --> 01:03:48,840 magnificent, said Suleiman wearing an 3741 01:03:48,840 --> 01:03:50,390 magnificent, said Suleiman wearing an onion hat? What if the Ottoman Empire 3742 01:03:50,390 --> 01:03:50,400 onion hat? What if the Ottoman Empire 3743 01:03:50,400 --> 01:03:52,310 onion hat? What if the Ottoman Empire was really big, which it is now? What if 3744 01:03:52,310 --> 01:03:52,320 was really big, which it is now? What if 3745 01:03:52,320 --> 01:03:54,030 was really big, which it is now? What if Russia was big, said Ivan trying not to 3746 01:03:54,030 --> 01:03:54,040 Russia was big, said Ivan trying not to 3747 01:03:54,040 --> 01:03:55,670 Russia was big, said Ivan trying not to be terrible. Portugal had a dream that 3748 01:03:55,670 --> 01:03:55,680 be terrible. Portugal had a dream that 3749 01:03:55,680 --> 01:03:56,670 be terrible. Portugal had a dream that they controlled the entire [music] 3750 01:03:56,670 --> 01:03:56,680 they controlled the entire [music] 3751 01:03:56,680 --> 01:03:58,550 they controlled the entire [music] Indian Ocean including the spice trade. 3752 01:03:58,550 --> 01:03:58,560 Indian Ocean including the spice trade. 3753 01:03:58,560 --> 01:04:00,550 Indian Ocean including the spice trade. And then that dream was real. And Spain 3754 01:04:00,550 --> 01:04:00,560 And then that dream was real. And Spain 3755 01:04:00,560 --> 01:04:02,070 And then that dream was real. And Spain realized that this is not India, but 3756 01:04:02,070 --> 01:04:02,080 realized that this is not India, but 3757 01:04:02,080 --> 01:04:03,790 realized that this is not India, but they pillaged it anyway. Damn, said 3758 01:04:03,790 --> 01:04:03,800 they pillaged it anyway. Damn, said 3759 01:04:03,800 --> 01:04:04,990 they pillaged it anyway. Damn, said England and France. We got to start 3760 01:04:04,990 --> 01:04:05,000 England and France. We got to start 3761 01:04:05,000 --> 01:04:06,390 England and France. We got to start pillaging some stuff. Then the Dutch 3762 01:04:06,390 --> 01:04:06,400 pillaging some stuff. Then the Dutch 3763 01:04:06,400 --> 01:04:07,710 pillaging some stuff. Then the Dutch revolt and all the hipsters move to 3764 01:04:07,710 --> 01:04:07,720 revolt and all the hipsters move to 3765 01:04:07,720 --> 01:04:09,950 revolt and all the hipsters move to Amsterdam. Damn, said Amsterdam. 3766 01:04:09,950 --> 01:04:09,960 Amsterdam. Damn, said Amsterdam. 3767 01:04:09,960 --> 01:04:11,310 Amsterdam. Damn, said Amsterdam. We got to start pillaging some stuff. 3768 01:04:11,310 --> 01:04:11,320 We got to start pillaging some stuff. 3769 01:04:11,320 --> 01:04:12,744 We got to start pillaging some stuff. Question one, can you get to India 3770 01:04:12,744 --> 01:04:12,754 Question one, can you get to India 3771 01:04:12,754 --> 01:04:14,030 Question one, can you get to India [music] through North America? No, but 3772 01:04:14,030 --> 01:04:14,040 [music] through North America? No, but 3773 01:04:14,040 --> 01:04:15,630 [music] through North America? No, but at least there's beaver. Question two, 3774 01:04:15,630 --> 01:04:15,640 at least there's beaver. Question two, 3775 01:04:15,640 --> 01:04:17,030 at least there's beaver. Question two, steal the spice trade. That's not a 3776 01:04:17,030 --> 01:04:17,040 steal the spice trade. That's not a 3777 01:04:17,040 --> 01:04:19,294 steal the spice trade. That's not a question, but the Dutch did it anyway. 3778 01:04:19,294 --> 01:04:19,304 question, but the Dutch did it anyway. 3779 01:04:19,304 --> 01:04:19,750 question, but the Dutch did it anyway. >> [music] 3780 01:04:19,750 --> 01:04:19,760 >> [music] 3781 01:04:19,760 --> 01:04:20,990 >> [music] >> Guess where all the sugar's made? In 3782 01:04:20,990 --> 01:04:21,000 >> Guess where all the sugar's made? In 3783 01:04:21,000 --> 01:04:22,710 >> Guess where all the sugar's made? In Brazil. Stolen in the Caribbean. And 3784 01:04:22,710 --> 01:04:22,720 Brazil. Stolen in the Caribbean. And 3785 01:04:22,720 --> 01:04:24,190 Brazil. Stolen in the Caribbean. And it's so goddamn profitable you might 3786 01:04:24,190 --> 01:04:24,200 it's so goddamn profitable you might 3787 01:04:24,200 --> 01:04:25,590 it's so goddamn profitable you might forget to not do slavery. [music] The 3788 01:04:25,590 --> 01:04:25,600 forget to not do slavery. [music] The 3789 01:04:25,600 --> 01:04:27,070 forget to not do slavery. [music] The next thing on Russia's to do list is to 3790 01:04:27,070 --> 01:04:27,080 next thing on Russia's to do list is to 3791 01:04:27,080 --> 01:04:28,350 next thing on Russia's to do list is to get bigger. Britain and France are 3792 01:04:28,350 --> 01:04:28,360 get bigger. Britain and France are 3793 01:04:28,360 --> 01:04:29,630 get bigger. Britain and France are having a friendly discussion about who 3794 01:04:29,630 --> 01:04:29,640 having a friendly discussion about who 3795 01:04:29,640 --> 01:04:31,030 having a friendly discussion about who should control the entire world, more 3796 01:04:31,030 --> 01:04:31,040 should control the entire world, more 3797 01:04:31,040 --> 01:04:32,950 should control the entire world, more specifically Ohio. Then it escalates 3798 01:04:32,950 --> 01:04:32,960 specifically Ohio. Then it escalates 3799 01:04:32,960 --> 01:04:34,510 specifically Ohio. Then it escalates into a seven-year discussion giving 3800 01:04:34,510 --> 01:04:34,520 into a seven-year discussion giving 3801 01:04:34,520 --> 01:04:35,990 into a seven-year discussion giving Prussia a chance to show Austria who's 3802 01:04:35,990 --> 01:04:36,000 Prussia a chance to show Austria who's 3803 01:04:36,000 --> 01:04:37,390 Prussia a chance to show Austria who's boss. But what about Britain and France? 3804 01:04:37,390 --> 01:04:37,400 boss. But what about Britain and France? 3805 01:04:37,400 --> 01:04:38,670 boss. But what about Britain and France? Did they figure out who's boss? Yes, 3806 01:04:38,670 --> 01:04:38,680 Did they figure out who's boss? Yes, 3807 01:04:38,680 --> 01:04:39,950 Did they figure out who's boss? Yes, they did. It's Britain. Guess who's 3808 01:04:39,950 --> 01:04:39,960 they did. It's Britain. Guess who's 3809 01:04:39,960 --> 01:04:41,350 they did. It's Britain. Guess who's broke? Also Britain. So they start 3810 01:04:41,350 --> 01:04:41,360 broke? Also Britain. So they start 3811 01:04:41,360 --> 01:04:42,830 broke? Also Britain. So they start taxing the hell out of America. [\h__\h] 3812 01:04:42,830 --> 01:04:42,840 taxing the hell out of America. [\h__\h] 3813 01:04:42,840 --> 01:04:44,110 taxing the hell out of America. [\h__\h] you, says America declaring their 3814 01:04:44,110 --> 01:04:44,120 you, says America declaring their 3815 01:04:44,120 --> 01:04:45,510 you, says America declaring their independence and fighting for it. And 3816 01:04:45,510 --> 01:04:45,520 independence and fighting for it. And 3817 01:04:45,520 --> 01:04:46,150 independence and fighting for it. And France 3818 01:04:46,150 --> 01:04:46,160 France 3819 01:04:46,160 --> 01:04:48,910 France >> [\h__\h] you, says America. It's a very apt 3820 01:04:48,910 --> 01:04:48,920 >> [\h__\h] you, says America. It's a very apt 3821 01:04:48,920 --> 01:04:51,070 >> [\h__\h] you, says America. It's a very apt description here. 3822 01:04:51,070 --> 01:04:51,080 description here. 3823 01:04:51,080 --> 01:04:54,070 description here. I like that it's 3824 01:04:54,070 --> 01:04:54,080 I like that it's 3825 01:04:54,080 --> 01:04:56,670 I like that it's uh Western Imperialism almost looks 3826 01:04:56,670 --> 01:04:56,680 uh Western Imperialism almost looks 3827 01:04:56,680 --> 01:04:59,830 uh Western Imperialism almost looks adorable when described this way. Right, 3828 01:04:59,830 --> 01:04:59,840 adorable when described this way. Right, 3829 01:04:59,840 --> 01:05:02,670 adorable when described this way. Right, it's so I mean it's the correct way to 3830 01:05:02,670 --> 01:05:02,680 it's so I mean it's the correct way to 3831 01:05:02,680 --> 01:05:04,710 it's so I mean it's the correct way to condense this and do it really quickly 3832 01:05:04,710 --> 01:05:04,720 condense this and do it really quickly 3833 01:05:04,720 --> 01:05:07,030 condense this and do it really quickly and it's almost just like, "Hey, they're 3834 01:05:07,030 --> 01:05:07,040 and it's almost just like, "Hey, they're 3835 01:05:07,040 --> 01:05:08,270 and it's almost just like, "Hey, they're pillaging. They're pillaging. They're 3836 01:05:08,270 --> 01:05:08,280 pillaging. They're pillaging. They're 3837 01:05:08,280 --> 01:05:10,190 pillaging. They're pillaging. They're pillaging." It's exactly what happened. 3838 01:05:10,190 --> 01:05:10,200 pillaging." It's exactly what happened. 3839 01:05:10,200 --> 01:05:13,110 pillaging." It's exactly what happened. Um but it's like quaint when described 3840 01:05:13,110 --> 01:05:13,120 Um but it's like quaint when described 3841 01:05:13,120 --> 01:05:14,390 Um but it's like quaint when described this way almost. 3842 01:05:14,390 --> 01:05:14,400 this way almost. 3843 01:05:14,400 --> 01:05:16,270 this way almost. >> This helps them win. Now France is broke 3844 01:05:16,270 --> 01:05:16,280 >> This helps them win. Now France is broke 3845 01:05:16,280 --> 01:05:17,310 >> This helps them win. Now France is broke and Britain will have to send their 3846 01:05:17,310 --> 01:05:17,320 and Britain will have to send their 3847 01:05:17,320 --> 01:05:18,870 and Britain will have to send their prisoners to a different continent. 3848 01:05:18,870 --> 01:05:18,880 prisoners to a different continent. 3849 01:05:18,880 --> 01:05:20,150 prisoners to a different continent. >> Wait, if France is broke, why do the 3850 01:05:20,150 --> 01:05:20,160 >> Wait, if France is broke, why do the 3851 01:05:20,160 --> 01:05:21,550 >> Wait, if France is broke, why do the king and queen still wear such fancy 3852 01:05:21,550 --> 01:05:21,560 king and queen still wear such fancy 3853 01:05:21,560 --> 01:05:22,150 king and queen still wear such fancy dresses? 3854 01:05:22,150 --> 01:05:22,160 dresses? 3855 01:05:22,160 --> 01:05:23,350 dresses? >> Let's overthrow the palace and cut all 3856 01:05:23,350 --> 01:05:23,360 >> Let's overthrow the palace and cut all 3857 01:05:23,360 --> 01:05:24,590 >> Let's overthrow the palace and cut all their heads off, said Robespierre 3858 01:05:24,590 --> 01:05:24,600 their heads off, said Robespierre 3859 01:05:24,600 --> 01:05:25,750 their heads off, said Robespierre cutting everybody's head off until 3860 01:05:25,750 --> 01:05:25,760 cutting everybody's head off until 3861 01:05:25,760 --> 01:05:27,030 cutting everybody's head off until someone eventually got mad and cut his 3862 01:05:27,030 --> 01:05:27,040 someone eventually got mad and cut his 3863 01:05:27,040 --> 01:05:28,350 someone eventually got mad and cut his head off. You could make a real hit. No, 3864 01:05:28,350 --> 01:05:28,360 head off. You could make a real hit. No, 3865 01:05:28,360 --> 01:05:28,910 head off. You could make a real hit. No, don't. 3866 01:05:28,910 --> 01:05:28,920 don't. 3867 01:05:28,920 --> 01:05:30,310 don't. >> Haiti is starting to like the idea of a 3868 01:05:30,310 --> 01:05:30,320 >> Haiti is starting to like the idea of a 3869 01:05:30,320 --> 01:05:31,870 >> Haiti is starting to like the idea of a revolution, especially the slaves who 3870 01:05:31,870 --> 01:05:31,880 revolution, especially the slaves who 3871 01:05:31,880 --> 01:05:32,870 revolution, especially the slaves who free themselves by killing their 3872 01:05:32,870 --> 01:05:32,880 free themselves by killing their 3873 01:05:32,880 --> 01:05:34,190 free themselves by killing their masters. Why didn't we think of this 3874 01:05:34,190 --> 01:05:34,200 masters. Why didn't we think of this 3875 01:05:34,200 --> 01:05:35,910 masters. Why didn't we think of this before? Wait, who's in charge of France 3876 01:05:35,910 --> 01:05:35,920 before? Wait, who's in charge of France 3877 01:05:35,920 --> 01:05:36,585 before? Wait, who's in charge of France now? 3878 01:05:36,585 --> 01:05:36,595 now? 3879 01:05:36,595 --> 01:05:36,990 now? >> [music] 3880 01:05:36,990 --> 01:05:37,000 >> [music] 3881 01:05:37,000 --> 01:05:38,190 >> [music] >> said Napoleon trying to take over 3882 01:05:38,190 --> 01:05:38,200 >> said Napoleon trying to take over 3883 01:05:38,200 --> 01:05:39,790 >> said Napoleon trying to take over Europe. Luckily they banished him to an 3884 01:05:39,790 --> 01:05:39,800 Europe. Luckily they banished him to an 3885 01:05:39,800 --> 01:05:40,150 Europe. Luckily they banished him to an island. 3886 01:05:40,150 --> 01:05:40,160 island. 3887 01:05:40,160 --> 01:05:41,550 island. >> But he came back. 3888 01:05:41,550 --> 01:05:41,560 >> But he came back. 3889 01:05:41,560 --> 01:05:42,590 >> But he came back. >> Luckily they banished him to another 3890 01:05:42,590 --> 01:05:42,600 >> Luckily they banished him to another 3891 01:05:42,600 --> 01:05:44,190 >> Luckily they banished him to another island. There goes Latin America 3892 01:05:44,190 --> 01:05:44,200 island. There goes Latin America 3893 01:05:44,200 --> 01:05:45,390 island. There goes Latin America becoming independent in the Latin 3894 01:05:45,390 --> 01:05:45,400 becoming independent in the Latin 3895 01:05:45,400 --> 01:05:46,790 becoming independent in the Latin American Wars of Independence. 3896 01:05:46,790 --> 01:05:46,800 American Wars of Independence. 3897 01:05:46,800 --> 01:05:47,870 American Wars of Independence. >> Britain just figured out how to turn 3898 01:05:47,870 --> 01:05:47,880 >> Britain just figured out how to turn 3899 01:05:47,880 --> 01:05:49,550 >> Britain just figured out how to turn steam into power. So now they can make 3900 01:05:49,550 --> 01:05:49,560 steam into power. So now they can make 3901 01:05:49,560 --> 01:05:51,650 steam into power. So now they can make >> many different types of machines and 3902 01:05:51,650 --> 01:05:51,660 >> many different types of machines and 3903 01:05:51,660 --> 01:05:52,630 >> many different types of machines and [music and singing] factories with 3904 01:05:52,630 --> 01:05:52,640 [music and singing] factories with 3905 01:05:52,640 --> 01:05:55,270 [music and singing] factories with machines in them so they can make a lot 3906 01:05:55,270 --> 01:05:55,280 machines in them so they can make a lot 3907 01:05:55,280 --> 01:05:58,710 machines in them so they can make a lot of products real fast. [singing] 3908 01:05:58,710 --> 01:05:58,720 of products real fast. [singing] 3909 01:05:58,720 --> 01:06:00,070 of products real fast. [singing] >> Then they invent some trains and conquer 3910 01:06:00,070 --> 01:06:00,080 >> Then they invent some trains and conquer 3911 01:06:00,080 --> 01:06:00,390 >> Then they invent some trains and conquer India. 3912 01:06:00,390 --> 01:06:00,400 India. 3913 01:06:00,400 --> 01:06:02,750 India. >> That's the Industrial Revolution, right? 3914 01:06:02,750 --> 01:06:02,760 >> That's the Industrial Revolution, right? 3915 01:06:02,760 --> 01:06:05,390 >> That's the Industrial Revolution, right? Is it is like a is like a 3916 01:06:05,390 --> 01:06:05,400 Is it is like a is like a 3917 01:06:05,400 --> 01:06:07,830 Is it is like a is like a like a jingle, like a Nabisco jingle. 3918 01:06:07,830 --> 01:06:07,840 like a jingle, like a Nabisco jingle. 3919 01:06:07,840 --> 01:06:09,590 like a jingle, like a Nabisco jingle. That's the summary of the Industrial 3920 01:06:09,590 --> 01:06:09,600 That's the summary of the Industrial 3921 01:06:09,600 --> 01:06:10,030 That's the summary of the Industrial Revolution. 3922 01:06:10,030 --> 01:06:10,040 Revolution. 3923 01:06:10,040 --> 01:06:10,910 Revolution. >> Revolution. 3924 01:06:10,910 --> 01:06:10,920 >> Revolution. 3925 01:06:10,920 --> 01:06:12,270 >> Revolution. >> Yeah, and maybe put some trains there. 3926 01:06:12,270 --> 01:06:12,280 >> Yeah, and maybe put some trains there. 3927 01:06:12,280 --> 01:06:13,830 >> Yeah, and maybe put some trains there. >> Hey China, said Britain, buy stuff from 3928 01:06:13,830 --> 01:06:13,840 >> Hey China, said Britain, buy stuff from 3929 01:06:13,840 --> 01:06:14,150 >> Hey China, said Britain, buy stuff from us. 3930 01:06:14,150 --> 01:06:14,160 us. 3931 01:06:14,160 --> 01:06:15,310 us. >> Nah dude, we already got everything, 3932 01:06:15,310 --> 01:06:15,320 >> Nah dude, we already got everything, 3933 01:06:15,320 --> 01:06:15,950 >> Nah dude, we already got everything, says China. 3934 01:06:15,950 --> 01:06:15,960 says China. 3935 01:06:15,960 --> 01:06:17,190 says China. >> So Britain tried to get them addicted to 3936 01:06:17,190 --> 01:06:17,200 >> So Britain tried to get them addicted to 3937 01:06:17,200 --> 01:06:18,910 >> So Britain tried to get them addicted to opium, which worked actually, but then 3938 01:06:18,910 --> 01:06:18,920 opium, which worked actually, but then 3939 01:06:18,920 --> 01:06:20,310 opium, which worked actually, but then China made it illegal and dumped it all 3940 01:06:20,310 --> 01:06:20,320 China made it illegal and dumped it all 3941 01:06:20,320 --> 01:06:21,830 China made it illegal and dumped it all into the sea. So Britain threw a hissy 3942 01:06:21,830 --> 01:06:21,840 into the sea. So Britain threw a hissy 3943 01:06:21,840 --> 01:06:23,230 into the sea. So Britain threw a hissy fit and made them open up five cities 3944 01:06:23,230 --> 01:06:23,240 fit and made them open up five cities 3945 01:06:23,240 --> 01:06:24,550 fit and made them open up five cities and give them an island. Britain and 3946 01:06:24,550 --> 01:06:24,560 and give them an island. Britain and 3947 01:06:24,560 --> 01:06:25,790 and give them an island. Britain and Russia are playing a game where they try 3948 01:06:25,790 --> 01:06:25,800 Russia are playing a game where they try 3949 01:06:25,800 --> 01:06:26,910 Russia are playing a game where they try to stop each other from conquering 3950 01:06:26,910 --> 01:06:26,920 to stop each other from conquering 3951 01:06:26,920 --> 01:06:27,750 to stop each other from conquering Afghanistan. 3952 01:06:27,750 --> 01:06:27,760 Afghanistan. 3953 01:06:27,760 --> 01:06:28,990 Afghanistan. >> Also, the Sultan of [music and singing] 3954 01:06:28,990 --> 01:06:29,000 >> Also, the Sultan of [music and singing] 3955 01:06:29,000 --> 01:06:32,150 >> Also, the Sultan of [music and singing] Oman lives in Zanzibar now. 3956 01:06:32,150 --> 01:06:32,160 Oman lives in Zanzibar now. 3957 01:06:32,160 --> 01:06:33,830 Oman lives in Zanzibar now. >> That's just where he lives. India just 3958 01:06:33,830 --> 01:06:33,840 >> That's just where he lives. India just 3959 01:06:33,840 --> 01:06:35,070 >> That's just where he lives. India just had a revolution and they would like to 3960 01:06:35,070 --> 01:06:35,080 had a revolution and they would like to 3961 01:06:35,080 --> 01:06:36,470 had a revolution and they would like to govern themselves now. Nope, said 3962 01:06:36,470 --> 01:06:36,480 govern themselves now. Nope, said 3963 01:06:36,480 --> 01:06:37,870 govern themselves now. Nope, said Britain governing them even harder than 3964 01:06:37,870 --> 01:06:37,880 Britain governing them even harder than 3965 01:06:37,880 --> 01:06:40,120 Britain governing them even harder than before. 3966 01:06:40,120 --> 01:06:40,130 before. 3967 01:06:40,130 --> 01:06:41,750 before. >> [music] 3968 01:06:41,750 --> 01:06:41,760 >> [music] 3969 01:06:41,760 --> 01:06:45,030 >> [music] >> Technology is about to go crazy. 3970 01:06:45,030 --> 01:06:45,040 >> Technology is about to go crazy. 3971 01:06:45,040 --> 01:06:46,310 >> Technology is about to go crazy. >> The United States finally figured out 3972 01:06:46,310 --> 01:06:46,320 >> The United States finally figured out 3973 01:06:46,320 --> 01:06:47,710 >> The United States finally figured out whether slavery is good or bad. It's 3974 01:06:47,710 --> 01:06:47,720 whether slavery is good or bad. It's 3975 01:06:47,720 --> 01:06:49,030 whether slavery is good or bad. It's bad, they decided. And then they 3976 01:06:49,030 --> 01:06:49,040 bad, they decided. And then they 3977 01:06:49,040 --> 01:06:50,550 bad, they decided. And then they continued manifesting their destiny, 3978 01:06:50,550 --> 01:06:50,560 continued manifesting their destiny, 3979 01:06:50,560 --> 01:06:51,430 continued manifesting their destiny, which [music] is to kill the rest of the 3980 01:06:51,430 --> 01:06:51,440 which [music] is to kill the rest of the 3981 01:06:51,440 --> 01:06:52,670 which [music] is to kill the rest of the natives and take their land and maybe 3982 01:06:52,670 --> 01:06:52,680 natives and take their land and maybe 3983 01:06:52,680 --> 01:06:54,270 natives and take their land and maybe kick out the Mexicans, too. 3984 01:06:54,270 --> 01:06:54,280 kick out the Mexicans, too. 3985 01:06:54,280 --> 01:06:55,950 kick out the Mexicans, too. >> I know, let's rape Africa, said Europe 3986 01:06:55,950 --> 01:06:55,960 >> I know, let's rape Africa, said Europe 3987 01:06:55,960 --> 01:06:57,190 >> I know, let's rape Africa, said Europe scrambling to see who could rape it the 3988 01:06:57,190 --> 01:06:57,200 scrambling to see who could rape it the 3989 01:06:57,200 --> 01:06:57,790 scrambling to see who could rape it the fastest. 3990 01:06:57,790 --> 01:06:57,800 fastest. 3991 01:06:57,800 --> 01:06:59,550 fastest. >> They never got Ethiopia. 3992 01:06:59,550 --> 01:06:59,560 >> They never got Ethiopia. 3993 01:06:59,560 --> 01:07:00,910 >> They never got Ethiopia. >> Britain and France are still hungry. 3994 01:07:00,910 --> 01:07:00,920 >> Britain and France are still hungry. 3995 01:07:00,920 --> 01:07:02,391 >> Britain and France are still hungry. >> They never got Thailand. 3996 01:07:02,391 --> 01:07:02,401 >> They never got Thailand. 3997 01:07:02,401 --> 01:07:02,550 >> They never got Thailand. >> [music] 3998 01:07:02,550 --> 01:07:02,560 >> [music] 3999 01:07:02,560 --> 01:07:03,950 >> [music] >> The United States ran out of destiny to 4000 01:07:03,950 --> 01:07:03,960 >> The United States ran out of destiny to 4001 01:07:03,960 --> 01:07:05,550 >> The United States ran out of destiny to manifest, so they're looking for more. 4002 01:07:05,550 --> 01:07:05,560 manifest, so they're looking for more. 4003 01:07:05,560 --> 01:07:07,230 manifest, so they're looking for more. >> Like Cuba. [singing] 4004 01:07:07,230 --> 01:07:07,240 >> Like Cuba. [singing] 4005 01:07:07,240 --> 01:07:09,110 >> Like Cuba. [singing] >> Wait, Spain controls Cuba. We'll blame 4006 01:07:09,110 --> 01:07:09,120 >> Wait, Spain controls Cuba. We'll blame 4007 01:07:09,120 --> 01:07:10,350 >> Wait, Spain controls Cuba. We'll blame something on them and go to war. What 4008 01:07:10,350 --> 01:07:10,360 something on them and go to war. What 4009 01:07:10,360 --> 01:07:12,150 something on them and go to war. What should we blame on Spain? Let's blame 4010 01:07:12,150 --> 01:07:12,160 should we blame on Spain? Let's blame 4011 01:07:12,160 --> 01:07:13,470 should we blame on Spain? Let's blame the Maine on Spain. So, they blamed the 4012 01:07:13,470 --> 01:07:13,480 the Maine on Spain. So, they blamed the 4013 01:07:13,480 --> 01:07:15,590 the Maine on Spain. So, they blamed the Maine on Spain. Now we're in business. 4014 01:07:15,590 --> 01:07:15,600 Maine on Spain. Now we're in business. 4015 01:07:15,600 --> 01:07:16,950 Maine on Spain. Now we're in business. To celebrate, they kick Panama out of 4016 01:07:16,950 --> 01:07:16,960 To celebrate, they kick Panama out of 4017 01:07:16,960 --> 01:07:18,750 To celebrate, they kick Panama out of Panama and make a canal connecting the 4018 01:07:18,750 --> 01:07:18,760 Panama and make a canal connecting the 4019 01:07:18,760 --> 01:07:20,510 Panama and make a canal connecting the two oceans. Britain just found oil in 4020 01:07:20,510 --> 01:07:20,520 two oceans. Britain just found oil in 4021 01:07:20,520 --> 01:07:22,041 two oceans. Britain just found oil in the Middle East. 4022 01:07:22,041 --> 01:07:22,051 the Middle East. 4023 01:07:22,051 --> 01:07:22,630 the Middle East. >> [music] 4024 01:07:22,630 --> 01:07:22,640 >> [music] 4025 01:07:22,640 --> 01:07:24,350 >> [music] >> China is so tired of being bossed around 4026 01:07:24,350 --> 01:07:24,360 >> China is so tired of being bossed around 4027 01:07:24,360 --> 01:07:25,470 >> China is so tired of being bossed around that they delete their old government 4028 01:07:25,470 --> 01:07:25,480 that they delete their old government 4029 01:07:25,480 --> 01:07:26,870 that they delete their old government and make a new stronger government, 4030 01:07:26,870 --> 01:07:26,880 and make a new stronger government, 4031 01:07:26,880 --> 01:07:28,070 and make a new stronger government, which is accidentally weaker and 4032 01:07:28,070 --> 01:07:28,080 which is accidentally weaker and 4033 01:07:28,080 --> 01:07:29,310 which is accidentally weaker and controlled by a guy from the previous 4034 01:07:29,310 --> 01:07:29,320 controlled by a guy from the previous 4035 01:07:29,320 --> 01:07:30,790 controlled by a guy from the previous government. Europe hasn't had a war 4036 01:07:30,790 --> 01:07:30,800 government. Europe hasn't had a war 4037 01:07:30,800 --> 01:07:32,350 government. Europe hasn't had a war since the last war, so they start World 4038 01:07:32,350 --> 01:07:32,360 since the last war, so they start World 4039 01:07:32,360 --> 01:07:34,230 since the last war, so they start World War I. Look at those guns. It's going to 4040 01:07:34,230 --> 01:07:34,240 War I. Look at those guns. It's going to 4041 01:07:34,240 --> 01:07:36,030 War I. Look at those guns. It's going to be a great war. So great, we won't need 4042 01:07:36,030 --> 01:07:36,040 be a great war. So great, we won't need 4043 01:07:36,040 --> 01:07:37,390 be a great war. So great, we won't need a second one. After it's over, they 4044 01:07:37,390 --> 01:07:37,400 a second one. After it's over, they 4045 01:07:37,400 --> 01:07:39,110 a second one. After it's over, they blame Germany. Russia went on strike and 4046 01:07:39,110 --> 01:07:39,120 blame Germany. Russia went on strike and 4047 01:07:39,120 --> 01:07:40,270 blame Germany. Russia went on strike and the workers overthrew the government. 4048 01:07:40,270 --> 01:07:40,280 the workers overthrew the government. 4049 01:07:40,280 --> 01:07:42,346 the workers overthrew the government. Now everyone's paycheck is the same. 4050 01:07:42,346 --> 01:07:42,356 Now everyone's paycheck is the same. 4051 01:07:42,356 --> 01:07:43,656 Now everyone's paycheck is the same. >> [music] 4052 01:07:43,656 --> 01:07:43,666 >> [music] 4053 01:07:43,666 --> 01:07:44,430 >> [music] [singing] 4054 01:07:44,430 --> 01:07:44,440 [singing] 4055 01:07:44,440 --> 01:07:45,910 [singing] >> The Arabs revolt and Britain helps. Now 4056 01:07:45,910 --> 01:07:45,920 >> The Arabs revolt and Britain helps. Now 4057 01:07:45,920 --> 01:07:47,270 >> The Arabs revolt and Britain helps. Now the Ottoman Empire is gone, so we can 4058 01:07:47,270 --> 01:07:47,280 the Ottoman Empire is gone, so we can 4059 01:07:47,280 --> 01:07:49,310 the Ottoman Empire is gone, so we can give the Jewish people a place [music] 4060 01:07:49,310 --> 01:07:49,320 give the Jewish people a place [music] 4061 01:07:49,320 --> 01:07:50,470 give the Jewish people a place [music] to live. 4062 01:07:50,470 --> 01:07:50,480 to live. 4063 01:07:50,480 --> 01:07:51,990 to live. Hopefully the Arabs won't mind. Let's 4064 01:07:51,990 --> 01:07:52,000 Hopefully the Arabs won't mind. Let's 4065 01:07:52,000 --> 01:07:53,510 Hopefully the Arabs won't mind. Let's cut the cake, said Sykes and Picot, 4066 01:07:53,510 --> 01:07:53,520 cut the cake, said Sykes and Picot, 4067 01:07:53,520 --> 01:07:54,670 cut the cake, said Sykes and Picot, carving up the remains of the 4068 01:07:54,670 --> 01:07:54,680 carving up the remains of the 4069 01:07:54,680 --> 01:07:57,412 carving up the remains of the not-so-Ottoman-anymore empire. 4070 01:07:57,412 --> 01:07:57,422 not-so-Ottoman-anymore empire. 4071 01:07:57,422 --> 01:07:59,710 not-so-Ottoman-anymore empire. >> [music and singing] 4072 01:07:59,710 --> 01:07:59,720 4073 01:07:59,720 --> 01:08:01,230 >> And then the Saudis conquer Arabia. It 4074 01:08:01,230 --> 01:08:01,240 >> And then the Saudis conquer Arabia. It 4075 01:08:01,240 --> 01:08:03,670 >> And then the Saudis conquer Arabia. It just seemed like the right thing to do. 4076 01:08:03,670 --> 01:08:03,680 just seemed like the right thing to do. 4077 01:08:03,680 --> 01:08:05,190 just seemed like the right thing to do. Hello? Yes, it's the 1920s. Money's 4078 01:08:05,190 --> 01:08:05,200 Hello? Yes, it's the 1920s. Money's 4079 01:08:05,200 --> 01:08:06,670 Hello? Yes, it's the 1920s. Money's calling. Let's get in the car and drive 4080 01:08:06,670 --> 01:08:06,680 calling. Let's get in the car and drive 4081 01:08:06,680 --> 01:08:07,950 calling. Let's get in the car and drive to a party and listen to jazz on the 4082 01:08:07,950 --> 01:08:07,960 to a party and listen to jazz on the 4083 01:08:07,960 --> 01:08:09,110 to a party and listen to jazz on the radio and go to the movies. The 4084 01:08:09,110 --> 01:08:09,120 radio and go to the movies. The 4085 01:08:09,120 --> 01:08:10,270 radio and go to the movies. The economy's great and it'll probably be 4086 01:08:10,270 --> 01:08:10,280 economy's great and it'll probably be 4087 01:08:10,280 --> 01:08:11,910 economy's great and it'll probably be great forever. Just kidding. Germany's 4088 01:08:11,910 --> 01:08:11,920 great forever. Just kidding. Germany's 4089 01:08:11,920 --> 01:08:13,270 great forever. Just kidding. Germany's back featuring Hitler, the angry 4090 01:08:13,270 --> 01:08:13,280 back featuring Hitler, the angry 4091 01:08:13,280 --> 01:08:15,030 back featuring Hitler, the angry mustache model, and he's mad at the Jews 4092 01:08:15,030 --> 01:08:15,040 mustache model, and he's mad at the Jews 4093 01:08:15,040 --> 01:08:16,630 mustache model, and he's mad at the Jews for existing. Japan is finally 4094 01:08:16,630 --> 01:08:16,640 for existing. Japan is finally 4095 01:08:16,640 --> 01:08:17,829 for existing. Japan is finally conquering the East and they're so 4096 01:08:17,829 --> 01:08:17,839 conquering the East and they're so 4097 01:08:17,839 --> 01:08:19,590 conquering the East and they're so excited they raped Nanjing way too hard. 4098 01:08:19,590 --> 01:08:19,600 excited they raped Nanjing way too hard. 4099 01:08:19,600 --> 01:08:20,789 excited they raped Nanjing way too hard. They should probably just deny it. 4100 01:08:20,789 --> 01:08:20,799 They should probably just deny it. 4101 01:08:20,799 --> 01:08:22,030 They should probably just deny it. Hitler's out of control, so the 4102 01:08:22,030 --> 01:08:22,040 Hitler's out of control, so the 4103 01:08:22,040 --> 01:08:23,510 Hitler's out of control, so the international community tackles him and 4104 01:08:23,510 --> 01:08:23,520 international community tackles him and 4105 01:08:23,520 --> 01:08:24,829 international community tackles him and tries to explain why killing all the 4106 01:08:24,829 --> 01:08:24,839 tries to explain why killing all the 4107 01:08:24,839 --> 01:08:26,550 tries to explain why killing all the Jews is a bad idea, but he kills himself 4108 01:08:26,550 --> 01:08:26,560 Jews is a bad idea, but he kills himself 4109 01:08:26,560 --> 01:08:28,197 Jews is a bad idea, but he kills himself before they could explain it to him. 4110 01:08:28,197 --> 01:08:28,207 before they could explain it to him. 4111 01:08:28,207 --> 01:08:29,390 before they could explain it to him. >> [music] 4112 01:08:29,390 --> 01:08:29,400 >> [music] 4113 01:08:29,400 --> 01:08:31,430 >> [music] >> Bonus round, Pacific Showdown. United 4114 01:08:31,430 --> 01:08:31,440 >> Bonus round, Pacific Showdown. United 4115 01:08:31,440 --> 01:08:36,110 >> Bonus round, Pacific Showdown. United States versus Japan. Fight. 4116 01:08:36,110 --> 01:08:36,120 4117 01:08:36,120 --> 01:08:37,269 Finish him. 4118 01:08:37,269 --> 01:08:37,279 Finish him. 4119 01:08:37,279 --> 01:08:38,470 Finish him. Let's unite all the nations and have 4120 01:08:38,470 --> 01:08:38,480 Let's unite all the nations and have 4121 01:08:38,480 --> 01:08:40,710 Let's unite all the nations and have some 4122 01:08:40,710 --> 01:08:40,720 some 4123 01:08:40,720 --> 01:08:42,607 some >> Extinction ball. 4124 01:08:42,607 --> 01:08:42,617 >> Extinction ball. 4125 01:08:42,617 --> 01:08:42,870 >> Extinction ball. >> [laughter] 4126 01:08:42,870 --> 01:08:42,880 >> [laughter] 4127 01:08:42,880 --> 01:08:43,910 >> [laughter] >> That's 4128 01:08:43,910 --> 01:08:43,920 >> That's 4129 01:08:43,920 --> 01:08:46,390 >> That's That's Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombs is 4130 01:08:46,390 --> 01:08:46,400 That's Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombs is 4131 01:08:46,400 --> 01:08:48,269 That's Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombs is extinction ball. 4132 01:08:48,269 --> 01:08:48,279 extinction ball. 4133 01:08:48,279 --> 01:08:50,269 extinction ball. As though this is 4134 01:08:50,269 --> 01:08:50,279 As though this is 4135 01:08:50,279 --> 01:08:53,190 As though this is Street Fighter II. It's just like 4136 01:08:53,190 --> 01:08:53,200 Street Fighter II. It's just like 4137 01:08:53,200 --> 01:08:55,707 Street Fighter II. It's just like The man is a genius. It's just perfect. 4138 01:08:55,707 --> 01:08:55,717 The man is a genius. It's just perfect. 4139 01:08:55,717 --> 01:08:56,190 The man is a genius. It's just perfect. >> [laughter] 4140 01:08:56,190 --> 01:08:56,200 >> [laughter] 4141 01:08:56,200 --> 01:08:57,430 >> [laughter] >> Then have some world peace. [music] 4142 01:08:57,430 --> 01:08:57,440 >> Then have some world peace. [music] 4143 01:08:57,440 --> 01:08:59,230 >> Then have some world peace. [music] Seems legit. Hi, I'm Gandhi and if 4144 01:08:59,230 --> 01:08:59,240 Seems legit. Hi, I'm Gandhi and if 4145 01:08:59,240 --> 01:09:00,269 Seems legit. Hi, I'm Gandhi and if Britain doesn't get the hell out of 4146 01:09:00,269 --> 01:09:00,279 Britain doesn't get the hell out of 4147 01:09:00,279 --> 01:09:01,630 Britain doesn't get the hell out of India, I'm going to starve myself in 4148 01:09:01,630 --> 01:09:01,640 India, I'm going to starve myself in 4149 01:09:01,640 --> 01:09:02,670 India, I'm going to starve myself in public. 4150 01:09:02,670 --> 01:09:02,680 public. 4151 01:09:02,680 --> 01:09:04,269 public. Wow, that worked. Bonus, now there's 4152 01:09:04,269 --> 01:09:04,279 Wow, that worked. Bonus, now there's 4153 01:09:04,279 --> 01:09:05,950 Wow, that worked. Bonus, now there's Pakistan. Actually, two Pakistans. One 4154 01:09:05,950 --> 01:09:05,960 Pakistan. Actually, two Pakistans. One 4155 01:09:05,960 --> 01:09:07,349 Pakistan. Actually, two Pakistans. One of them can be Bangladesh later. The 4156 01:09:07,349 --> 01:09:07,359 of them can be Bangladesh later. The 4157 01:09:07,359 --> 01:09:08,710 of them can be Bangladesh later. The Jews and the Arabs finally figured out 4158 01:09:08,710 --> 01:09:08,720 Jews and the Arabs finally figured out 4159 01:09:08,720 --> 01:09:09,749 Jews and the Arabs finally figured out which one of them should live in the 4160 01:09:09,749 --> 01:09:09,759 which one of them should live in the 4161 01:09:09,759 --> 01:09:11,269 which one of them should live in the Holy Land. Me, they both said at the 4162 01:09:11,269 --> 01:09:11,279 Holy Land. Me, they both said at the 4163 01:09:11,279 --> 01:09:12,990 Holy Land. Me, they both said at the same time. Let's divide up the land so 4164 01:09:12,990 --> 01:09:13,000 same time. Let's divide up the land so 4165 01:09:13,000 --> 01:09:13,710 same time. Let's divide up the land so everyone's happy. 4166 01:09:13,710 --> 01:09:13,720 everyone's happy. 4167 01:09:13,720 --> 01:09:16,030 everyone's happy. >> Psych, they both get [music] angrier. 4168 01:09:16,030 --> 01:09:16,040 >> Psych, they both get [music] angrier. 4169 01:09:16,040 --> 01:09:17,430 >> Psych, they both get [music] angrier. >> Look out China, there's a new China in 4170 01:09:17,430 --> 01:09:17,440 >> Look out China, there's a new China in 4171 01:09:17,440 --> 01:09:18,070 >> Look out China, there's a new China in China. 4172 01:09:18,070 --> 01:09:18,080 China. 4173 01:09:18,080 --> 01:09:19,710 China. >> Uh 4174 01:09:19,710 --> 01:09:19,720 >> Uh 4175 01:09:19,720 --> 01:09:21,870 >> Uh okay, well, we don't need to That's 4176 01:09:21,870 --> 01:09:21,880 okay, well, we don't need to That's 4177 01:09:21,880 --> 01:09:22,789 okay, well, we don't need to That's fine. 4178 01:09:22,789 --> 01:09:22,799 fine. 4179 01:09:22,799 --> 01:09:23,390 fine. Uh 4180 01:09:23,390 --> 01:09:23,400 Uh 4181 01:09:23,400 --> 01:09:26,070 Uh That's not quite uh that's not quite 4182 01:09:26,070 --> 01:09:26,080 That's not quite uh that's not quite 4183 01:09:26,080 --> 01:09:27,870 That's not quite uh that's not quite what happened, but that's fine. 4184 01:09:27,870 --> 01:09:27,880 what happened, but that's fine. 4185 01:09:27,880 --> 01:09:29,470 what happened, but that's fine. >> I know. What's on the menu? Communism. 4186 01:09:29,470 --> 01:09:29,480 >> I know. What's on the menu? Communism. 4187 01:09:29,480 --> 01:09:30,789 >> I know. What's on the menu? Communism. No, thanks, said the other China 4188 01:09:30,789 --> 01:09:30,799 No, thanks, said the other China 4189 01:09:30,799 --> 01:09:32,269 No, thanks, said the other China escaping to an island. I wonder which 4190 01:09:32,269 --> 01:09:32,279 escaping to an island. I wonder which 4191 01:09:32,279 --> 01:09:33,749 escaping to an island. I wonder which one is the real China. There's the 4192 01:09:33,749 --> 01:09:33,759 one is the real China. There's the 4193 01:09:33,759 --> 01:09:35,630 one is the real China. There's the Korean War, Korea versus Korea. Nobody 4194 01:09:35,630 --> 01:09:35,640 Korean War, Korea versus Korea. Nobody 4195 01:09:35,640 --> 01:09:37,269 Korean War, Korea versus Korea. Nobody wins, then it's on pause forever. Let's 4196 01:09:37,269 --> 01:09:37,279 wins, then it's on pause forever. Let's 4197 01:09:37,279 --> 01:09:38,670 wins, then it's on pause forever. Let's meet the sponsors. Oh, it's the two 4198 01:09:38,670 --> 01:09:38,680 meet the sponsors. Oh, it's the two 4199 01:09:38,680 --> 01:09:40,110 meet the sponsors. Oh, it's the two global superpowers. They're having a 4200 01:09:40,110 --> 01:09:40,120 global superpowers. They're having a 4201 01:09:40,120 --> 01:09:41,510 global superpowers. They're having a friendly debate over which economic 4202 01:09:41,510 --> 01:09:41,520 friendly debate over which economic 4203 01:09:41,520 --> 01:09:43,269 friendly debate over which economic system is good and which one is an evil 4204 01:09:43,269 --> 01:09:43,279 system is good and which one is an evil 4205 01:09:43,279 --> 01:09:44,670 system is good and which one is an evil virus of Satan. 4206 01:09:44,670 --> 01:09:44,680 virus of Satan. 4207 01:09:44,680 --> 01:09:46,510 virus of Satan. And they both have atom bombs. Fight. 4208 01:09:46,510 --> 01:09:46,520 And they both have atom bombs. Fight. 4209 01:09:46,520 --> 01:09:47,590 And they both have atom bombs. Fight. Wait, no, that would be the end of the 4210 01:09:47,590 --> 01:09:47,600 Wait, no, that would be the end of the 4211 01:09:47,600 --> 01:09:49,430 Wait, no, that would be the end of the world. Let's just keep it cool and spy 4212 01:09:49,430 --> 01:09:49,440 world. Let's just keep it cool and spy 4213 01:09:49,440 --> 01:09:51,030 world. Let's just keep it cool and spy on each other instead. 4214 01:09:51,030 --> 01:09:51,040 on each other instead. 4215 01:09:51,040 --> 01:09:52,590 on each other instead. And make sure we have enough atom bombs. 4216 01:09:52,590 --> 01:09:52,600 And make sure we have enough atom bombs. 4217 01:09:52,600 --> 01:09:54,710 And make sure we have enough atom bombs. I'll race you to space. 4218 01:09:54,710 --> 01:09:54,720 I'll race you to space. 4219 01:09:54,720 --> 01:09:55,630 I'll race you to space. Now, let's make some more countries 4220 01:09:55,630 --> 01:09:55,640 Now, let's make some more countries 4221 01:09:55,640 --> 01:09:57,270 Now, let's make some more countries fight themselves. Europe is tired of 4222 01:09:57,270 --> 01:09:57,280 fight themselves. Europe is tired of 4223 01:09:57,280 --> 01:09:58,390 fight themselves. Europe is tired of pillaging other continents, and the 4224 01:09:58,390 --> 01:09:58,400 pillaging other continents, and the 4225 01:09:58,400 --> 01:09:59,670 pillaging other continents, and the continents they were pillaging are tired 4226 01:09:59,670 --> 01:09:59,680 continents they were pillaging are tired 4227 01:09:59,680 --> 01:10:01,070 continents they were pillaging are tired of being pillaged. So, here's a new map 4228 01:10:01,070 --> 01:10:01,080 of being pillaged. So, here's a new map 4229 01:10:01,080 --> 01:10:02,390 of being pillaged. So, here's a new map with new countries. Now, you can't tell 4230 01:10:02,390 --> 01:10:02,400 with new countries. Now, you can't tell 4231 01:10:02,400 --> 01:10:03,630 with new countries. Now, you can't tell who they're being pillaged by. The 4232 01:10:03,630 --> 01:10:03,640 who they're being pillaged by. The 4233 01:10:03,640 --> 01:10:05,190 who they're being pillaged by. The United States finally decided whether 4234 01:10:05,190 --> 01:10:05,200 United States finally decided whether 4235 01:10:05,200 --> 01:10:06,910 United States finally decided whether racism is good or bad. They decided it's 4236 01:10:06,910 --> 01:10:06,920 racism is good or bad. They decided it's 4237 01:10:06,920 --> 01:10:08,790 racism is good or bad. They decided it's bad, and the world agrees. South Africa 4238 01:10:08,790 --> 01:10:08,800 bad, and the world agrees. South Africa 4239 01:10:08,800 --> 01:10:10,110 bad, and the world agrees. South Africa might need another minute to think about 4240 01:10:10,110 --> 01:10:10,120 might need another minute to think about 4241 01:10:10,120 --> 01:10:11,590 might need another minute to think about it. Let's check the world population. 4242 01:10:11,590 --> 01:10:11,600 it. Let's check the world population. 4243 01:10:11,600 --> 01:10:12,750 it. Let's check the world population. Whoa. 4244 01:10:12,750 --> 01:10:12,760 Whoa. 4245 01:10:12,760 --> 01:10:13,990 Whoa. Okay. 4246 01:10:13,990 --> 01:10:14,000 Okay. 4247 01:10:14,000 --> 01:10:15,190 Okay. Technology's better, too. That might 4248 01:10:15,190 --> 01:10:15,200 Technology's better, too. That might 4249 01:10:15,200 --> 01:10:16,870 Technology's better, too. That might keep happening. The Soviet Union decides 4250 01:10:16,870 --> 01:10:16,880 keep happening. The Soviet Union decides 4251 01:10:16,880 --> 01:10:18,350 keep happening. The Soviet Union decides to relax a little and accidentally falls 4252 01:10:18,350 --> 01:10:18,360 to relax a little and accidentally falls 4253 01:10:18,360 --> 01:10:20,350 to relax a little and accidentally falls apart. Europe makes a union, so now they 4254 01:10:20,350 --> 01:10:20,360 apart. Europe makes a union, so now they 4255 01:10:20,360 --> 01:10:21,510 apart. Europe makes a union, so now they can all use the same money, except 4256 01:10:21,510 --> 01:10:21,520 can all use the same money, except 4257 01:10:21,520 --> 01:10:23,150 can all use the same money, except Britain because they don't feel like it. 4258 01:10:23,150 --> 01:10:23,160 Britain because they don't feel like it. 4259 01:10:23,160 --> 01:10:24,630 Britain because they don't feel like it. Let's check the mail. Surprise, it's on 4260 01:10:24,630 --> 01:10:24,640 Let's check the mail. Surprise, it's on 4261 01:10:24,640 --> 01:10:25,950 Let's check the mail. Surprise, it's on the computer. Whoops, someone just 4262 01:10:25,950 --> 01:10:25,960 the computer. Whoops, someone just 4263 01:10:25,960 --> 01:10:27,550 the computer. Whoops, someone just attacked America. I bet they'll remember 4264 01:10:27,550 --> 01:10:27,560 attacked America. I bet they'll remember 4265 01:10:27,560 --> 01:10:29,270 attacked America. I bet they'll remember that. Phone call, surprise, it's in your 4266 01:10:29,270 --> 01:10:29,280 that. Phone call, surprise, it's in your 4267 01:10:29,280 --> 01:10:31,270 that. Phone call, surprise, it's in your pocket. Want to learn everything? It's 4268 01:10:31,270 --> 01:10:31,280 pocket. Want to learn everything? It's 4269 01:10:31,280 --> 01:10:32,390 pocket. Want to learn everything? It's on the computer. Now, your phone's a 4270 01:10:32,390 --> 01:10:32,400 on the computer. Now, your phone's a 4271 01:10:32,400 --> 01:10:33,830 on the computer. Now, your phone's a computer, which is in your pocket. 4272 01:10:33,830 --> 01:10:33,840 computer, which is in your pocket. 4273 01:10:33,840 --> 01:10:35,310 computer, which is in your pocket. Whoops, the economy just crashed. Don't 4274 01:10:35,310 --> 01:10:35,320 Whoops, the economy just crashed. Don't 4275 01:10:35,320 --> 01:10:36,830 Whoops, the economy just crashed. Don't worry, the big banks won't fail because 4276 01:10:36,830 --> 01:10:36,840 worry, the big banks won't fail because 4277 01:10:36,840 --> 01:10:38,830 worry, the big banks won't fail because they're not supposed to. Surprise, 4278 01:10:38,830 --> 01:10:38,840 they're not supposed to. Surprise, 4279 01:10:38,840 --> 01:10:40,070 they're not supposed to. Surprise, flying robots 4280 01:10:40,070 --> 01:10:40,080 flying robots 4281 01:10:40,080 --> 01:10:41,818 flying robots with bombs. Want to print a brain? 4282 01:10:41,818 --> 01:10:41,828 with bombs. Want to print a brain? 4283 01:10:41,828 --> 01:10:43,190 with bombs. Want to print a brain? [music] Some people have no friends. 4284 01:10:43,190 --> 01:10:43,200 [music] Some people have no friends. 4285 01:10:43,200 --> 01:10:44,830 [music] Some people have no friends. Some people have no food. The globe is 4286 01:10:44,830 --> 01:10:44,840 Some people have no food. The globe is 4287 01:10:44,840 --> 01:10:45,310 Some people have no food. The globe is warming 4288 01:10:45,310 --> 01:10:45,320 warming 4289 01:10:45,320 --> 01:10:47,150 warming >> and the [singing] ocean is full of 4290 01:10:47,150 --> 01:10:47,160 >> and the [singing] ocean is full of 4291 01:10:47,160 --> 01:10:48,470 >> and the [singing] ocean is full of plastic. 4292 01:10:48,470 --> 01:10:48,480 plastic. 4293 01:10:48,480 --> 01:10:49,790 plastic. >> Let's save the planet, said everybody 4294 01:10:49,790 --> 01:10:49,800 >> Let's save the planet, said everybody 4295 01:10:49,800 --> 01:10:51,470 >> Let's save the planet, said everybody not knowing how. Let's invent a thing 4296 01:10:51,470 --> 01:10:51,480 not knowing how. Let's invent a thing 4297 01:10:51,480 --> 01:10:52,830 not knowing how. Let's invent a thing inventor, said the thing inventor 4298 01:10:52,830 --> 01:10:52,840 inventor, said the thing inventor 4299 01:10:52,840 --> 01:10:54,510 inventor, said the thing inventor inventor after being invented by a thing 4300 01:10:54,510 --> 01:10:54,520 inventor after being invented by a thing 4301 01:10:54,520 --> 01:10:56,070 inventor after being invented by a thing inventor. That's pretty cool. By the 4302 01:10:56,070 --> 01:10:56,080 inventor. That's pretty cool. By the 4303 01:10:56,080 --> 01:10:59,503 inventor. That's pretty cool. By the way, where the hell are we? 4304 01:10:59,503 --> 01:10:59,513 4305 01:10:59,513 --> 01:11:03,434 >> [music] 4306 01:11:03,434 --> 01:11:03,444 4307 01:11:03,444 --> 01:11:03,870 [gasps] 4308 01:11:03,870 --> 01:11:03,880 [gasps] 4309 01:11:03,880 --> 01:11:06,390 [gasps] >> And that's it, right? We got the 2008 4310 01:11:06,390 --> 01:11:06,400 >> And that's it, right? We got the 2008 4311 01:11:06,400 --> 01:11:10,110 >> And that's it, right? We got the 2008 crash, and then what was it? 4312 01:11:10,110 --> 01:11:10,120 crash, and then what was it? 4313 01:11:10,120 --> 01:11:12,710 crash, and then what was it? Uh drones, and then the ocean's full of 4314 01:11:12,710 --> 01:11:12,720 Uh drones, and then the ocean's full of 4315 01:11:12,720 --> 01:11:14,270 Uh drones, and then the ocean's full of plastic and nobody can figure out 4316 01:11:14,270 --> 01:11:14,280 plastic and nobody can figure out 4317 01:11:14,280 --> 01:11:15,590 plastic and nobody can figure out climate change, and then the thing 4318 01:11:15,590 --> 01:11:15,600 climate change, and then the thing 4319 01:11:15,600 --> 01:11:17,470 climate change, and then the thing inventor thing inventor. 4320 01:11:17,470 --> 01:11:17,480 inventor thing inventor. 4321 01:11:17,480 --> 01:11:19,190 inventor thing inventor. That's the end, and where the hell are 4322 01:11:19,190 --> 01:11:19,200 That's the end, and where the hell are 4323 01:11:19,200 --> 01:11:21,630 That's the end, and where the hell are we? Um 4324 01:11:21,630 --> 01:11:21,640 we? Um 4325 01:11:21,640 --> 01:11:24,270 we? Um it's [\h__\h] beautiful. It's so good. 4326 01:11:24,270 --> 01:11:24,280 it's [\h__\h] beautiful. It's so good. 4327 01:11:24,280 --> 01:11:26,150 it's [\h__\h] beautiful. It's so good. It's better than I remember. I think 4328 01:11:26,150 --> 01:11:26,160 It's better than I remember. I think 4329 01:11:26,160 --> 01:11:26,830 It's better than I remember. I think that 4330 01:11:26,830 --> 01:11:26,840 that 4331 01:11:26,840 --> 01:11:28,670 that what's really interesting about this 4332 01:11:28,670 --> 01:11:28,680 what's really interesting about this 4333 01:11:28,680 --> 01:11:31,870 what's really interesting about this video is that you number one, you can 4334 01:11:31,870 --> 01:11:31,880 video is that you number one, you can 4335 01:11:31,880 --> 01:11:33,270 video is that you number one, you can learn a lot, but when you don't know 4336 01:11:33,270 --> 01:11:33,280 learn a lot, but when you don't know 4337 01:11:33,280 --> 01:11:34,670 learn a lot, but when you don't know what's going on, it can be confusing. 4338 01:11:34,670 --> 01:11:34,680 what's going on, it can be confusing. 4339 01:11:34,680 --> 01:11:36,910 what's going on, it can be confusing. And so I haven't watched that in 4340 01:11:36,910 --> 01:11:36,920 And so I haven't watched that in 4341 01:11:36,920 --> 01:11:39,950 And so I haven't watched that in probably 5 years at least. Um and since 4342 01:11:39,950 --> 01:11:39,960 probably 5 years at least. Um and since 4343 01:11:39,960 --> 01:11:41,790 probably 5 years at least. Um and since that time 4344 01:11:41,790 --> 01:11:41,800 that time 4345 01:11:41,800 --> 01:11:43,990 that time I've definitely learned a little bit 4346 01:11:43,990 --> 01:11:44,000 I've definitely learned a little bit 4347 01:11:44,000 --> 01:11:45,910 I've definitely learned a little bit more. I mean, I I already knew kind of 4348 01:11:45,910 --> 01:11:45,920 more. I mean, I I already knew kind of 4349 01:11:45,920 --> 01:11:48,590 more. I mean, I I already knew kind of the cosmology and planetary science that 4350 01:11:48,590 --> 01:11:48,600 the cosmology and planetary science that 4351 01:11:48,600 --> 01:11:50,710 the cosmology and planetary science that I know now. I know a little bit more 4352 01:11:50,710 --> 01:11:50,720 I know now. I know a little bit more 4353 01:11:50,720 --> 01:11:52,590 I know now. I know a little bit more about um 4354 01:11:52,590 --> 01:11:52,600 about um 4355 01:11:52,600 --> 01:11:54,910 about um evolutionary biology and molecular 4356 01:11:54,910 --> 01:11:54,920 evolutionary biology and molecular 4357 01:11:54,920 --> 01:11:58,270 evolutionary biology and molecular biology. Uh I I know quite a bit more 4358 01:11:58,270 --> 01:11:58,280 biology. Uh I I know quite a bit more 4359 01:11:58,280 --> 01:12:01,790 biology. Uh I I know quite a bit more about uh paleontology, 4360 01:12:01,790 --> 01:12:01,800 about uh paleontology, 4361 01:12:01,800 --> 01:12:04,110 about uh paleontology, uh archaeology or biological 4362 01:12:04,110 --> 01:12:04,120 uh archaeology or biological 4363 01:12:04,120 --> 01:12:06,590 uh archaeology or biological anthropology, archaeology, and early 4364 01:12:06,590 --> 01:12:06,600 anthropology, archaeology, and early 4365 01:12:06,600 --> 01:12:09,310 anthropology, archaeology, and early world history. So uh a good amount of 4366 01:12:09,310 --> 01:12:09,320 world history. So uh a good amount of 4367 01:12:09,320 --> 01:12:10,430 world history. So uh a good amount of that 4368 01:12:10,430 --> 01:12:10,440 that 4369 01:12:10,440 --> 01:12:12,790 that got funnier because I understood what he 4370 01:12:12,790 --> 01:12:12,800 got funnier because I understood what he 4371 01:12:12,800 --> 01:12:16,430 got funnier because I understood what he was referencing. Once he hit kind of the 4372 01:12:16,430 --> 01:12:16,440 was referencing. Once he hit kind of the 4373 01:12:16,440 --> 01:12:18,270 was referencing. Once he hit kind of the Middle Ages and just past the Middle 4374 01:12:18,270 --> 01:12:18,280 Middle Ages and just past the Middle 4375 01:12:18,280 --> 01:12:21,030 Middle Ages and just past the Middle Ages, I started to not understand the 4376 01:12:21,030 --> 01:12:21,040 Ages, I started to not understand the 4377 01:12:21,040 --> 01:12:23,070 Ages, I started to not understand the references. So So like there's just so 4378 01:12:23,070 --> 01:12:23,080 references. So So like there's just so 4379 01:12:23,080 --> 01:12:26,230 references. So So like there's just so many obscure references in there that I 4380 01:12:26,230 --> 01:12:26,240 many obscure references in there that I 4381 01:12:26,240 --> 01:12:27,790 many obscure references in there that I Once you get lost, it's still 4382 01:12:27,790 --> 01:12:27,800 Once you get lost, it's still 4383 01:12:27,800 --> 01:12:29,550 Once you get lost, it's still entertaining, but I think it's more 4384 01:12:29,550 --> 01:12:29,560 entertaining, but I think it's more 4385 01:12:29,560 --> 01:12:31,310 entertaining, but I think it's more entertaining when you know every single 4386 01:12:31,310 --> 01:12:31,320 entertaining when you know every single 4387 01:12:31,320 --> 01:12:33,990 entertaining when you know every single reference. Um and it's just kind of 4388 01:12:33,990 --> 01:12:34,000 reference. Um and it's just kind of 4389 01:12:34,000 --> 01:12:36,590 reference. Um and it's just kind of coming at you at breakneck speed. So 4390 01:12:36,590 --> 01:12:36,600 coming at you at breakneck speed. So 4391 01:12:36,600 --> 01:12:39,750 coming at you at breakneck speed. So so much there. I mean, I I I don't know 4392 01:12:39,750 --> 01:12:39,760 so much there. I mean, I I I don't know 4393 01:12:39,760 --> 01:12:41,870 so much there. I mean, I I I don't know how long it took him to make that, but 4394 01:12:41,870 --> 01:12:41,880 how long it took him to make that, but 4395 01:12:41,880 --> 01:12:43,350 how long it took him to make that, but it must have been an unbelievable amount 4396 01:12:43,350 --> 01:12:43,360 it must have been an unbelievable amount 4397 01:12:43,360 --> 01:12:46,950 it must have been an unbelievable amount of time because it's just so It's not so 4398 01:12:46,950 --> 01:12:46,960 of time because it's just so It's not so 4399 01:12:46,960 --> 01:12:49,510 of time because it's just so It's not so many people could have that idea 4400 01:12:49,510 --> 01:12:49,520 many people could have that idea 4401 01:12:49,520 --> 01:12:51,270 many people could have that idea to do like, "Hey, let's do it all really 4402 01:12:51,270 --> 01:12:51,280 to do like, "Hey, let's do it all really 4403 01:12:51,280 --> 01:12:54,230 to do like, "Hey, let's do it all really quick." but then not have the discipline 4404 01:12:54,230 --> 01:12:54,240 quick." but then not have the discipline 4405 01:12:54,240 --> 01:12:56,870 quick." but then not have the discipline to really go through and do the research 4406 01:12:56,870 --> 01:12:56,880 to really go through and do the research 4407 01:12:56,880 --> 01:12:58,190 to really go through and do the research and like 4408 01:12:58,190 --> 01:12:58,200 and like 4409 01:12:58,200 --> 01:13:01,270 and like get all the right factoids and and and 4410 01:13:01,270 --> 01:13:01,280 get all the right factoids and and and 4411 01:13:01,280 --> 01:13:03,190 get all the right factoids and and and communicate them properly for the most 4412 01:13:03,190 --> 01:13:03,200 communicate them properly for the most 4413 01:13:03,200 --> 01:13:05,590 communicate them properly for the most part. And um 4414 01:13:05,590 --> 01:13:05,600 part. And um 4415 01:13:05,600 --> 01:13:07,710 part. And um just have it all make sense. Right? It's 4416 01:13:07,710 --> 01:13:07,720 just have it all make sense. Right? It's 4417 01:13:07,720 --> 01:13:10,510 just have it all make sense. Right? It's It's It's very accurate and it's very 4418 01:13:10,510 --> 01:13:10,520 It's It's very accurate and it's very 4419 01:13:10,520 --> 01:13:13,550 It's It's very accurate and it's very succinct and poetic in the way that it's 4420 01:13:13,550 --> 01:13:13,560 succinct and poetic in the way that it's 4421 01:13:13,560 --> 01:13:16,430 succinct and poetic in the way that it's expressed and uh and it kind of makes 4422 01:13:16,430 --> 01:13:16,440 expressed and uh and it kind of makes 4423 01:13:16,440 --> 01:13:18,710 expressed and uh and it kind of makes you want to learn more. Right? All of 4424 01:13:18,710 --> 01:13:18,720 you want to learn more. Right? All of 4425 01:13:18,720 --> 01:13:20,070 you want to learn more. Right? All of these little tidbits you're like, "Well, 4426 01:13:20,070 --> 01:13:20,080 these little tidbits you're like, "Well, 4427 01:13:20,080 --> 01:13:22,030 these little tidbits you're like, "Well, what the hell was that even? What even 4428 01:13:22,030 --> 01:13:22,040 what the hell was that even? What even 4429 01:13:22,040 --> 01:13:24,110 what the hell was that even? What even was that? Now I got to look up Tonga 4430 01:13:24,110 --> 01:13:24,120 was that? Now I got to look up Tonga 4431 01:13:24,120 --> 01:13:25,830 was that? Now I got to look up Tonga time or whatever the [\h__\h] that was." or 4432 01:13:25,830 --> 01:13:25,840 time or whatever the [\h__\h] that was." or 4433 01:13:25,840 --> 01:13:27,030 time or whatever the [\h__\h] that was." or you know, these other these are you 4434 01:13:27,030 --> 01:13:27,040 you know, these other these are you 4435 01:13:27,040 --> 01:13:29,270 you know, these other these are you know, Madagascar when the two things 4436 01:13:29,270 --> 01:13:29,280 know, Madagascar when the two things 4437 01:13:29,280 --> 01:13:31,190 know, Madagascar when the two things What Who Who colonized Madagascar at the 4438 01:13:31,190 --> 01:13:31,200 What Who Who colonized Madagascar at the 4439 01:13:31,200 --> 01:13:32,710 What Who Who colonized Madagascar at the same time? I don't know. I've never I 4440 01:13:32,710 --> 01:13:32,720 same time? I don't know. I've never I 4441 01:13:32,720 --> 01:13:33,870 same time? I don't know. I've never I don't remember that. I've never learned 4442 01:13:33,870 --> 01:13:33,880 don't remember that. I've never learned 4443 01:13:33,880 --> 01:13:36,270 don't remember that. I've never learned about that. Um 4444 01:13:36,270 --> 01:13:36,280 about that. Um 4445 01:13:36,280 --> 01:13:38,790 about that. Um so man, it that's just like that's like 4446 01:13:38,790 --> 01:13:38,800 so man, it that's just like that's like 4447 01:13:38,800 --> 01:13:41,070 so man, it that's just like that's like a hall of fame video right there. That's 4448 01:13:41,070 --> 01:13:41,080 a hall of fame video right there. That's 4449 01:13:41,080 --> 01:13:43,550 a hall of fame video right there. That's a hall of fame video for both comedy and 4450 01:13:43,550 --> 01:13:43,560 a hall of fame video for both comedy and 4451 01:13:43,560 --> 01:13:46,110 a hall of fame video for both comedy and science communication \{slash\} history 4452 01:13:46,110 --> 01:13:46,120 science communication \{slash\} history 4453 01:13:46,120 --> 01:13:49,910 science communication \{slash\} history communication. Um if you had not seen it 4454 01:13:49,910 --> 01:13:49,920 communication. Um if you had not seen it 4455 01:13:49,920 --> 01:13:51,510 communication. Um if you had not seen it until this 4456 01:13:51,510 --> 01:13:51,520 until this 4457 01:13:51,520 --> 01:13:53,990 until this uh obviously go watch it without me 4458 01:13:53,990 --> 01:13:54,000 uh obviously go watch it without me 4459 01:13:54,000 --> 01:13:56,190 uh obviously go watch it without me interrupting. Uh if you had seen it, 4460 01:13:56,190 --> 01:13:56,200 interrupting. Uh if you had seen it, 4461 01:13:56,200 --> 01:13:58,350 interrupting. Uh if you had seen it, hopefully you enjoyed some of the 4462 01:13:58,350 --> 01:13:58,360 hopefully you enjoyed some of the 4463 01:13:58,360 --> 01:14:01,110 hopefully you enjoyed some of the additional context that I could provide 4464 01:14:01,110 --> 01:14:01,120 additional context that I could provide 4465 01:14:01,120 --> 01:14:02,710 additional context that I could provide because 4466 01:14:02,710 --> 01:14:02,720 because 4467 01:14:02,720 --> 01:14:05,950 because really every single second of that video 4468 01:14:05,950 --> 01:14:05,960 really every single second of that video 4469 01:14:05,960 --> 01:14:08,470 really every single second of that video can be turned into a 20-minute video 4470 01:14:08,470 --> 01:14:08,480 can be turned into a 20-minute video 4471 01:14:08,480 --> 01:14:12,510 can be turned into a 20-minute video talking about early cosmology or uh you 4472 01:14:12,510 --> 01:14:12,520 talking about early cosmology or uh you 4473 01:14:12,520 --> 01:14:14,590 talking about early cosmology or uh you know, or astrophysics and and solar 4474 01:14:14,590 --> 01:14:14,600 know, or astrophysics and and solar 4475 01:14:14,600 --> 01:14:18,270 know, or astrophysics and and solar system formation or or abiogenesis or 4476 01:14:18,270 --> 01:14:18,280 system formation or or abiogenesis or 4477 01:14:18,280 --> 01:14:21,110 system formation or or abiogenesis or you know, uh endosymbiosis or or or or 4478 01:14:21,110 --> 01:14:21,120 you know, uh endosymbiosis or or or or 4479 01:14:21,120 --> 01:14:23,030 you know, uh endosymbiosis or or or or you know, paleontology, you know, 4480 01:14:23,030 --> 01:14:23,040 you know, paleontology, you know, 4481 01:14:23,040 --> 01:14:24,870 you know, paleontology, you know, tetrapod evolution. It's just every 4482 01:14:24,870 --> 01:14:24,880 tetrapod evolution. It's just every 4483 01:14:24,880 --> 01:14:26,950 tetrapod evolution. It's just every single little chunk. And you know, 4484 01:14:26,950 --> 01:14:26,960 single little chunk. And you know, 4485 01:14:26,960 --> 01:14:29,790 single little chunk. And you know, fortunately I do have tutorials on most 4486 01:14:29,790 --> 01:14:29,800 fortunately I do have tutorials on most 4487 01:14:29,800 --> 01:14:32,230 fortunately I do have tutorials on most of those topics. So if anything piqued 4488 01:14:32,230 --> 01:14:32,240 of those topics. So if anything piqued 4489 01:14:32,240 --> 01:14:34,110 of those topics. So if anything piqued your interest, uh you know, look around 4490 01:14:34,110 --> 01:14:34,120 your interest, uh you know, look around 4491 01:14:34,120 --> 01:14:35,950 your interest, uh you know, look around my channel. I almost certainly have it. 4492 01:14:35,950 --> 01:14:35,960 my channel. I almost certainly have it. 4493 01:14:35,960 --> 01:14:36,966 my channel. I almost certainly have it. Um 4494 01:14:36,966 --> 01:14:36,976 Um 4495 01:14:36,976 --> 01:14:37,630 Um >> [clears throat] 4496 01:14:37,630 --> 01:14:37,640 >> [clears throat] 4497 01:14:37,640 --> 01:14:39,670 >> [clears throat] >> but it's uh that's just 4498 01:14:39,670 --> 01:14:39,680 >> but it's uh that's just 4499 01:14:39,680 --> 01:14:43,310 >> but it's uh that's just the He's a unique comedic mind. 4500 01:14:43,310 --> 01:14:43,320 the He's a unique comedic mind. 4501 01:14:43,320 --> 01:14:43,910 the He's a unique comedic mind. Um 4502 01:14:43,910 --> 01:14:43,920 Um 4503 01:14:43,920 --> 01:14:45,470 Um I have no idea what he's been doing. I I 4504 01:14:45,470 --> 01:14:45,480 I have no idea what he's been doing. I I 4505 01:14:45,480 --> 01:14:47,390 I have no idea what he's been doing. I I should probably look I I don't even know 4506 01:14:47,390 --> 01:14:47,400 should probably look I I don't even know 4507 01:14:47,400 --> 01:14:49,590 should probably look I I don't even know if he's still making content, but uh he 4508 01:14:49,590 --> 01:14:49,600 if he's still making content, but uh he 4509 01:14:49,600 --> 01:14:52,150 if he's still making content, but uh he got 183 million views on that. He 4510 01:14:52,150 --> 01:14:52,160 got 183 million views on that. He 4511 01:14:52,160 --> 01:14:53,630 got 183 million views on that. He deserves every single one of those 4512 01:14:53,630 --> 01:14:53,640 deserves every single one of those 4513 01:14:53,640 --> 01:14:56,830 deserves every single one of those views. Phenomenal video. So, that was 4514 01:14:56,830 --> 01:14:56,840 views. Phenomenal video. So, that was 4515 01:14:56,840 --> 01:14:59,310 views. Phenomenal video. So, that was fun. Uh I hadn't seen that once again in 4516 01:14:59,310 --> 01:14:59,320 fun. Uh I hadn't seen that once again in 4517 01:14:59,320 --> 01:15:01,070 fun. Uh I hadn't seen that once again in a while and I I had a I had a lot of fun 4518 01:15:01,070 --> 01:15:01,080 a while and I I had a I had a lot of fun 4519 01:15:01,080 --> 01:15:02,310 a while and I I had a I had a lot of fun watching that. I hope you had fun 4520 01:15:02,310 --> 01:15:02,320 watching that. I hope you had fun 4521 01:15:02,320 --> 01:15:05,270 watching that. I hope you had fun watching that with me. And uh so, yeah. 4522 01:15:05,270 --> 01:15:05,280 watching that with me. And uh so, yeah. 4523 01:15:05,280 --> 01:15:07,110 watching that with me. And uh so, yeah. Thanks for joining me for this one as 4524 01:15:07,110 --> 01:15:07,120 Thanks for joining me for this one as 4525 01:15:07,120 --> 01:15:10,520 Thanks for joining me for this one as always. I'll see you next time.