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Hey everyone, the excitement surrounding

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Hey everyone, the excitement surrounding
 

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Hey everyone, the excitement surrounding
the Aremis 2 mission has finally begun

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the Aremis 2 mission has finally begun
 

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the Aremis 2 mission has finally begun
to dissipate a little bit, but there's

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to dissipate a little bit, but there's
 

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to dissipate a little bit, but there's
still a lot to talk about in terms of

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still a lot to talk about in terms of
 

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still a lot to talk about in terms of
the future goals of the Aremis program.

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the future goals of the Aremis program.
 

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the future goals of the Aremis program.
What's coming next and what are the

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What's coming next and what are the
 

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What's coming next and what are the
long-term intentions? Let's talk a

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long-term intentions? Let's talk a
 

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long-term intentions? Let's talk a
little bit about what we might be seeing

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little bit about what we might be seeing
 

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little bit about what we might be seeing
over the coming decades. The Aremis

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over the coming decades. The Aremis
 

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over the coming decades. The Aremis
program officially began in 2017 and the

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program officially began in 2017 and the
 

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program officially began in 2017 and the
name comes from the Greek goddess who is

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name comes from the Greek goddess who is
 

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name comes from the Greek goddess who is
the sister of Apollo, thus spiritually

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the sister of Apollo, thus spiritually
 

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the sister of Apollo, thus spiritually
linking the Aremis program to the

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linking the Aremis program to the
 

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linking the Aremis program to the
legendary Apollo program of the 60s and

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legendary Apollo program of the 60s and
 

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legendary Apollo program of the 60s and
70s. There were 17 Apollo missions in

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70s. There were 17 Apollo missions in
 

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70s. There were 17 Apollo missions in
total, so Artemis has a long way to go

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total, so Artemis has a long way to go
 

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total, so Artemis has a long way to go
in order to match the achievements of

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in order to match the achievements of
 

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in order to match the achievements of
her little brother, but the plans are

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her little brother, but the plans are
 

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her little brother, but the plans are
already spectacular as they stand. For

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already spectacular as they stand. For
 

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already spectacular as they stand. For
those who are unaware, the initial

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those who are unaware, the initial
 

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those who are unaware, the initial
stated goal of the program was to return

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stated goal of the program was to return
 

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stated goal of the program was to return
humans to the moon. Artemis 1 was an

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humans to the moon. Artemis 1 was an
 

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humans to the moon. Artemis 1 was an
uncrrewed moon orbiting mission. This

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uncrrewed moon orbiting mission. This
 

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uncrrewed moon orbiting mission. This
was to test the new Orion spacecraft and

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was to test the new Orion spacecraft and
 

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was to test the new Orion spacecraft and
space launch system rocket to make sure

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space launch system rocket to make sure
 

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space launch system rocket to make sure
everything was ready for astronauts.

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everything was ready for astronauts.
 

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everything was ready for astronauts.
Artemis 2, which we just observed, sent

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Artemis 2, which we just observed, sent
 

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Artemis 2, which we just observed, sent
four astronauts on a lunar flyby. This

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four astronauts on a lunar flyby. This
 

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four astronauts on a lunar flyby. This
was the first time humans had been to

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was the first time humans had been to
 

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was the first time humans had been to
deep space since the Apollo missions. It

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deep space since the Apollo missions. It
 

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deep space since the Apollo missions. It
was also the farthest humans have ever

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was also the farthest humans have ever
 

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was also the farthest humans have ever
been from Earth, just edging out the

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been from Earth, just edging out the
 

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been from Earth, just edging out the
previous record from Apollo 13. They

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previous record from Apollo 13. They
 

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previous record from Apollo 13. They
also conducted the first ever

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also conducted the first ever
 

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also conducted the first ever
space-to-pace call, chatting with

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space-to-pace call, chatting with
 

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space-to-pace call, chatting with
astronauts on the International Space

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astronauts on the International Space
 

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astronauts on the International Space
Station, and they performed a number of

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Station, and they performed a number of
 

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Station, and they performed a number of
interesting experiments. The Avatar

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interesting experiments. The Avatar
 

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interesting experiments. The Avatar
experiment placed stem cells from the

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experiment placed stem cells from the
 

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experiment placed stem cells from the
four astronauts on chips to gather

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four astronauts on chips to gather
 

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four astronauts on chips to gather
information about the effects of

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information about the effects of
 

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information about the effects of
radiation and microgravity on biological

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radiation and microgravity on biological
 

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radiation and microgravity on biological
tissue and testing of optical

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tissue and testing of optical
 

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tissue and testing of optical
communications was performed. Overall,

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communications was performed. Overall,
 

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communications was performed. Overall,
the mission was a great success that

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the mission was a great success that
 

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the mission was a great success that
reignited enthusiasm for space travel in

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reignited enthusiasm for space travel in
 

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reignited enthusiasm for space travel in
the general public. In case you've been

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the general public. In case you've been
 

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the general public. In case you've been
living under a rock, let's enjoy a

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living under a rock, let's enjoy a
 

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living under a rock, let's enjoy a
montage of some of the incredible

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montage of some of the incredible
 

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montage of some of the incredible
footage and images that the Aremis 2

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footage and images that the Aremis 2
 

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footage and images that the Aremis 2
mission gave us. Set to one of my own

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mission gave us. Set to one of my own
 

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mission gave us. Set to one of my own
songs specifically inspired by the

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songs specifically inspired by the
 

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songs specifically inspired by the
future of space travel called The

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future of space travel called The
 

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future of space travel called The
Emergence.

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Heat. Heat.

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Heat. Heat.

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Heat.

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Heat.

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So, what's next? As we said, the goal is

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So, what's next? As we said, the goal is
 

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So, what's next? As we said, the goal is
to put people back on the lunar surface,

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to put people back on the lunar surface,
 

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to put people back on the lunar surface,
which will require a lunar lander. This

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which will require a lunar lander. This
 

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which will require a lunar lander. This
will be either SpaceX's Starship HLS or

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will be either SpaceX's Starship HLS or
 

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will be either SpaceX's Starship HLS or
Blue Origins Blue Moon. So, Artemis 3

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Blue Origins Blue Moon. So, Artemis 3
 

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Blue Origins Blue Moon. So, Artemis 3
planned for mid 2027 will involve

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planned for mid 2027 will involve
 

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planned for mid 2027 will involve
testing one or both of these in Earth

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testing one or both of these in Earth
 

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testing one or both of these in Earth
orbit. Rendevous and docking operations

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orbit. Rendevous and docking operations
 

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orbit. Rendevous and docking operations
will occur as well as tests regarding

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will occur as well as tests regarding
 

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will occur as well as tests regarding
propulsion, life support, communications

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propulsion, life support, communications
 

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propulsion, life support, communications
systems of the landers, and new space

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systems of the landers, and new space
 

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systems of the landers, and new space
suits that will be used on the lunar

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suits that will be used on the lunar
 

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suits that will be used on the lunar
surface. In this way, Artemis 2 and

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surface. In this way, Artemis 2 and
 

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surface. In this way, Artemis 2 and
three resemble Apollo missions 8 and 9,

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three resemble Apollo missions 8 and 9,
 

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three resemble Apollo missions 8 and 9,
respectively, given the parallel mission

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respectively, given the parallel mission
 

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respectively, given the parallel mission
goals. If everything goes smoothly,

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goals. If everything goes smoothly,
 

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goals. If everything goes smoothly,
Artemis 4 is planned to launch in early

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Artemis 4 is planned to launch in early
 

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Artemis 4 is planned to launch in early
2028, carrying astronauts to the lunar

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2028, carrying astronauts to the lunar
 

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2028, carrying astronauts to the lunar
surface once again. The space launch

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surface once again. The space launch
 

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surface once again. The space launch
system will send an Orion spacecraft

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system will send an Orion spacecraft
 

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system will send an Orion spacecraft
into orbit just like it did for Artemis

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into orbit just like it did for Artemis
 

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into orbit just like it did for Artemis
2, while a human landing system lunar

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2, while a human landing system lunar
 

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2, while a human landing system lunar
lander will have to be sent up privately

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lander will have to be sent up privately
 

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lander will have to be sent up privately
for rendevous with Orion. And the

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for rendevous with Orion. And the
 

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for rendevous with Orion. And the
precise lander will depend on the

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precise lander will depend on the
 

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precise lander will depend on the
results of Artemis 3. While the Apollo

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results of Artemis 3. While the Apollo
 

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results of Artemis 3. While the Apollo
missions typically had astronauts on the

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missions typically had astronauts on the
 

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missions typically had astronauts on the
lunar surface for only a day or two or a

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lunar surface for only a day or two or a
 

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lunar surface for only a day or two or a
record- setting 75 hours in the case of

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record- setting 75 hours in the case of
 

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record- setting 75 hours in the case of
Apollo 17, Artemis 4 astronauts are

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Apollo 17, Artemis 4 astronauts are
 

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Apollo 17, Artemis 4 astronauts are
expected to spend about a week on the

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expected to spend about a week on the
 

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expected to spend about a week on the
moon, specifically at the unexplored

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moon, specifically at the unexplored
 

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moon, specifically at the unexplored
South Pole region. And finally, Artemis

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South Pole region. And finally, Artemis
 

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South Pole region. And finally, Artemis
5 is planned for late 2028 and will

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5 is planned for late 2028 and will
 

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5 is planned for late 2028 and will
begin the process of building a

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begin the process of building a
 

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begin the process of building a
permanent lunar base that will ideally

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permanent lunar base that will ideally
 

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permanent lunar base that will ideally
serve as a prototype for an eventual

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serve as a prototype for an eventual
 

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serve as a prototype for an eventual
Martian base. As always, this timeline

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Martian base. As always, this timeline
 

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Martian base. As always, this timeline
is subject to revision, as was the case

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is subject to revision, as was the case
 

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is subject to revision, as was the case
with the first two missions, especially

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with the first two missions, especially
 

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with the first two missions, especially
given the uncertain status of NASA's

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given the uncertain status of NASA's
 

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given the uncertain status of NASA's
funding in this and subsequent

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funding in this and subsequent
 

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funding in this and subsequent
administrations. But these are the plans

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administrations. But these are the plans
 

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administrations. But these are the plans
as they stand at this current time. This

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as they stand at this current time. This
 

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as they stand at this current time. This
leads us to a tantalizing possibility

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leads us to a tantalizing possibility
 

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leads us to a tantalizing possibility
that so many of us have pondered our

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that so many of us have pondered our
 

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that so many of us have pondered our
whole lives. What would it be like to

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whole lives. What would it be like to
 

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whole lives. What would it be like to
live on another celestial body? We've

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live on another celestial body? We've
 

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live on another celestial body? We've
seen it in countless movies and TV

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seen it in countless movies and TV
 

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seen it in countless movies and TV
shows. colonies on the moon, on Mars, on

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shows. colonies on the moon, on Mars, on
 

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shows. colonies on the moon, on Mars, on
other planets and moons in the solar

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other planets and moons in the solar
 

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other planets and moons in the solar
system, and even other star systems

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system, and even other star systems
 

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system, and even other star systems
altogether. But now we are very

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altogether. But now we are very
 

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altogether. But now we are very
seriously planning to take this step as

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seriously planning to take this step as
 

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seriously planning to take this step as
a species. What will these bases look

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a species. What will these bases look
 

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a species. What will these bases look
like? Who will live there? And what will

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like? Who will live there? And what will
 

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like? Who will live there? And what will
they do? And perhaps most importantly,

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they do? And perhaps most importantly,
 

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they do? And perhaps most importantly,
what are the biological concerns

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what are the biological concerns
 

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what are the biological concerns
regarding living off of Earth? We are

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regarding living off of Earth? We are
 

235
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regarding living off of Earth? We are
the products of hundreds of millions of

236
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the products of hundreds of millions of
 

237
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the products of hundreds of millions of
years of evolution that occurred on

238
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years of evolution that occurred on
 

239
00:05:43,199 --> 00:05:44,950
years of evolution that occurred on
Earth under a specific set of

240
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Earth under a specific set of
 

241
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Earth under a specific set of
environmental inputs. What challenges

242
00:05:47,189 --> 00:05:47,199
environmental inputs. What challenges
 

243
00:05:47,199 --> 00:05:49,670
environmental inputs. What challenges
will our bodies face on other worlds?

244
00:05:49,670 --> 00:05:49,680
will our bodies face on other worlds?
 

245
00:05:49,680 --> 00:05:51,270
will our bodies face on other worlds?
How do we address key challenges

246
00:05:51,270 --> 00:05:51,280
How do we address key challenges
 

247
00:05:51,280 --> 00:05:53,830
How do we address key challenges
regarding radiation, reduced gravity,

248
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regarding radiation, reduced gravity,
 

249
00:05:53,840 --> 00:05:55,990
regarding radiation, reduced gravity,
extreme environments, and psychological

250
00:05:55,990 --> 00:05:56,000
extreme environments, and psychological
 

251
00:05:56,000 --> 00:05:58,550
extreme environments, and psychological
stressors? How will children born on

252
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stressors? How will children born on
 

253
00:05:58,560 --> 00:06:00,469
stressors? How will children born on
other worlds be fundamentally different

254
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other worlds be fundamentally different
 

255
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other worlds be fundamentally different
from the rest of us? Will we evolve? If

256
00:06:02,950 --> 00:06:02,960
from the rest of us? Will we evolve? If
 

257
00:06:02,960 --> 00:06:05,830
from the rest of us? Will we evolve? If
so, how and how fast? Believe it or not,

258
00:06:05,830 --> 00:06:05,840
so, how and how fast? Believe it or not,
 

259
00:06:05,840 --> 00:06:07,590
so, how and how fast? Believe it or not,
there are plenty of academics who spend

260
00:06:07,590 --> 00:06:07,600
there are plenty of academics who spend
 

261
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there are plenty of academics who spend
a lot of time thinking about these

262
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a lot of time thinking about these
 

263
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a lot of time thinking about these
questions. One such academic is Dr.

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questions. One such academic is Dr.
 

265
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questions. One such academic is Dr.
Scott Solomon, professor of biosciences

266
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Scott Solomon, professor of biosciences
 

267
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Scott Solomon, professor of biosciences
at Rice University. Yes, the same Rice

268
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at Rice University. Yes, the same Rice
 

269
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at Rice University. Yes, the same Rice
University where this happened.

270
00:06:18,390 --> 00:06:18,400
University where this happened.
 

271
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University where this happened.
>> Mr. Fina,

272
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>> Mr. Fina,
 

273
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>> Mr. Fina,
>> don't worry. They're not all like James

274
00:06:21,510 --> 00:06:21,520
>> don't worry. They're not all like James
 

275
00:06:21,520 --> 00:06:23,670
>> don't worry. They're not all like James
Tour over there. Scott has a doctorate

276
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Tour over there. Scott has a doctorate
 

277
00:06:23,680 --> 00:06:26,070
Tour over there. Scott has a doctorate
in ecology, evolution, and behavior, and

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00:06:26,070 --> 00:06:26,080
in ecology, evolution, and behavior, and
 

279
00:06:26,080 --> 00:06:27,909
in ecology, evolution, and behavior, and
his expertise regarding biological

280
00:06:27,909 --> 00:06:27,919
his expertise regarding biological
 

281
00:06:27,919 --> 00:06:29,909
his expertise regarding biological
diversity has allowed him to investigate

282
00:06:29,909 --> 00:06:29,919
diversity has allowed him to investigate
 

283
00:06:29,919 --> 00:06:32,309
diversity has allowed him to investigate
this very research question. What will

284
00:06:32,309 --> 00:06:32,319
this very research question. What will
 

285
00:06:32,319 --> 00:06:34,710
this very research question. What will
happen to humans that are in space for a

286
00:06:34,710 --> 00:06:34,720
happen to humans that are in space for a
 

287
00:06:34,720 --> 00:06:37,029
happen to humans that are in space for a
long time? In fact, this is the subject

288
00:06:37,029 --> 00:06:37,039
long time? In fact, this is the subject
 

289
00:06:37,039 --> 00:06:39,590
long time? In fact, this is the subject
of his new book, Becoming Martian: How

290
00:06:39,590 --> 00:06:39,600
of his new book, Becoming Martian: How
 

291
00:06:39,600 --> 00:06:41,830
of his new book, Becoming Martian: How
Living in Space Will Change Bodies and

292
00:06:41,830 --> 00:06:41,840
Living in Space Will Change Bodies and
 

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Living in Space Will Change Bodies and
Minds. This question is just as crucial

294
00:06:44,550 --> 00:06:44,560
Minds. This question is just as crucial
 

295
00:06:44,560 --> 00:06:46,710
Minds. This question is just as crucial
as all the engineering endeavors that

296
00:06:46,710 --> 00:06:46,720
as all the engineering endeavors that
 

297
00:06:46,720 --> 00:06:48,629
as all the engineering endeavors that
allow us to build the equipment to take

298
00:06:48,629 --> 00:06:48,639
allow us to build the equipment to take
 

299
00:06:48,639 --> 00:06:50,710
allow us to build the equipment to take
us to these places since we have to

300
00:06:50,710 --> 00:06:50,720
us to these places since we have to
 

301
00:06:50,720 --> 00:06:52,629
us to these places since we have to
function in proper health in order for

302
00:06:52,629 --> 00:06:52,639
function in proper health in order for
 

303
00:06:52,639 --> 00:06:54,950
function in proper health in order for
these colonies to be successful. So, it

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00:06:54,950 --> 00:06:54,960
these colonies to be successful. So, it
 

305
00:06:54,960 --> 00:06:57,510
these colonies to be successful. So, it
deserves significant discussion as well.

306
00:06:57,510 --> 00:06:57,520
deserves significant discussion as well.
 

307
00:06:57,520 --> 00:06:59,270
deserves significant discussion as well.
There are a lot more factors in play

308
00:06:59,270 --> 00:06:59,280
There are a lot more factors in play
 

309
00:06:59,280 --> 00:07:01,029
There are a lot more factors in play
than you might think and I had a chat

310
00:07:01,029 --> 00:07:01,039
than you might think and I had a chat
 

311
00:07:01,039 --> 00:07:02,950
than you might think and I had a chat
with Scott to discuss some of them. So,

312
00:07:02,950 --> 00:07:02,960
with Scott to discuss some of them. So,
 

313
00:07:02,960 --> 00:07:05,110
with Scott to discuss some of them. So,
let's talk to Scott now. Scott, thanks

314
00:07:05,110 --> 00:07:05,120
let's talk to Scott now. Scott, thanks
 

315
00:07:05,120 --> 00:07:06,710
let's talk to Scott now. Scott, thanks
so much for joining us. Uh we're going

316
00:07:06,710 --> 00:07:06,720
so much for joining us. Uh we're going
 

317
00:07:06,720 --> 00:07:08,950
so much for joining us. Uh we're going
to talk a lot here about moon bases and

318
00:07:08,950 --> 00:07:08,960
to talk a lot here about moon bases and
 

319
00:07:08,960 --> 00:07:11,430
to talk a lot here about moon bases and
Mars bases and all kinds of uh amazing

320
00:07:11,430 --> 00:07:11,440
Mars bases and all kinds of uh amazing
 

321
00:07:11,440 --> 00:07:12,790
Mars bases and all kinds of uh amazing
things, but let's just start with what

322
00:07:12,790 --> 00:07:12,800
things, but let's just start with what
 

323
00:07:12,800 --> 00:07:14,629
things, but let's just start with what
we know. So we know that people have

324
00:07:14,629 --> 00:07:14,639
we know. So we know that people have
 

325
00:07:14,639 --> 00:07:17,510
we know. So we know that people have
been up to the ISS and uh are have been

326
00:07:17,510 --> 00:07:17,520
been up to the ISS and uh are have been
 

327
00:07:17,520 --> 00:07:19,110
been up to the ISS and uh are have been
dealing with freef fall for long

328
00:07:19,110 --> 00:07:19,120
dealing with freef fall for long
 

329
00:07:19,120 --> 00:07:20,710
dealing with freef fall for long
durations uh which is why they have

330
00:07:20,710 --> 00:07:20,720
durations uh which is why they have
 

331
00:07:20,720 --> 00:07:22,390
durations uh which is why they have
equipment on board and things like that.

332
00:07:22,390 --> 00:07:22,400
equipment on board and things like that.
 

333
00:07:22,400 --> 00:07:23,909
equipment on board and things like that.
People have also been to the moon which

334
00:07:23,909 --> 00:07:23,919
People have also been to the moon which
 

335
00:07:23,919 --> 00:07:26,309
People have also been to the moon which
is 16th the earth's gravity but not for

336
00:07:26,309 --> 00:07:26,319
is 16th the earth's gravity but not for
 

337
00:07:26,319 --> 00:07:27,589
is 16th the earth's gravity but not for
long enough to get significant

338
00:07:27,589 --> 00:07:27,599
long enough to get significant
 

339
00:07:27,599 --> 00:07:30,150
long enough to get significant
biomedical data. So let's talk a bit

340
00:07:30,150 --> 00:07:30,160
biomedical data. So let's talk a bit
 

341
00:07:30,160 --> 00:07:31,670
biomedical data. So let's talk a bit
what do we have a sense of what would

342
00:07:31,670 --> 00:07:31,680
what do we have a sense of what would
 

343
00:07:31,680 --> 00:07:33,749
what do we have a sense of what would
happen if humans were subjected to

344
00:07:33,749 --> 00:07:33,759
happen if humans were subjected to
 

345
00:07:33,759 --> 00:07:35,670
happen if humans were subjected to
partial gravity on the lunar surface for

346
00:07:35,670 --> 00:07:35,680
partial gravity on the lunar surface for
 

347
00:07:35,680 --> 00:07:37,510
partial gravity on the lunar surface for
long periods of time.

348
00:07:37,510 --> 00:07:37,520
long periods of time.
 

349
00:07:37,520 --> 00:07:38,710
long periods of time.
>> Yeah, you've brought up some really

350
00:07:38,710 --> 00:07:38,720
>> Yeah, you've brought up some really
 

351
00:07:38,720 --> 00:07:40,550
>> Yeah, you've brought up some really
important points. Uh we don't know

352
00:07:40,550 --> 00:07:40,560
important points. Uh we don't know
 

353
00:07:40,560 --> 00:07:44,150
important points. Uh we don't know
about6th gravity for much time at all,

354
00:07:44,150 --> 00:07:44,160
about6th gravity for much time at all,
 

355
00:07:44,160 --> 00:07:45,909
about6th gravity for much time at all,
right? 3 days is like the max that

356
00:07:45,909 --> 00:07:45,919
right? 3 days is like the max that
 

357
00:07:45,919 --> 00:07:47,029
right? 3 days is like the max that
anybody spent there

358
00:07:47,029 --> 00:07:47,039
anybody spent there
 

359
00:07:47,039 --> 00:07:48,870
anybody spent there
>> or even one day, right? Or I thought it

360
00:07:48,870 --> 00:07:48,880
>> or even one day, right? Or I thought it
 

361
00:07:48,880 --> 00:07:50,469
>> or even one day, right? Or I thought it
was like less.

362
00:07:50,469 --> 00:07:50,479
was like less.
 

363
00:07:50,479 --> 00:07:51,990
was like less.
>> Yeah. Yeah. the I think the most the

364
00:07:51,990 --> 00:07:52,000
>> Yeah. Yeah. the I think the most the
 

365
00:07:52,000 --> 00:07:53,510
>> Yeah. Yeah. the I think the most the
longest or some of the Apollo missions

366
00:07:53,510 --> 00:07:53,520
longest or some of the Apollo missions
 

367
00:07:53,520 --> 00:07:57,110
longest or some of the Apollo missions
was about 3 days but um and and NASA

368
00:07:57,110 --> 00:07:57,120
was about 3 days but um and and NASA
 

369
00:07:57,120 --> 00:07:59,189
was about 3 days but um and and NASA
chose not to actually collect much

370
00:07:59,189 --> 00:07:59,199
chose not to actually collect much
 

371
00:07:59,199 --> 00:08:01,830
chose not to actually collect much
biomedical data even on those that did

372
00:08:01,830 --> 00:08:01,840
biomedical data even on those that did
 

373
00:08:01,840 --> 00:08:04,869
biomedical data even on those that did
go. So what was happening to them during

374
00:08:04,869 --> 00:08:04,879
go. So what was happening to them during
 

375
00:08:04,879 --> 00:08:07,589
go. So what was happening to them during
those you know 1 to 3 days? Um we have

376
00:08:07,589 --> 00:08:07,599
those you know 1 to 3 days? Um we have
 

377
00:08:07,599 --> 00:08:09,350
those you know 1 to 3 days? Um we have
some idea like they were okay generally

378
00:08:09,350 --> 00:08:09,360
some idea like they were okay generally
 

379
00:08:09,360 --> 00:08:12,309
some idea like they were okay generally
speaking there there was one cardiac uh

380
00:08:12,309 --> 00:08:12,319
speaking there there was one cardiac uh
 

381
00:08:12,319 --> 00:08:14,550
speaking there there was one cardiac uh
incident that we know about uh but not

382
00:08:14,550 --> 00:08:14,560
incident that we know about uh but not
 

383
00:08:14,560 --> 00:08:16,869
incident that we know about uh but not
anything life-threatening. Um so the

384
00:08:16,869 --> 00:08:16,879
anything life-threatening. Um so the
 

385
00:08:16,879 --> 00:08:18,710
anything life-threatening. Um so the
short answer is like we don't actually

386
00:08:18,710 --> 00:08:18,720
short answer is like we don't actually
 

387
00:08:18,720 --> 00:08:21,270
short answer is like we don't actually
know much. we can try to extrapolate,

388
00:08:21,270 --> 00:08:21,280
know much. we can try to extrapolate,
 

389
00:08:21,280 --> 00:08:22,710
know much. we can try to extrapolate,
right? So, we can sort of make some

390
00:08:22,710 --> 00:08:22,720
right? So, we can sort of make some
 

391
00:08:22,720 --> 00:08:26,150
right? So, we can sort of make some
educated guesses about how much does our

392
00:08:26,150 --> 00:08:26,160
educated guesses about how much does our
 

393
00:08:26,160 --> 00:08:28,469
educated guesses about how much does our
knowledge of being weightless, you know,

394
00:08:28,469 --> 00:08:28,479
knowledge of being weightless, you know,
 

395
00:08:28,479 --> 00:08:31,029
knowledge of being weightless, you know,
quote unquote zero g

396
00:08:31,029 --> 00:08:31,039
quote unquote zero g
 

397
00:08:31,039 --> 00:08:33,029
quote unquote zero g
>> give us insight into what it would be

398
00:08:33,029 --> 00:08:33,039
>> give us insight into what it would be
 

399
00:08:33,039 --> 00:08:34,709
>> give us insight into what it would be
like to be in a lower gravity

400
00:08:34,709 --> 00:08:34,719
like to be in a lower gravity
 

401
00:08:34,719 --> 00:08:37,110
like to be in a lower gravity
environment for a long amount of time.

402
00:08:37,110 --> 00:08:37,120
environment for a long amount of time.
 

403
00:08:37,120 --> 00:08:40,389
environment for a long amount of time.
>> But maybe being in at least some gravity

404
00:08:40,389 --> 00:08:40,399
>> But maybe being in at least some gravity
 

405
00:08:40,399 --> 00:08:42,469
>> But maybe being in at least some gravity
is enough, right? That's a possibility.

406
00:08:42,469 --> 00:08:42,479
is enough, right? That's a possibility.
 

407
00:08:42,479 --> 00:08:45,269
is enough, right? That's a possibility.
Maybe our muscles and our bones don't

408
00:08:45,269 --> 00:08:45,279
Maybe our muscles and our bones don't
 

409
00:08:45,279 --> 00:08:48,550
Maybe our muscles and our bones don't
weaken as much in 16thg

410
00:08:48,550 --> 00:08:48,560
weaken as much in 16thg
 

411
00:08:48,560 --> 00:08:51,590
weaken as much in 16thg
um as they do in in zero g or maybe they

412
00:08:51,590 --> 00:08:51,600
um as they do in in zero g or maybe they
 

413
00:08:51,600 --> 00:08:53,350
um as they do in in zero g or maybe they
don't at all. Uh the short answer is we

414
00:08:53,350 --> 00:08:53,360
don't at all. Uh the short answer is we
 

415
00:08:53,360 --> 00:08:54,389
don't at all. Uh the short answer is we
don't know.

416
00:08:54,389 --> 00:08:54,399
don't know.
 

417
00:08:54,399 --> 00:08:55,910
don't know.
>> Yeah, because on the ISS they have like

418
00:08:55,910 --> 00:08:55,920
>> Yeah, because on the ISS they have like
 

419
00:08:55,920 --> 00:08:57,430
>> Yeah, because on the ISS they have like
those kind of treadmills and things like

420
00:08:57,430 --> 00:08:57,440
those kind of treadmills and things like
 

421
00:08:57,440 --> 00:08:59,509
those kind of treadmills and things like
that. H how frequently do they have to

422
00:08:59,509 --> 00:08:59,519
that. H how frequently do they have to
 

423
00:08:59,519 --> 00:09:00,870
that. H how frequently do they have to
do that kind of stuff? Maybe we would

424
00:09:00,870 --> 00:09:00,880
do that kind of stuff? Maybe we would
 

425
00:09:00,880 --> 00:09:03,030
do that kind of stuff? Maybe we would
have to do that just a lot less or they

426
00:09:03,030 --> 00:09:03,040
have to do that just a lot less or they
 

427
00:09:03,040 --> 00:09:04,550
have to do that just a lot less or they
would have to do some kind of special

428
00:09:04,550 --> 00:09:04,560
would have to do some kind of special
 

429
00:09:04,560 --> 00:09:06,790
would have to do some kind of special
lunar exercises or something. I don't

430
00:09:06,790 --> 00:09:06,800
lunar exercises or something. I don't
 

431
00:09:06,800 --> 00:09:07,030
lunar exercises or something. I don't
know.

432
00:09:07,030 --> 00:09:07,040
know.
 

433
00:09:07,040 --> 00:09:08,949
know.
>> That's right. Yeah, they I mean on ISS

434
00:09:08,949 --> 00:09:08,959
>> That's right. Yeah, they I mean on ISS
 

435
00:09:08,959 --> 00:09:11,030
>> That's right. Yeah, they I mean on ISS
they exercise two hours a day every

436
00:09:11,030 --> 00:09:11,040
they exercise two hours a day every
 

437
00:09:11,040 --> 00:09:12,630
they exercise two hours a day every
single day. They get wow that's more

438
00:09:12,630 --> 00:09:12,640
single day. They get wow that's more
 

439
00:09:12,640 --> 00:09:14,150
single day. They get wow that's more
than I thought. No days off. Yeah, it's

440
00:09:14,150 --> 00:09:14,160
than I thought. No days off. Yeah, it's
 

441
00:09:14,160 --> 00:09:16,070
than I thought. No days off. Yeah, it's
a lot. And it's it treadmill is part of

442
00:09:16,070 --> 00:09:16,080
a lot. And it's it treadmill is part of
 

443
00:09:16,080 --> 00:09:18,150
a lot. And it's it treadmill is part of
it. It's also resistance exercise. So

444
00:09:18,150 --> 00:09:18,160
it. It's also resistance exercise. So
 

445
00:09:18,160 --> 00:09:19,750
it. It's also resistance exercise. So
not weightlifting of course because

446
00:09:19,750 --> 00:09:19,760
not weightlifting of course because
 

447
00:09:19,760 --> 00:09:21,990
not weightlifting of course because
weight has no no meaning but uh like

448
00:09:21,990 --> 00:09:22,000
weight has no no meaning but uh like
 

449
00:09:22,000 --> 00:09:23,750
weight has no no meaning but uh like
resistance bands that kind of thing. So

450
00:09:23,750 --> 00:09:23,760
resistance bands that kind of thing. So
 

451
00:09:23,760 --> 00:09:26,630
resistance bands that kind of thing. So
they keep their their muscles from uh

452
00:09:26,630 --> 00:09:26,640
they keep their their muscles from uh
 

453
00:09:26,640 --> 00:09:28,870
they keep their their muscles from uh
getting too weak and then because bone

454
00:09:28,870 --> 00:09:28,880
getting too weak and then because bone
 

455
00:09:28,880 --> 00:09:31,030
getting too weak and then because bone
responds to muscle that helps to

456
00:09:31,030 --> 00:09:31,040
responds to muscle that helps to
 

457
00:09:31,040 --> 00:09:33,269
responds to muscle that helps to
minimize the bone density loss but it

458
00:09:33,269 --> 00:09:33,279
minimize the bone density loss but it
 

459
00:09:33,279 --> 00:09:34,230
minimize the bone density loss but it
doesn't eliminate it.

460
00:09:34,230 --> 00:09:34,240
doesn't eliminate it.
 

461
00:09:34,240 --> 00:09:35,910
doesn't eliminate it.
>> Right.

462
00:09:35,910 --> 00:09:35,920
>> Right.
 

463
00:09:35,920 --> 00:09:38,150
>> Right.
Okay. So so that's one issue. Uh another

464
00:09:38,150 --> 00:09:38,160
Okay. So so that's one issue. Uh another
 

465
00:09:38,160 --> 00:09:40,070
Okay. So so that's one issue. Uh another
issue is radiation. Right. Because here

466
00:09:40,070 --> 00:09:40,080
issue is radiation. Right. Because here
 

467
00:09:40,080 --> 00:09:41,910
issue is radiation. Right. Because here
on Earth, we have this wonderful uh

468
00:09:41,910 --> 00:09:41,920
on Earth, we have this wonderful uh
 

469
00:09:41,920 --> 00:09:43,910
on Earth, we have this wonderful uh
magnetic field. The moon doesn't have a

470
00:09:43,910 --> 00:09:43,920
magnetic field. The moon doesn't have a
 

471
00:09:43,920 --> 00:09:45,829
magnetic field. The moon doesn't have a
magnetic field, so they're subjected to

472
00:09:45,829 --> 00:09:45,839
magnetic field, so they're subjected to
 

473
00:09:45,839 --> 00:09:48,070
magnetic field, so they're subjected to
a lot more radiation exposure. So, I

474
00:09:48,070 --> 00:09:48,080
a lot more radiation exposure. So, I
 

475
00:09:48,080 --> 00:09:50,230
a lot more radiation exposure. So, I
guess just being there for a day or two,

476
00:09:50,230 --> 00:09:50,240
guess just being there for a day or two,
 

477
00:09:50,240 --> 00:09:51,990
guess just being there for a day or two,
maybe it wasn't such an enormous

478
00:09:51,990 --> 00:09:52,000
maybe it wasn't such an enormous
 

479
00:09:52,000 --> 00:09:53,910
maybe it wasn't such an enormous
concern. But if we're going to be there

480
00:09:53,910 --> 00:09:53,920
concern. But if we're going to be there
 

481
00:09:53,920 --> 00:09:56,470
concern. But if we're going to be there
long term, ideally, we're going to build

482
00:09:56,470 --> 00:09:56,480
long term, ideally, we're going to build
 

483
00:09:56,480 --> 00:09:58,630
long term, ideally, we're going to build
some kind of base and shield ourselves.

484
00:09:58,630 --> 00:09:58,640
some kind of base and shield ourselves.
 

485
00:09:58,640 --> 00:09:59,829
some kind of base and shield ourselves.
But, you know, while we're building

486
00:09:59,829 --> 00:09:59,839
But, you know, while we're building
 

487
00:09:59,839 --> 00:10:01,910
But, you know, while we're building
that, what do we do? Are we going to

488
00:10:01,910 --> 00:10:01,920
that, what do we do? Are we going to
 

489
00:10:01,920 --> 00:10:03,670
that, what do we do? Are we going to
live underground? What what what's going

490
00:10:03,670 --> 00:10:03,680
live underground? What what what's going
 

491
00:10:03,680 --> 00:10:05,269
live underground? What what what's going
to happen? And if underground, what are

492
00:10:05,269 --> 00:10:05,279
to happen? And if underground, what are
 

493
00:10:05,279 --> 00:10:07,670
to happen? And if underground, what are
the psychological ramifications of that?

494
00:10:07,670 --> 00:10:07,680
the psychological ramifications of that?
 

495
00:10:07,680 --> 00:10:09,350
the psychological ramifications of that?
Let's talk about that. Yeah, there's a

496
00:10:09,350 --> 00:10:09,360
Let's talk about that. Yeah, there's a
 

497
00:10:09,360 --> 00:10:10,949
Let's talk about that. Yeah, there's a
lot there. So, as you said, there's no

498
00:10:10,949 --> 00:10:10,959
lot there. So, as you said, there's no
 

499
00:10:10,959 --> 00:10:12,949
lot there. So, as you said, there's no
magnetic field on the moon. It's far

500
00:10:12,949 --> 00:10:12,959
magnetic field on the moon. It's far
 

501
00:10:12,959 --> 00:10:14,870
magnetic field on the moon. It's far
enough from Earth that it's outside of

502
00:10:14,870 --> 00:10:14,880
enough from Earth that it's outside of
 

503
00:10:14,880 --> 00:10:16,470
enough from Earth that it's outside of
the protection of Earth's magnetic

504
00:10:16,470 --> 00:10:16,480
the protection of Earth's magnetic
 

505
00:10:16,480 --> 00:10:18,150
the protection of Earth's magnetic
field, which is not the case for the

506
00:10:18,150 --> 00:10:18,160
field, which is not the case for the
 

507
00:10:18,160 --> 00:10:19,350
field, which is not the case for the
International Space Station. I think

508
00:10:19,350 --> 00:10:19,360
International Space Station. I think
 

509
00:10:19,360 --> 00:10:20,790
International Space Station. I think
it's worth, you know, pointing that out.

510
00:10:20,790 --> 00:10:20,800
it's worth, you know, pointing that out.
 

511
00:10:20,800 --> 00:10:22,710
it's worth, you know, pointing that out.
People sometimes don't realize that the

512
00:10:22,710 --> 00:10:22,720
People sometimes don't realize that the
 

513
00:10:22,720 --> 00:10:25,430
People sometimes don't realize that the
ISS is close enough to Earth that it's

514
00:10:25,430 --> 00:10:25,440
ISS is close enough to Earth that it's
 

515
00:10:25,440 --> 00:10:27,750
ISS is close enough to Earth that it's
getting shielded from a lot of that deep

516
00:10:27,750 --> 00:10:27,760
getting shielded from a lot of that deep
 

517
00:10:27,760 --> 00:10:30,310
getting shielded from a lot of that deep
space radiation, um, you know, that

518
00:10:30,310 --> 00:10:30,320
space radiation, um, you know, that
 

519
00:10:30,320 --> 00:10:32,630
space radiation, um, you know, that
that, uh, you know, you do experience

520
00:10:32,630 --> 00:10:32,640
that, uh, you know, you do experience
 

521
00:10:32,640 --> 00:10:34,550
that, uh, you know, you do experience
and the Artemis 2 astronauts have

522
00:10:34,550 --> 00:10:34,560
and the Artemis 2 astronauts have
 

523
00:10:34,560 --> 00:10:36,069
and the Artemis 2 astronauts have
experienced as they they've made their

524
00:10:36,069 --> 00:10:36,079
experienced as they they've made their
 

525
00:10:36,079 --> 00:10:38,389
experienced as they they've made their
way around the moon. Um, so yes, there

526
00:10:38,389 --> 00:10:38,399
way around the moon. Um, so yes, there
 

527
00:10:38,399 --> 00:10:40,949
way around the moon. Um, so yes, there
are ways to block it, right? So you

528
00:10:40,949 --> 00:10:40,959
are ways to block it, right? So you
 

529
00:10:40,959 --> 00:10:44,230
are ways to block it, right? So you
could create um, you know, a habitat

530
00:10:44,230 --> 00:10:44,240
could create um, you know, a habitat
 

531
00:10:44,240 --> 00:10:46,150
could create um, you know, a habitat
that has enough shielding on it that

532
00:10:46,150 --> 00:10:46,160
that has enough shielding on it that
 

533
00:10:46,160 --> 00:10:48,150
that has enough shielding on it that
you're not being exposed to it or as you

534
00:10:48,150 --> 00:10:48,160
you're not being exposed to it or as you
 

535
00:10:48,160 --> 00:10:50,870
you're not being exposed to it or as you
point out, you could go underground. Um,

536
00:10:50,870 --> 00:10:50,880
point out, you could go underground. Um,
 

537
00:10:50,880 --> 00:10:53,190
point out, you could go underground. Um,
it doesn't take that much lunar regalith

538
00:10:53,190 --> 00:10:53,200
it doesn't take that much lunar regalith
 

539
00:10:53,200 --> 00:10:56,550
it doesn't take that much lunar regalith
to to block um, you know, most of that

540
00:10:56,550 --> 00:10:56,560
to to block um, you know, most of that
 

541
00:10:56,560 --> 00:10:59,350
to to block um, you know, most of that
radiation. Um, you know, I I forget what

542
00:10:59,350 --> 00:10:59,360
radiation. Um, you know, I I forget what
 

543
00:10:59,360 --> 00:11:01,350
radiation. Um, you know, I I forget what
the exact estimates are, but it's

544
00:11:01,350 --> 00:11:01,360
the exact estimates are, but it's
 

545
00:11:01,360 --> 00:11:03,269
the exact estimates are, but it's
something like, you know, only like 4 in

546
00:11:03,269 --> 00:11:03,279
something like, you know, only like 4 in
 

547
00:11:03,279 --> 00:11:04,630
something like, you know, only like 4 in
I want to say something like that. It's

548
00:11:04,630 --> 00:11:04,640
I want to say something like that. It's
 

549
00:11:04,640 --> 00:11:06,389
I want to say something like that. It's
not it's not actually all that much. So,

550
00:11:06,389 --> 00:11:06,399
not it's not actually all that much. So,
 

551
00:11:06,399 --> 00:11:08,230
not it's not actually all that much. So,
one possibility is, you know, you

552
00:11:08,230 --> 00:11:08,240
one possibility is, you know, you
 

553
00:11:08,240 --> 00:11:09,910
one possibility is, you know, you
whatever you're using as your habitat,

554
00:11:09,910 --> 00:11:09,920
whatever you're using as your habitat,
 

555
00:11:09,920 --> 00:11:11,750
whatever you're using as your habitat,
whether it's a, you know, like a lunar

556
00:11:11,750 --> 00:11:11,760
whether it's a, you know, like a lunar
 

557
00:11:11,760 --> 00:11:13,910
whether it's a, you know, like a lunar
lander, uh, that you've then converted

558
00:11:13,910 --> 00:11:13,920
lander, uh, that you've then converted
 

559
00:11:13,920 --> 00:11:15,910
lander, uh, that you've then converted
into a habitat, you just pile that, you

560
00:11:15,910 --> 00:11:15,920
into a habitat, you just pile that, you
 

561
00:11:15,920 --> 00:11:18,870
into a habitat, you just pile that, you
know, that moon dirt that that, uh,

562
00:11:18,870 --> 00:11:18,880
know, that moon dirt that that, uh,
 

563
00:11:18,880 --> 00:11:21,190
know, that moon dirt that that, uh,
lunar regalith right on top, and that

564
00:11:21,190 --> 00:11:21,200
lunar regalith right on top, and that
 

565
00:11:21,200 --> 00:11:24,470
lunar regalith right on top, and that
could help you quite a bit. Um, but the

566
00:11:24,470 --> 00:11:24,480
could help you quite a bit. Um, but the
 

567
00:11:24,480 --> 00:11:26,630
could help you quite a bit. Um, but the
thing is, if you're going out, if you're

568
00:11:26,630 --> 00:11:26,640
thing is, if you're going out, if you're
 

569
00:11:26,640 --> 00:11:28,550
thing is, if you're going out, if you're
doing any work out on the surface, if

570
00:11:28,550 --> 00:11:28,560
doing any work out on the surface, if
 

571
00:11:28,560 --> 00:11:30,230
doing any work out on the surface, if
you're going exploring, I mean, I think

572
00:11:30,230 --> 00:11:30,240
you're going exploring, I mean, I think
 

573
00:11:30,240 --> 00:11:31,590
you're going exploring, I mean, I think
people don't want to go to the moon and

574
00:11:31,590 --> 00:11:31,600
people don't want to go to the moon and
 

575
00:11:31,600 --> 00:11:33,590
people don't want to go to the moon and
and then just like stay underground all

576
00:11:33,590 --> 00:11:33,600
and then just like stay underground all
 

577
00:11:33,600 --> 00:11:37,269
and then just like stay underground all
the time. uh you are being exposed to um

578
00:11:37,269 --> 00:11:37,279
the time. uh you are being exposed to um
 

579
00:11:37,279 --> 00:11:39,750
the time. uh you are being exposed to um
to a fair amount of radiation. I mean

580
00:11:39,750 --> 00:11:39,760
to a fair amount of radiation. I mean
 

581
00:11:39,760 --> 00:11:41,269
to a fair amount of radiation. I mean
there's also no atmosphere. That's the

582
00:11:41,269 --> 00:11:41,279
there's also no atmosphere. That's the
 

583
00:11:41,279 --> 00:11:43,110
there's also no atmosphere. That's the
other thing, right? So the on on the

584
00:11:43,110 --> 00:11:43,120
other thing, right? So the on on the
 

585
00:11:43,120 --> 00:11:44,870
other thing, right? So the on on the
surface of the earth, it's the magnetic

586
00:11:44,870 --> 00:11:44,880
surface of the earth, it's the magnetic
 

587
00:11:44,880 --> 00:11:47,190
surface of the earth, it's the magnetic
field and our atmosphere that are both

588
00:11:47,190 --> 00:11:47,200
field and our atmosphere that are both
 

589
00:11:47,200 --> 00:11:48,630
field and our atmosphere that are both
doing some shielding,

590
00:11:48,630 --> 00:11:48,640
doing some shielding,
 

591
00:11:48,640 --> 00:11:50,470
doing some shielding,
>> right? Because cosmic rays are scattered

592
00:11:50,470 --> 00:11:50,480
>> right? Because cosmic rays are scattered
 

593
00:11:50,480 --> 00:11:52,230
>> right? Because cosmic rays are scattered
in the upper atmosphere. So that all

594
00:11:52,230 --> 00:11:52,240
in the upper atmosphere. So that all
 

595
00:11:52,240 --> 00:11:54,470
in the upper atmosphere. So that all
kind of dissipates. Yeah. So that's an

596
00:11:54,470 --> 00:11:54,480
kind of dissipates. Yeah. So that's an
 

597
00:11:54,480 --> 00:11:55,509
kind of dissipates. Yeah. So that's an
interesting point you bring up there.

598
00:11:55,509 --> 00:11:55,519
interesting point you bring up there.
 

599
00:11:55,519 --> 00:11:57,990
interesting point you bring up there.
There's only a few inches or possibly a

600
00:11:57,990 --> 00:11:58,000
There's only a few inches or possibly a
 

601
00:11:58,000 --> 00:12:00,069
There's only a few inches or possibly a
makeshift kind of shelter would suffice.

602
00:12:00,069 --> 00:12:00,079
makeshift kind of shelter would suffice.
 

603
00:12:00,079 --> 00:12:02,069
makeshift kind of shelter would suffice.
But then the thing is, you know, you're

604
00:12:02,069 --> 00:12:02,079
But then the thing is, you know, you're
 

605
00:12:02,079 --> 00:12:03,910
But then the thing is, you know, you're
going out for a couple hours at a time.

606
00:12:03,910 --> 00:12:03,920
going out for a couple hours at a time.
 

607
00:12:03,920 --> 00:12:05,590
going out for a couple hours at a time.
Then cumulatively, if you're living

608
00:12:05,590 --> 00:12:05,600
Then cumulatively, if you're living
 

609
00:12:05,600 --> 00:12:07,829
Then cumulatively, if you're living
there for months on end, that does add

610
00:12:07,829 --> 00:12:07,839
there for months on end, that does add
 

611
00:12:07,839 --> 00:12:10,629
there for months on end, that does add
up to very significant exposure, way

612
00:12:10,629 --> 00:12:10,639
up to very significant exposure, way
 

613
00:12:10,639 --> 00:12:13,190
up to very significant exposure, way
more than than the Apollo astronauts

614
00:12:13,190 --> 00:12:13,200
more than than the Apollo astronauts
 

615
00:12:13,200 --> 00:12:15,030
more than than the Apollo astronauts
even just being there on the surface for

616
00:12:15,030 --> 00:12:15,040
even just being there on the surface for
 

617
00:12:15,040 --> 00:12:17,190
even just being there on the surface for
a day straight. So I guess that is

618
00:12:17,190 --> 00:12:17,200
a day straight. So I guess that is
 

619
00:12:17,200 --> 00:12:18,949
a day straight. So I guess that is
something to to consider.

620
00:12:18,949 --> 00:12:18,959
something to to consider.
 

621
00:12:18,959 --> 00:12:20,790
something to to consider.
>> The other thing is like solar activity,

622
00:12:20,790 --> 00:12:20,800
>> The other thing is like solar activity,
 

623
00:12:20,800 --> 00:12:22,949
>> The other thing is like solar activity,
right? So galactic cosmic rays are are

624
00:12:22,949 --> 00:12:22,959
right? So galactic cosmic rays are are
 

625
00:12:22,959 --> 00:12:25,190
right? So galactic cosmic rays are are
one of the challenges, but it's also

626
00:12:25,190 --> 00:12:25,200
one of the challenges, but it's also
 

627
00:12:25,200 --> 00:12:27,750
one of the challenges, but it's also
solar radiation. And so, you know, as we

628
00:12:27,750 --> 00:12:27,760
solar radiation. And so, you know, as we
 

629
00:12:27,760 --> 00:12:29,910
solar radiation. And so, you know, as we
know, sometimes the sun is more active,

630
00:12:29,910 --> 00:12:29,920
know, sometimes the sun is more active,
 

631
00:12:29,920 --> 00:12:31,430
know, sometimes the sun is more active,
and that's been happening recently.

632
00:12:31,430 --> 00:12:31,440
and that's been happening recently.
 

633
00:12:31,440 --> 00:12:34,310
and that's been happening recently.
We've been seeing flares or coronal mass

634
00:12:34,310 --> 00:12:34,320
We've been seeing flares or coronal mass
 

635
00:12:34,320 --> 00:12:36,150
We've been seeing flares or coronal mass
ejections. If that kind of a thing

636
00:12:36,150 --> 00:12:36,160
ejections. If that kind of a thing
 

637
00:12:36,160 --> 00:12:39,190
ejections. If that kind of a thing
happens, then it would be uh, you know,

638
00:12:39,190 --> 00:12:39,200
happens, then it would be uh, you know,
 

639
00:12:39,200 --> 00:12:41,269
happens, then it would be uh, you know,
a lot more radiation that would be

640
00:12:41,269 --> 00:12:41,279
a lot more radiation that would be
 

641
00:12:41,279 --> 00:12:42,629
a lot more radiation that would be
headed towards the moon.

642
00:12:42,629 --> 00:12:42,639
headed towards the moon.
 

643
00:12:42,639 --> 00:12:44,389
headed towards the moon.
>> Yeah. And if you're there for a day, h

644
00:12:44,389 --> 00:12:44,399
>> Yeah. And if you're there for a day, h
 

645
00:12:44,399 --> 00:12:45,750
>> Yeah. And if you're there for a day, h
roll the dice. But if you're there for

646
00:12:45,750 --> 00:12:45,760
roll the dice. But if you're there for
 

647
00:12:45,760 --> 00:12:47,030
roll the dice. But if you're there for
months and months, you're probably going

648
00:12:47,030 --> 00:12:47,040
months and months, you're probably going
 

649
00:12:47,040 --> 00:12:49,350
months and months, you're probably going
to get a solar flare at some point. So,

650
00:12:49,350 --> 00:12:49,360
to get a solar flare at some point. So,
 

651
00:12:49,360 --> 00:12:52,230
to get a solar flare at some point. So,
we do need a a plan for that.

652
00:12:52,230 --> 00:12:52,240
we do need a a plan for that.
 

653
00:12:52,240 --> 00:12:53,910
we do need a a plan for that.
>> The good news there is that like they at

654
00:12:53,910 --> 00:12:53,920
>> The good news there is that like they at
 

655
00:12:53,920 --> 00:12:56,389
>> The good news there is that like they at
least have some warning, right? So there

656
00:12:56,389 --> 00:12:56,399
least have some warning, right? So there
 

657
00:12:56,399 --> 00:12:59,590
least have some warning, right? So there
is some amount of time between when that

658
00:12:59,590 --> 00:12:59,600
is some amount of time between when that
 

659
00:12:59,600 --> 00:13:01,910
is some amount of time between when that
activity happens on the sun and when it

660
00:13:01,910 --> 00:13:01,920
activity happens on the sun and when it
 

661
00:13:01,920 --> 00:13:03,910
activity happens on the sun and when it
actually reaches the moon. So as long as

662
00:13:03,910 --> 00:13:03,920
actually reaches the moon. So as long as
 

663
00:13:03,920 --> 00:13:05,990
actually reaches the moon. So as long as
we're monitoring it and sending the the

664
00:13:05,990 --> 00:13:06,000
we're monitoring it and sending the the
 

665
00:13:06,000 --> 00:13:07,750
we're monitoring it and sending the the
you know the alarm signal up,

666
00:13:07,750 --> 00:13:07,760
you know the alarm signal up,
 

667
00:13:07,760 --> 00:13:09,350
you know the alarm signal up,
>> they could you know potentially go and

668
00:13:09,350 --> 00:13:09,360
>> they could you know potentially go and
 

669
00:13:09,360 --> 00:13:09,750
>> they could you know potentially go and
see

670
00:13:09,750 --> 00:13:09,760
see
 

671
00:13:09,760 --> 00:13:12,710
see
>> is it like 10 minutes or how long

672
00:13:12,710 --> 00:13:12,720
>> is it like 10 minutes or how long
 

673
00:13:12,720 --> 00:13:14,790
>> is it like 10 minutes or how long
>> does it take forget the near light

674
00:13:14,790 --> 00:13:14,800
>> does it take forget the near light
 

675
00:13:14,800 --> 00:13:15,750
>> does it take forget the near light
speed.

676
00:13:15,750 --> 00:13:15,760
speed.
 

677
00:13:15,760 --> 00:13:17,750
speed.
>> Yeah. Well yeah. Yeah. Exactly. So it's

678
00:13:17,750 --> 00:13:17,760
>> Yeah. Well yeah. Yeah. Exactly. So it's
 

679
00:13:17,760 --> 00:13:19,190
>> Yeah. Well yeah. Yeah. Exactly. So it's
not a lot. It's not a lot of time but

680
00:13:19,190 --> 00:13:19,200
not a lot. It's not a lot of time but
 

681
00:13:19,200 --> 00:13:21,030
not a lot. It's not a lot of time but
hopefully enough that people could uh

682
00:13:21,030 --> 00:13:21,040
hopefully enough that people could uh
 

683
00:13:21,040 --> 00:13:22,310
hopefully enough that people could uh
you know take shelter.

684
00:13:22,310 --> 00:13:22,320
you know take shelter.
 

685
00:13:22,320 --> 00:13:23,910
you know take shelter.
>> Yeah. I actually do. I don't know if you

686
00:13:23,910 --> 00:13:23,920
>> Yeah. I actually do. I don't know if you
 

687
00:13:23,920 --> 00:13:26,470
>> Yeah. I actually do. I don't know if you
watch For all mankind on Apple TV. It it

688
00:13:26,470 --> 00:13:26,480
watch For all mankind on Apple TV. It it
 

689
00:13:26,480 --> 00:13:28,470
watch For all mankind on Apple TV. It it
I do love that show. And there is that

690
00:13:28,470 --> 00:13:28,480
I do love that show. And there is that
 

691
00:13:28,480 --> 00:13:31,509
I do love that show. And there is that
one scene uh where that female astronaut

692
00:13:31,509 --> 00:13:31,519
one scene uh where that female astronaut
 

693
00:13:31,519 --> 00:13:34,069
one scene uh where that female astronaut
there is that solar flare and uh one one

694
00:13:34,069 --> 00:13:34,079
there is that solar flare and uh one one
 

695
00:13:34,079 --> 00:13:35,910
there is that solar flare and uh one one
astronaut kind of falls and she makes

696
00:13:35,910 --> 00:13:35,920
astronaut kind of falls and she makes
 

697
00:13:35,920 --> 00:13:37,910
astronaut kind of falls and she makes
the decision to go and rescue him, but

698
00:13:37,910 --> 00:13:37,920
the decision to go and rescue him, but
 

699
00:13:37,920 --> 00:13:40,310
the decision to go and rescue him, but
but the the the exposure in that 30

700
00:13:40,310 --> 00:13:40,320
but the the the exposure in that 30
 

701
00:13:40,320 --> 00:13:41,990
but the the the exposure in that 30
seconds or so she comes back, she goes

702
00:13:41,990 --> 00:13:42,000
seconds or so she comes back, she goes
 

703
00:13:42,000 --> 00:13:44,230
seconds or so she comes back, she goes
blind and stuff. It's uh Yeah, that's

704
00:13:44,230 --> 00:13:44,240
blind and stuff. It's uh Yeah, that's
 

705
00:13:44,240 --> 00:13:44,550
blind and stuff. It's uh Yeah, that's
pretty cool.

706
00:13:44,550 --> 00:13:44,560
pretty cool.
 

707
00:13:44,560 --> 00:13:45,750
pretty cool.
>> There's a lot of good science in that

708
00:13:45,750 --> 00:13:45,760
>> There's a lot of good science in that
 

709
00:13:45,760 --> 00:13:47,670
>> There's a lot of good science in that
show. Exactly. That makes you think.

710
00:13:47,670 --> 00:13:47,680
show. Exactly. That makes you think.
 

711
00:13:47,680 --> 00:13:49,430
show. Exactly. That makes you think.
>> Yeah. I love just the the standpoint of

712
00:13:49,430 --> 00:13:49,440
>> Yeah. I love just the the standpoint of
 

713
00:13:49,440 --> 00:13:50,710
>> Yeah. I love just the the standpoint of
like thinking about everything that

714
00:13:50,710 --> 00:13:50,720
like thinking about everything that
 

715
00:13:50,720 --> 00:13:52,550
like thinking about everything that
could happen scientifically and then

716
00:13:52,550 --> 00:13:52,560
could happen scientifically and then
 

717
00:13:52,560 --> 00:13:54,389
could happen scientifically and then
just building a fictional narrative

718
00:13:54,389 --> 00:13:54,399
just building a fictional narrative
 

719
00:13:54,399 --> 00:13:55,829
just building a fictional narrative
around it. Like, oh, that's a thing.

720
00:13:55,829 --> 00:13:55,839
around it. Like, oh, that's a thing.
 

721
00:13:55,839 --> 00:13:57,509
around it. Like, oh, that's a thing.
Okay, now that's a plot point in this

722
00:13:57,509 --> 00:13:57,519
Okay, now that's a plot point in this
 

723
00:13:57,519 --> 00:13:58,230
Okay, now that's a plot point in this
episode.

724
00:13:58,230 --> 00:13:58,240
episode.
 

725
00:13:58,240 --> 00:13:58,629
episode.
>> Exactly.

726
00:13:58,629 --> 00:13:58,639
>> Exactly.
 

727
00:13:58,639 --> 00:13:59,269
>> Exactly.
>> It's pretty great.

728
00:13:59,269 --> 00:13:59,279
>> It's pretty great.
 

729
00:13:59,279 --> 00:14:00,470
>> It's pretty great.
>> Yeah. No, it's fun. Yeah.

730
00:14:00,470 --> 00:14:00,480
>> Yeah. No, it's fun. Yeah.
 

731
00:14:00,480 --> 00:14:03,590
>> Yeah. No, it's fun. Yeah.
>> Yeah. Okay. So, so thinking even longer

732
00:14:03,590 --> 00:14:03,600
>> Yeah. Okay. So, so thinking even longer
 

733
00:14:03,600 --> 00:14:04,870
>> Yeah. Okay. So, so thinking even longer
term than that, right, we're thinking,

734
00:14:04,870 --> 00:14:04,880
term than that, right, we're thinking,
 

735
00:14:04,880 --> 00:14:06,389
term than that, right, we're thinking,
okay, a few months we got to build a

736
00:14:06,389 --> 00:14:06,399
okay, a few months we got to build a
 

737
00:14:06,399 --> 00:14:08,470
okay, a few months we got to build a
base. Now, we're talking about really

738
00:14:08,470 --> 00:14:08,480
base. Now, we're talking about really
 

739
00:14:08,480 --> 00:14:12,230
base. Now, we're talking about really
sustained human settlements. Um so if

740
00:14:12,230 --> 00:14:12,240
sustained human settlements. Um so if
 

741
00:14:12,240 --> 00:14:14,870
sustained human settlements. Um so if
that is the case that means there will

742
00:14:14,870 --> 00:14:14,880
that is the case that means there will
 

743
00:14:14,880 --> 00:14:17,350
that is the case that means there will
you know ideally one day be the first

744
00:14:17,350 --> 00:14:17,360
you know ideally one day be the first
 

745
00:14:17,360 --> 00:14:21,030
you know ideally one day be the first
baby that is born on the moon or on Mars

746
00:14:21,030 --> 00:14:21,040
baby that is born on the moon or on Mars
 

747
00:14:21,040 --> 00:14:23,910
baby that is born on the moon or on Mars
even uh or just you know any even in spa

748
00:14:23,910 --> 00:14:23,920
even uh or just you know any even in spa
 

749
00:14:23,920 --> 00:14:25,430
even uh or just you know any even in spa
in you know in orbit or whatever just

750
00:14:25,430 --> 00:14:25,440
in you know in orbit or whatever just
 

751
00:14:25,440 --> 00:14:28,150
in you know in orbit or whatever just
anywhere but here. So that would be a

752
00:14:28,150 --> 00:14:28,160
anywhere but here. So that would be a
 

753
00:14:28,160 --> 00:14:31,350
anywhere but here. So that would be a
huge first. Um how let's talk about

754
00:14:31,350 --> 00:14:31,360
huge first. Um how let's talk about
 

755
00:14:31,360 --> 00:14:33,509
huge first. Um how let's talk about
child birth first. How would child birth

756
00:14:33,509 --> 00:14:33,519
child birth first. How would child birth
 

757
00:14:33,519 --> 00:14:36,629
child birth first. How would child birth
work in zero gravity or lunar gravity or

758
00:14:36,629 --> 00:14:36,639
work in zero gravity or lunar gravity or
 

759
00:14:36,639 --> 00:14:38,470
work in zero gravity or lunar gravity or
Mars gravity? What would be different

760
00:14:38,470 --> 00:14:38,480
Mars gravity? What would be different
 

761
00:14:38,480 --> 00:14:40,230
Mars gravity? What would be different
there? Well, I think there's a lot of

762
00:14:40,230 --> 00:14:40,240
there? Well, I think there's a lot of
 

763
00:14:40,240 --> 00:14:42,629
there? Well, I think there's a lot of
things for, you know, any kind of a

764
00:14:42,629 --> 00:14:42,639
things for, you know, any kind of a
 

765
00:14:42,639 --> 00:14:45,509
things for, you know, any kind of a
medical procedure is much more complex

766
00:14:45,509 --> 00:14:45,519
medical procedure is much more complex
 

767
00:14:45,519 --> 00:14:48,710
medical procedure is much more complex
in a zerog environment, right? You know,

768
00:14:48,710 --> 00:14:48,720
in a zerog environment, right? You know,
 

769
00:14:48,720 --> 00:14:50,550
in a zerog environment, right? You know,
we saw actually with Artemis too, they

770
00:14:50,550 --> 00:14:50,560
we saw actually with Artemis too, they
 

771
00:14:50,560 --> 00:14:52,949
we saw actually with Artemis too, they
were practicing doing CPR, right?

772
00:14:52,949 --> 00:14:52,959
were practicing doing CPR, right?
 

773
00:14:52,959 --> 00:14:55,509
were practicing doing CPR, right?
Because that is it sounds like a simple

774
00:14:55,509 --> 00:14:55,519
Because that is it sounds like a simple
 

775
00:14:55,519 --> 00:14:57,750
Because that is it sounds like a simple
thing to do, but because you know, you

776
00:14:57,750 --> 00:14:57,760
thing to do, but because you know, you
 

777
00:14:57,760 --> 00:14:59,910
thing to do, but because you know, you
push on somebody and they go back and

778
00:14:59,910 --> 00:14:59,920
push on somebody and they go back and
 

779
00:14:59,920 --> 00:15:01,750
push on somebody and they go back and
you go back. So, like that actually is a

780
00:15:01,750 --> 00:15:01,760
you go back. So, like that actually is a
 

781
00:15:01,760 --> 00:15:04,310
you go back. So, like that actually is a
more complicated thing. Yeah. Um and so

782
00:15:04,310 --> 00:15:04,320
more complicated thing. Yeah. Um and so
 

783
00:15:04,320 --> 00:15:06,949
more complicated thing. Yeah. Um and so
just the logistics of um you know trying

784
00:15:06,949 --> 00:15:06,959
just the logistics of um you know trying
 

785
00:15:06,959 --> 00:15:09,670
just the logistics of um you know trying
to create a clean environment for a

786
00:15:09,670 --> 00:15:09,680
to create a clean environment for a
 

787
00:15:09,680 --> 00:15:12,470
to create a clean environment for a
child to be born in would be tricky. Um

788
00:15:12,470 --> 00:15:12,480
child to be born in would be tricky. Um
 

789
00:15:12,480 --> 00:15:14,629
child to be born in would be tricky. Um
if there's any complications that happen

790
00:15:14,629 --> 00:15:14,639
if there's any complications that happen
 

791
00:15:14,639 --> 00:15:16,629
if there's any complications that happen
during the pregnancy, it could be a lot

792
00:15:16,629 --> 00:15:16,639
during the pregnancy, it could be a lot
 

793
00:15:16,639 --> 00:15:19,110
during the pregnancy, it could be a lot
more complicated, right? That you know

794
00:15:19,110 --> 00:15:19,120
more complicated, right? That you know
 

795
00:15:19,120 --> 00:15:22,069
more complicated, right? That you know
involves uh the potential of like

796
00:15:22,069 --> 00:15:22,079
involves uh the potential of like
 

797
00:15:22,079 --> 00:15:23,829
involves uh the potential of like
requiring a cescareian section, a

798
00:15:23,829 --> 00:15:23,839
requiring a cescareian section, a
 

799
00:15:23,839 --> 00:15:26,069
requiring a cescareian section, a
C-section birth. any kind of a surgical

800
00:15:26,069 --> 00:15:26,079
C-section birth. any kind of a surgical
 

801
00:15:26,079 --> 00:15:30,550
C-section birth. any kind of a surgical
procedure in a um in a zerog environment

802
00:15:30,550 --> 00:15:30,560
procedure in a um in a zerog environment
 

803
00:15:30,560 --> 00:15:32,150
procedure in a um in a zerog environment
is quite complex because then you have

804
00:15:32,150 --> 00:15:32,160
is quite complex because then you have
 

805
00:15:32,160 --> 00:15:34,150
is quite complex because then you have
to contain you know blood and other body

806
00:15:34,150 --> 00:15:34,160
to contain you know blood and other body
 

807
00:15:34,160 --> 00:15:37,030
to contain you know blood and other body
fluids. Exactly. So um so I think that's

808
00:15:37,030 --> 00:15:37,040
fluids. Exactly. So um so I think that's
 

809
00:15:37,040 --> 00:15:39,910
fluids. Exactly. So um so I think that's
a an important point to consider. Um but

810
00:15:39,910 --> 00:15:39,920
a an important point to consider. Um but
 

811
00:15:39,920 --> 00:15:42,949
a an important point to consider. Um but
then there's the possibility that um the

812
00:15:42,949 --> 00:15:42,959
then there's the possibility that um the
 

813
00:15:42,959 --> 00:15:46,069
then there's the possibility that um the
person that is giving birth may be in a

814
00:15:46,069 --> 00:15:46,079
person that is giving birth may be in a
 

815
00:15:46,079 --> 00:15:48,470
person that is giving birth may be in a
weakened state. Right? So if you are

816
00:15:48,470 --> 00:15:48,480
weakened state. Right? So if you are
 

817
00:15:48,480 --> 00:15:50,870
weakened state. Right? So if you are
somebody who has been in a lower gravity

818
00:15:50,870 --> 00:15:50,880
somebody who has been in a lower gravity
 

819
00:15:50,880 --> 00:15:53,749
somebody who has been in a lower gravity
environment for some amount of time then

820
00:15:53,749 --> 00:15:53,759
environment for some amount of time then
 

821
00:15:53,759 --> 00:15:55,110
environment for some amount of time then
uh you know you have to take into

822
00:15:55,110 --> 00:15:55,120
uh you know you have to take into
 

823
00:15:55,120 --> 00:15:57,670
uh you know you have to take into
consideration possibly weaker muscles

824
00:15:57,670 --> 00:15:57,680
consideration possibly weaker muscles
 

825
00:15:57,680 --> 00:16:00,389
consideration possibly weaker muscles
potentially more brittle bones. And some

826
00:16:00,389 --> 00:16:00,399
potentially more brittle bones. And some
 

827
00:16:00,399 --> 00:16:02,550
potentially more brittle bones. And some
of the bones that tend to become more

828
00:16:02,550 --> 00:16:02,560
of the bones that tend to become more
 

829
00:16:02,560 --> 00:16:04,310
of the bones that tend to become more
brittle because of being in a lower

830
00:16:04,310 --> 00:16:04,320
brittle because of being in a lower
 

831
00:16:04,320 --> 00:16:06,790
brittle because of being in a lower
gravity environment include uh the

832
00:16:06,790 --> 00:16:06,800
gravity environment include uh the
 

833
00:16:06,800 --> 00:16:09,189
gravity environment include uh the
pelvis and the hip. And those are you

834
00:16:09,189 --> 00:16:09,199
pelvis and the hip. And those are you
 

835
00:16:09,199 --> 00:16:11,350
pelvis and the hip. And those are you
know of course you know bones that are

836
00:16:11,350 --> 00:16:11,360
know of course you know bones that are
 

837
00:16:11,360 --> 00:16:13,670
know of course you know bones that are
uh you know relevant for childirth.

838
00:16:13,670 --> 00:16:13,680
uh you know relevant for childirth.
 

839
00:16:13,680 --> 00:16:16,470
uh you know relevant for childirth.
Yeah. And uh we know that if there are

840
00:16:16,470 --> 00:16:16,480
Yeah. And uh we know that if there are
 

841
00:16:16,480 --> 00:16:18,389
Yeah. And uh we know that if there are
fractures in those bones, for example,

842
00:16:18,389 --> 00:16:18,399
fractures in those bones, for example,
 

843
00:16:18,399 --> 00:16:21,269
fractures in those bones, for example,
in the pelvis uh during childirth or

844
00:16:21,269 --> 00:16:21,279
in the pelvis uh during childirth or
 

845
00:16:21,279 --> 00:16:24,470
in the pelvis uh during childirth or
before it um it can be uh something that

846
00:16:24,470 --> 00:16:24,480
before it um it can be uh something that
 

847
00:16:24,480 --> 00:16:26,470
before it um it can be uh something that
could lead to, you know, substantial

848
00:16:26,470 --> 00:16:26,480
could lead to, you know, substantial
 

849
00:16:26,480 --> 00:16:28,550
could lead to, you know, substantial
additional complications.

850
00:16:28,550 --> 00:16:28,560
additional complications.
 

851
00:16:28,560 --> 00:16:30,389
additional complications.
>> So I think child birth could be a lot

852
00:16:30,389 --> 00:16:30,399
>> So I think child birth could be a lot
 

853
00:16:30,399 --> 00:16:32,949
>> So I think child birth could be a lot
more risky in that lower gravity

854
00:16:32,949 --> 00:16:32,959
more risky in that lower gravity
 

855
00:16:32,959 --> 00:16:34,389
more risky in that lower gravity
environment. Now again, I'm talking sort

856
00:16:34,389 --> 00:16:34,399
environment. Now again, I'm talking sort
 

857
00:16:34,399 --> 00:16:36,949
environment. Now again, I'm talking sort
of like starting off with zero g partial

858
00:16:36,949 --> 00:16:36,959
of like starting off with zero g partial
 

859
00:16:36,959 --> 00:16:38,949
of like starting off with zero g partial
gravity becomes again that thing where

860
00:16:38,949 --> 00:16:38,959
gravity becomes again that thing where
 

861
00:16:38,959 --> 00:16:41,430
gravity becomes again that thing where
like how much can we extrapolate, you

862
00:16:41,430 --> 00:16:41,440
like how much can we extrapolate, you
 

863
00:16:41,440 --> 00:16:43,110
like how much can we extrapolate, you
know, how much do we know? should be

864
00:16:43,110 --> 00:16:43,120
know, how much do we know? should be
 

865
00:16:43,120 --> 00:16:44,550
know, how much do we know? should be
easier, a little bit better. But how

866
00:16:44,550 --> 00:16:44,560
easier, a little bit better. But how
 

867
00:16:44,560 --> 00:16:45,670
easier, a little bit better. But how
much better?

868
00:16:45,670 --> 00:16:45,680
much better?
 

869
00:16:45,680 --> 00:16:47,590
much better?
>> Yeah, zero gravity seems kind of

870
00:16:47,590 --> 00:16:47,600
>> Yeah, zero gravity seems kind of
 

871
00:16:47,600 --> 00:16:49,670
>> Yeah, zero gravity seems kind of
impossible to me. I think lower gravy

872
00:16:49,670 --> 00:16:49,680
impossible to me. I think lower gravy
 

873
00:16:49,680 --> 00:16:51,990
impossible to me. I think lower gravy
without the issue of containing fluids

874
00:16:51,990 --> 00:16:52,000
without the issue of containing fluids
 

875
00:16:52,000 --> 00:16:54,629
without the issue of containing fluids
or at least not as not not this disaster

876
00:16:54,629 --> 00:16:54,639
or at least not as not not this disaster
 

877
00:16:54,639 --> 00:16:57,030
or at least not as not not this disaster
of all the fluids floating around. Um

878
00:16:57,030 --> 00:16:57,040
of all the fluids floating around. Um
 

879
00:16:57,040 --> 00:17:00,629
of all the fluids floating around. Um
maybe then, you know, like mandatory c

880
00:17:00,629 --> 00:17:00,639
maybe then, you know, like mandatory c
 

881
00:17:00,639 --> 00:17:03,749
maybe then, you know, like mandatory c
C-sections might be a way to do it, but

882
00:17:03,749 --> 00:17:03,759
C-sections might be a way to do it, but
 

883
00:17:03,759 --> 00:17:05,350
C-sections might be a way to do it, but
um who knows? Maybe we'll figure

884
00:17:05,350 --> 00:17:05,360
um who knows? Maybe we'll figure
 

885
00:17:05,360 --> 00:17:08,309
um who knows? Maybe we'll figure
something else out. Um then okay then

886
00:17:08,309 --> 00:17:08,319
something else out. Um then okay then
 

887
00:17:08,319 --> 00:17:10,630
something else out. Um then okay then
the other thing though right the baby

888
00:17:10,630 --> 00:17:10,640
the other thing though right the baby
 

889
00:17:10,640 --> 00:17:13,110
the other thing though right the baby
when when when when babies or you know

890
00:17:13,110 --> 00:17:13,120
when when when when babies or you know
 

891
00:17:13,120 --> 00:17:15,429
when when when when babies or you know
when the fetus is developing on earth uh

892
00:17:15,429 --> 00:17:15,439
when the fetus is developing on earth uh
 

893
00:17:15,439 --> 00:17:17,750
when the fetus is developing on earth uh
the fetus is is in contact with any

894
00:17:17,750 --> 00:17:17,760
the fetus is is in contact with any
 

895
00:17:17,760 --> 00:17:19,909
the fetus is is in contact with any
microbial life that uh that the mother

896
00:17:19,909 --> 00:17:19,919
microbial life that uh that the mother
 

897
00:17:19,919 --> 00:17:22,069
microbial life that uh that the mother
is you know surrounded by you know

898
00:17:22,069 --> 00:17:22,079
is you know surrounded by you know
 

899
00:17:22,079 --> 00:17:24,069
is you know surrounded by you know
externally internally um and then once

900
00:17:24,069 --> 00:17:24,079
externally internally um and then once
 

901
00:17:24,079 --> 00:17:25,750
externally internally um and then once
the baby is born obviously they're born

902
00:17:25,750 --> 00:17:25,760
the baby is born obviously they're born
 

903
00:17:25,760 --> 00:17:28,789
the baby is born obviously they're born
into this world of of microorganisms

904
00:17:28,789 --> 00:17:28,799
into this world of of microorganisms
 

905
00:17:28,799 --> 00:17:32,390
into this world of of microorganisms
everywhere um so how would that differ c

906
00:17:32,390 --> 00:17:32,400
everywhere um so how would that differ c
 

907
00:17:32,400 --> 00:17:35,590
everywhere um so how would that differ c
I mean on the moon like the lunar the

908
00:17:35,590 --> 00:17:35,600
I mean on the moon like the lunar the
 

909
00:17:35,600 --> 00:17:37,909
I mean on the moon like the lunar the
the the lunar environment doesn't have

910
00:17:37,909 --> 00:17:37,919
the the lunar environment doesn't have
 

911
00:17:37,919 --> 00:17:39,909
the the lunar environment doesn't have
all of these microorganisms. I mean, I'm

912
00:17:39,909 --> 00:17:39,919
all of these microorganisms. I mean, I'm
 

913
00:17:39,919 --> 00:17:42,549
all of these microorganisms. I mean, I'm
sure we bring some with us, but what's

914
00:17:42,549 --> 00:17:42,559
sure we bring some with us, but what's
 

915
00:17:42,559 --> 00:17:43,750
sure we bring some with us, but what's
different there?

916
00:17:43,750 --> 00:17:43,760
different there?
 

917
00:17:43,760 --> 00:17:45,430
different there?
>> Yeah, I think this is a really important

918
00:17:45,430 --> 00:17:45,440
>> Yeah, I think this is a really important
 

919
00:17:45,440 --> 00:17:47,830
>> Yeah, I think this is a really important
thing to think through. So, um, as far

920
00:17:47,830 --> 00:17:47,840
thing to think through. So, um, as far
 

921
00:17:47,840 --> 00:17:50,789
thing to think through. So, um, as far
as we know, you know, as a um, a fetus

922
00:17:50,789 --> 00:17:50,799
as we know, you know, as a um, a fetus
 

923
00:17:50,799 --> 00:17:53,750
as we know, you know, as a um, a fetus
is gestating inside the womb. It's it's

924
00:17:53,750 --> 00:17:53,760
is gestating inside the womb. It's it's
 

925
00:17:53,760 --> 00:17:56,150
is gestating inside the womb. It's it's
in a sterile environment. Like, we don't

926
00:17:56,150 --> 00:17:56,160
in a sterile environment. Like, we don't
 

927
00:17:56,160 --> 00:17:57,909
in a sterile environment. Like, we don't
think there are any microorganisms that

928
00:17:57,909 --> 00:17:57,919
think there are any microorganisms that
 

929
00:17:57,919 --> 00:17:59,990
think there are any microorganisms that
it's interacting with then. So we get

930
00:17:59,990 --> 00:18:00,000
it's interacting with then. So we get
 

931
00:18:00,000 --> 00:18:02,150
it's interacting with then. So we get
our microbiome, all of those bacteria

932
00:18:02,150 --> 00:18:02,160
our microbiome, all of those bacteria
 

933
00:18:02,160 --> 00:18:03,990
our microbiome, all of those bacteria
and other microbes that we now know are

934
00:18:03,990 --> 00:18:04,000
and other microbes that we now know are
 

935
00:18:04,000 --> 00:18:05,270
and other microbes that we now know are
actually really important for our

936
00:18:05,270 --> 00:18:05,280
actually really important for our
 

937
00:18:05,280 --> 00:18:08,070
actually really important for our
bodies. We get them partially through

938
00:18:08,070 --> 00:18:08,080
bodies. We get them partially through
 

939
00:18:08,080 --> 00:18:10,710
bodies. We get them partially through
the process of being born. So as we pass

940
00:18:10,710 --> 00:18:10,720
the process of being born. So as we pass
 

941
00:18:10,720 --> 00:18:12,630
the process of being born. So as we pass
through the birth canal, we are

942
00:18:12,630 --> 00:18:12,640
through the birth canal, we are
 

943
00:18:12,640 --> 00:18:14,789
through the birth canal, we are
acquiring some of our mother's microbes

944
00:18:14,789 --> 00:18:14,799
acquiring some of our mother's microbes
 

945
00:18:14,799 --> 00:18:16,950
acquiring some of our mother's microbes
and that's how our microbiome first gets

946
00:18:16,950 --> 00:18:16,960
and that's how our microbiome first gets
 

947
00:18:16,960 --> 00:18:20,230
and that's how our microbiome first gets
seated and then as we are kind of going

948
00:18:20,230 --> 00:18:20,240
seated and then as we are kind of going
 

949
00:18:20,240 --> 00:18:22,150
seated and then as we are kind of going
out into the world and interacting with

950
00:18:22,150 --> 00:18:22,160
out into the world and interacting with
 

951
00:18:22,160 --> 00:18:24,789
out into the world and interacting with
other individuals, our our mother but

952
00:18:24,789 --> 00:18:24,799
other individuals, our our mother but
 

953
00:18:24,799 --> 00:18:27,669
other individuals, our our mother but
also other family members. And then, you

954
00:18:27,669 --> 00:18:27,679
also other family members. And then, you
 

955
00:18:27,679 --> 00:18:29,350
also other family members. And then, you
know, as you think about like a toddler

956
00:18:29,350 --> 00:18:29,360
know, as you think about like a toddler
 

957
00:18:29,360 --> 00:18:30,549
know, as you think about like a toddler
going out and putting everything in

958
00:18:30,549 --> 00:18:30,559
going out and putting everything in
 

959
00:18:30,559 --> 00:18:32,070
going out and putting everything in
their mouth, right? Like part of what's

960
00:18:32,070 --> 00:18:32,080
their mouth, right? Like part of what's
 

961
00:18:32,080 --> 00:18:34,549
their mouth, right? Like part of what's
going on is they are establishing their

962
00:18:34,549 --> 00:18:34,559
going on is they are establishing their
 

963
00:18:34,559 --> 00:18:37,590
going on is they are establishing their
microbiome and our immune systems are

964
00:18:37,590 --> 00:18:37,600
microbiome and our immune systems are
 

965
00:18:37,600 --> 00:18:40,950
microbiome and our immune systems are
developing and being able to fight off,

966
00:18:40,950 --> 00:18:40,960
developing and being able to fight off,
 

967
00:18:40,960 --> 00:18:43,270
developing and being able to fight off,
you know, most of those microbes that

968
00:18:43,270 --> 00:18:43,280
you know, most of those microbes that
 

969
00:18:43,280 --> 00:18:46,630
you know, most of those microbes that
could uh otherwise make us sick. So

970
00:18:46,630 --> 00:18:46,640
could uh otherwise make us sick. So
 

971
00:18:46,640 --> 00:18:48,710
could uh otherwise make us sick. So
>> slowly and iteratively, one step at a

972
00:18:48,710 --> 00:18:48,720
>> slowly and iteratively, one step at a
 

973
00:18:48,720 --> 00:18:51,270
>> slowly and iteratively, one step at a
time, one pathogen at a time. Yeah.

974
00:18:51,270 --> 00:18:51,280
time, one pathogen at a time. Yeah.
 

975
00:18:51,280 --> 00:18:54,950
time, one pathogen at a time. Yeah.
>> Right. And and so, you know, um as you

976
00:18:54,950 --> 00:18:54,960
>> Right. And and so, you know, um as you
 

977
00:18:54,960 --> 00:18:57,430
>> Right. And and so, you know, um as you
point out, we know that we will bring

978
00:18:57,430 --> 00:18:57,440
point out, we know that we will bring
 

979
00:18:57,440 --> 00:18:59,270
point out, we know that we will bring
some of those microbes with us to space.

980
00:18:59,270 --> 00:18:59,280
some of those microbes with us to space.
 

981
00:18:59,280 --> 00:19:00,230
some of those microbes with us to space.
Like there have been these cool

982
00:19:00,230 --> 00:19:00,240
Like there have been these cool
 

983
00:19:00,240 --> 00:19:03,590
Like there have been these cool
microbial studies on the ISS that show

984
00:19:03,590 --> 00:19:03,600
microbial studies on the ISS that show
 

985
00:19:03,600 --> 00:19:05,990
microbial studies on the ISS that show
it's not sterile. Like there's microbes

986
00:19:05,990 --> 00:19:06,000
it's not sterile. Like there's microbes
 

987
00:19:06,000 --> 00:19:09,110
it's not sterile. Like there's microbes
growing there and uh they are actually

988
00:19:09,110 --> 00:19:09,120
growing there and uh they are actually
 

989
00:19:09,120 --> 00:19:10,549
growing there and uh they are actually
doing interesting things that we can get

990
00:19:10,549 --> 00:19:10,559
doing interesting things that we can get
 

991
00:19:10,559 --> 00:19:12,070
doing interesting things that we can get
into. But you know, we know that we

992
00:19:12,070 --> 00:19:12,080
into. But you know, we know that we
 

993
00:19:12,080 --> 00:19:14,150
into. But you know, we know that we
bring them with us. So there will be

994
00:19:14,150 --> 00:19:14,160
bring them with us. So there will be
 

995
00:19:14,160 --> 00:19:16,230
bring them with us. So there will be
some microbes on, you know, in a moon

996
00:19:16,230 --> 00:19:16,240
some microbes on, you know, in a moon
 

997
00:19:16,240 --> 00:19:18,789
some microbes on, you know, in a moon
base or anywhere that we go in space,

998
00:19:18,789 --> 00:19:18,799
base or anywhere that we go in space,
 

999
00:19:18,799 --> 00:19:21,750
base or anywhere that we go in space,
but it's only going to be what we take

1000
00:19:21,750 --> 00:19:21,760
but it's only going to be what we take
 

1001
00:19:21,760 --> 00:19:23,590
but it's only going to be what we take
with us. And what we take with us is

1002
00:19:23,590 --> 00:19:23,600
with us. And what we take with us is
 

1003
00:19:23,600 --> 00:19:26,150
with us. And what we take with us is
only a tiny slice of all of the

1004
00:19:26,150 --> 00:19:26,160
only a tiny slice of all of the
 

1005
00:19:26,160 --> 00:19:28,870
only a tiny slice of all of the
microbial diversity of of Earth.

1006
00:19:28,870 --> 00:19:28,880
microbial diversity of of Earth.
 

1007
00:19:28,880 --> 00:19:30,549
microbial diversity of of Earth.
>> So you and I, we're breathing air right

1008
00:19:30,549 --> 00:19:30,559
>> So you and I, we're breathing air right
 

1009
00:19:30,559 --> 00:19:32,950
>> So you and I, we're breathing air right
now. We're taking in all different sorts

1010
00:19:32,950 --> 00:19:32,960
now. We're taking in all different sorts
 

1011
00:19:32,960 --> 00:19:34,549
now. We're taking in all different sorts
of microbes. And for the most part,

1012
00:19:34,549 --> 00:19:34,559
of microbes. And for the most part,
 

1013
00:19:34,559 --> 00:19:35,909
of microbes. And for the most part,
they're not harmful to us,

1014
00:19:35,909 --> 00:19:35,919
they're not harmful to us,
 

1015
00:19:35,919 --> 00:19:38,230
they're not harmful to us,
>> right? Commensal, infectious, all Yeah.

1016
00:19:38,230 --> 00:19:38,240
>> right? Commensal, infectious, all Yeah.
 

1017
00:19:38,240 --> 00:19:39,590
>> right? Commensal, infectious, all Yeah.
All variety.

1018
00:19:39,590 --> 00:19:39,600
All variety.
 

1019
00:19:39,600 --> 00:19:42,150
All variety.
>> Yeah. I wonder if it'll be the the point

1020
00:19:42,150 --> 00:19:42,160
>> Yeah. I wonder if it'll be the the point
 

1021
00:19:42,160 --> 00:19:44,950
>> Yeah. I wonder if it'll be the the point
of like figuring out like everyone it'll

1022
00:19:44,950 --> 00:19:44,960
of like figuring out like everyone it'll
 

1023
00:19:44,960 --> 00:19:48,150
of like figuring out like everyone it'll
be a newborn fecal transplant for

1024
00:19:48,150 --> 00:19:48,160
be a newborn fecal transplant for
 

1025
00:19:48,160 --> 00:19:49,909
be a newborn fecal transplant for
everyone, right? Something like that.

1026
00:19:49,909 --> 00:19:49,919
everyone, right? Something like that.
 

1027
00:19:49,919 --> 00:19:51,270
everyone, right? Something like that.
>> Well, and that is actually something

1028
00:19:51,270 --> 00:19:51,280
>> Well, and that is actually something
 

1029
00:19:51,280 --> 00:19:53,350
>> Well, and that is actually something
that's being experimented with on on

1030
00:19:53,350 --> 00:19:53,360
that's being experimented with on on
 

1031
00:19:53,360 --> 00:19:55,190
that's being experimented with on on
Earth even right now because we know

1032
00:19:55,190 --> 00:19:55,200
Earth even right now because we know
 

1033
00:19:55,200 --> 00:19:57,590
Earth even right now because we know
like when a C-section birth happens that

1034
00:19:57,590 --> 00:19:57,600
like when a C-section birth happens that
 

1035
00:19:57,600 --> 00:19:59,510
like when a C-section birth happens that
part of that seeding of the microbiome

1036
00:19:59,510 --> 00:19:59,520
part of that seeding of the microbiome
 

1037
00:19:59,520 --> 00:20:00,950
part of that seeding of the microbiome
doesn't happen in the same way. It's

1038
00:20:00,950 --> 00:20:00,960
doesn't happen in the same way. It's
 

1039
00:20:00,960 --> 00:20:03,430
doesn't happen in the same way. It's
it's ideally a sterile procedure. So,

1040
00:20:03,430 --> 00:20:03,440
it's ideally a sterile procedure. So,
 

1041
00:20:03,440 --> 00:20:05,110
it's ideally a sterile procedure. So,
you know, there's um there's some

1042
00:20:05,110 --> 00:20:05,120
you know, there's um there's some
 

1043
00:20:05,120 --> 00:20:06,789
you know, there's um there's some
interesting evidence that suggests that

1044
00:20:06,789 --> 00:20:06,799
interesting evidence that suggests that
 

1045
00:20:06,799 --> 00:20:10,390
interesting evidence that suggests that
like it is beneficial to uh find ways to

1046
00:20:10,390 --> 00:20:10,400
like it is beneficial to uh find ways to
 

1047
00:20:10,400 --> 00:20:12,390
like it is beneficial to uh find ways to
seed that baby's microbiome with

1048
00:20:12,390 --> 00:20:12,400
seed that baby's microbiome with
 

1049
00:20:12,400 --> 00:20:14,470
seed that baby's microbiome with
mother's microbes. Um and so there's

1050
00:20:14,470 --> 00:20:14,480
mother's microbes. Um and so there's
 

1051
00:20:14,480 --> 00:20:15,669
mother's microbes. Um and so there's
some tests that are kind of trying to

1052
00:20:15,669 --> 00:20:15,679
some tests that are kind of trying to
 

1053
00:20:15,679 --> 00:20:17,669
some tests that are kind of trying to
see if that can be done. So, you know,

1054
00:20:17,669 --> 00:20:17,679
see if that can be done. So, you know,
 

1055
00:20:17,679 --> 00:20:19,830
see if that can be done. So, you know,
maybe we will apply that same technique

1056
00:20:19,830 --> 00:20:19,840
maybe we will apply that same technique
 

1057
00:20:19,840 --> 00:20:22,150
maybe we will apply that same technique
to what's happening in space. But even

1058
00:20:22,150 --> 00:20:22,160
to what's happening in space. But even
 

1059
00:20:22,160 --> 00:20:24,630
to what's happening in space. But even
still, even still, right, it's still

1060
00:20:24,630 --> 00:20:24,640
still, even still, right, it's still
 

1061
00:20:24,640 --> 00:20:26,150
still, even still, right, it's still
going to be

1062
00:20:26,150 --> 00:20:26,160
going to be
 

1063
00:20:26,160 --> 00:20:29,110
going to be
>> less microbial diversity than what child

1064
00:20:29,110 --> 00:20:29,120
>> less microbial diversity than what child
 

1065
00:20:29,120 --> 00:20:31,270
>> less microbial diversity than what child
on Earth would be uh exposed to,

1066
00:20:31,270 --> 00:20:31,280
on Earth would be uh exposed to,
 

1067
00:20:31,280 --> 00:20:32,710
on Earth would be uh exposed to,
>> right? And as long as they have whatever

1068
00:20:32,710 --> 00:20:32,720
>> right? And as long as they have whatever
 

1069
00:20:32,720 --> 00:20:34,870
>> right? And as long as they have whatever
they need in the microbiome, that's one

1070
00:20:34,870 --> 00:20:34,880
they need in the microbiome, that's one
 

1071
00:20:34,880 --> 00:20:36,789
they need in the microbiome, that's one
thing. But then in terms of pathogens, I

1072
00:20:36,789 --> 00:20:36,799
thing. But then in terms of pathogens, I
 

1073
00:20:36,799 --> 00:20:39,110
thing. But then in terms of pathogens, I
guess the the idea is like if this is a

1074
00:20:39,110 --> 00:20:39,120
guess the the idea is like if this is a
 

1075
00:20:39,120 --> 00:20:42,070
guess the the idea is like if this is a
permanent colony and a lot of these

1076
00:20:42,070 --> 00:20:42,080
permanent colony and a lot of these
 

1077
00:20:42,080 --> 00:20:44,870
permanent colony and a lot of these
people are presumed to never go to Earth

1078
00:20:44,870 --> 00:20:44,880
people are presumed to never go to Earth
 

1079
00:20:44,880 --> 00:20:47,669
people are presumed to never go to Earth
ever, like maybe at all. Maybe it's just

1080
00:20:47,669 --> 00:20:47,679
ever, like maybe at all. Maybe it's just
 

1081
00:20:47,679 --> 00:20:48,789
ever, like maybe at all. Maybe it's just
sort of this thing of like, oh, that's

1082
00:20:48,789 --> 00:20:48,799
sort of this thing of like, oh, that's
 

1083
00:20:48,799 --> 00:20:50,630
sort of this thing of like, oh, that's
an Earth pathogen, so we don't need to

1084
00:20:50,630 --> 00:20:50,640
an Earth pathogen, so we don't need to
 

1085
00:20:50,640 --> 00:20:51,990
an Earth pathogen, so we don't need to
protect against that. We live on the

1086
00:20:51,990 --> 00:20:52,000
protect against that. We live on the
 

1087
00:20:52,000 --> 00:20:53,750
protect against that. We live on the
moon or we live on Mars. But then the

1088
00:20:53,750 --> 00:20:53,760
moon or we live on Mars. But then the
 

1089
00:20:53,760 --> 00:20:55,430
moon or we live on Mars. But then the
question becomes, this is an isolated

1090
00:20:55,430 --> 00:20:55,440
question becomes, this is an isolated
 

1091
00:20:55,440 --> 00:20:57,750
question becomes, this is an isolated
colony. you know, people coming to the

1092
00:20:57,750 --> 00:20:57,760
colony. you know, people coming to the
 

1093
00:20:57,760 --> 00:20:59,350
colony. you know, people coming to the
colony may be carrying, you know, the

1094
00:20:59,350 --> 00:20:59,360
colony may be carrying, you know, the
 

1095
00:20:59,360 --> 00:21:01,669
colony may be carrying, you know, the
the the ultimate nightmare is an

1096
00:21:01,669 --> 00:21:01,679
the the ultimate nightmare is an
 

1097
00:21:01,679 --> 00:21:03,830
the the ultimate nightmare is an
outbreak, uh, you know, of some kind,

1098
00:21:03,830 --> 00:21:03,840
outbreak, uh, you know, of some kind,
 

1099
00:21:03,840 --> 00:21:05,909
outbreak, uh, you know, of some kind,
uh, you know, a pandemic for some

1100
00:21:05,909 --> 00:21:05,919
uh, you know, a pandemic for some
 

1101
00:21:05,919 --> 00:21:08,789
uh, you know, a pandemic for some
earth-based pathogen on a lunar or lunar

1102
00:21:08,789 --> 00:21:08,799
earth-based pathogen on a lunar or lunar
 

1103
00:21:08,799 --> 00:21:11,190
earth-based pathogen on a lunar or lunar
or a Martian colony that is not equipped

1104
00:21:11,190 --> 00:21:11,200
or a Martian colony that is not equipped
 

1105
00:21:11,200 --> 00:21:13,510
or a Martian colony that is not equipped
to, uh, you know, even influenza or

1106
00:21:13,510 --> 00:21:13,520
to, uh, you know, even influenza or
 

1107
00:21:13,520 --> 00:21:14,549
to, uh, you know, even influenza or
something like that. That would be

1108
00:21:14,549 --> 00:21:14,559
something like that. That would be
 

1109
00:21:14,559 --> 00:21:15,430
something like that. That would be
crazy.

1110
00:21:15,430 --> 00:21:15,440
crazy.
 

1111
00:21:15,440 --> 00:21:16,950
crazy.
>> Yeah. I mean, I think it's worth

1112
00:21:16,950 --> 00:21:16,960
>> Yeah. I mean, I think it's worth
 

1113
00:21:16,960 --> 00:21:19,029
>> Yeah. I mean, I think it's worth
thinking though through how like there's

1114
00:21:19,029 --> 00:21:19,039
thinking though through how like there's
 

1115
00:21:19,039 --> 00:21:21,350
thinking though through how like there's
the potential of minimizing the numbers

1116
00:21:21,350 --> 00:21:21,360
the potential of minimizing the numbers
 

1117
00:21:21,360 --> 00:21:23,669
the potential of minimizing the numbers
of infectious diseases in a in a you

1118
00:21:23,669 --> 00:21:23,679
of infectious diseases in a in a you
 

1119
00:21:23,679 --> 00:21:26,070
of infectious diseases in a in a you
know, a settlement in space, including

1120
00:21:26,070 --> 00:21:26,080
know, a settlement in space, including
 

1121
00:21:26,080 --> 00:21:27,990
know, a settlement in space, including
on the moon, because you can do you can

1122
00:21:27,990 --> 00:21:28,000
on the moon, because you can do you can
 

1123
00:21:28,000 --> 00:21:30,070
on the moon, because you can do you can
do quarantine, you can, you know, avoid

1124
00:21:30,070 --> 00:21:30,080
do quarantine, you can, you know, avoid
 

1125
00:21:30,080 --> 00:21:32,710
do quarantine, you can, you know, avoid
most pathogens from getting there. So,

1126
00:21:32,710 --> 00:21:32,720
most pathogens from getting there. So,
 

1127
00:21:32,720 --> 00:21:34,789
most pathogens from getting there. So,
like at face value, that's a really good

1128
00:21:34,789 --> 00:21:34,799
like at face value, that's a really good
 

1129
00:21:34,799 --> 00:21:36,630
like at face value, that's a really good
thing, right? like, hey, no malaria on

1130
00:21:36,630 --> 00:21:36,640
thing, right? like, hey, no malaria on
 

1131
00:21:36,640 --> 00:21:38,149
thing, right? like, hey, no malaria on
the moon cuz there's no mosquitoes

1132
00:21:38,149 --> 00:21:38,159
the moon cuz there's no mosquitoes
 

1133
00:21:38,159 --> 00:21:39,590
the moon cuz there's no mosquitoes
hopefully and like, you know, other

1134
00:21:39,590 --> 00:21:39,600
hopefully and like, you know, other
 

1135
00:21:39,600 --> 00:21:41,510
hopefully and like, you know, other
infectious diseases that we can,

1136
00:21:41,510 --> 00:21:41,520
infectious diseases that we can,
 

1137
00:21:41,520 --> 00:21:44,070
infectious diseases that we can,
>> you know, take basic steps to to prevent

1138
00:21:44,070 --> 00:21:44,080
>> you know, take basic steps to to prevent
 

1139
00:21:44,080 --> 00:21:46,390
>> you know, take basic steps to to prevent
their introduction to to the space

1140
00:21:46,390 --> 00:21:46,400
their introduction to to the space
 

1141
00:21:46,400 --> 00:21:47,669
their introduction to to the space
environment.

1142
00:21:47,669 --> 00:21:47,679
environment.
 

1143
00:21:47,679 --> 00:21:50,310
environment.
>> But if somehow something does make it

1144
00:21:50,310 --> 00:21:50,320
>> But if somehow something does make it
 

1145
00:21:50,320 --> 00:21:52,789
>> But if somehow something does make it
there and if you've now got generations

1146
00:21:52,789 --> 00:21:52,799
there and if you've now got generations
 

1147
00:21:52,799 --> 00:21:54,870
there and if you've now got generations
of people that have never been exposed

1148
00:21:54,870 --> 00:21:54,880
of people that have never been exposed
 

1149
00:21:54,880 --> 00:21:55,750
of people that have never been exposed
to it,

1150
00:21:55,750 --> 00:21:55,760
to it,
 

1151
00:21:55,760 --> 00:21:57,190
to it,
>> then you've got sort of what happened

1152
00:21:57,190 --> 00:21:57,200
>> then you've got sort of what happened
 

1153
00:21:57,200 --> 00:21:59,110
>> then you've got sort of what happened
when the first Europeans came to the

1154
00:21:59,110 --> 00:21:59,120
when the first Europeans came to the
 

1155
00:21:59,120 --> 00:22:00,470
when the first Europeans came to the
Americas all over again.

1156
00:22:00,470 --> 00:22:00,480
Americas all over again.
 

1157
00:22:00,480 --> 00:22:01,430
Americas all over again.
>> Smallox. Yeah.

1158
00:22:01,430 --> 00:22:01,440
>> Smallox. Yeah.
 

1159
00:22:01,440 --> 00:22:02,870
>> Smallox. Yeah.
>> Yeah. You've got, you know, a whole

1160
00:22:02,870 --> 00:22:02,880
>> Yeah. You've got, you know, a whole
 

1161
00:22:02,880 --> 00:22:05,270
>> Yeah. You've got, you know, a whole
bunch of people that have no resistance

1162
00:22:05,270 --> 00:22:05,280
bunch of people that have no resistance
 

1163
00:22:05,280 --> 00:22:07,110
bunch of people that have no resistance
to these infectious diseases, and we

1164
00:22:07,110 --> 00:22:07,120
to these infectious diseases, and we
 

1165
00:22:07,120 --> 00:22:09,110
to these infectious diseases, and we
know how disastrous that that can be.

1166
00:22:09,110 --> 00:22:09,120
know how disastrous that that can be.
 

1167
00:22:09,120 --> 00:22:11,510
know how disastrous that that can be.
>> Oh boy. Yeah, that's another sci-fi

1168
00:22:11,510 --> 00:22:11,520
>> Oh boy. Yeah, that's another sci-fi
 

1169
00:22:11,520 --> 00:22:13,669
>> Oh boy. Yeah, that's another sci-fi
series right there, the first space

1170
00:22:13,669 --> 00:22:13,679
series right there, the first space
 

1171
00:22:13,679 --> 00:22:15,110
series right there, the first space
pandemic.

1172
00:22:15,110 --> 00:22:15,120
pandemic.
 

1173
00:22:15,120 --> 00:22:16,549
pandemic.
>> And it's funny because that's actually

1174
00:22:16,549 --> 00:22:16,559
>> And it's funny because that's actually
 

1175
00:22:16,559 --> 00:22:18,310
>> And it's funny because that's actually
been explored in science fiction going

1176
00:22:18,310 --> 00:22:18,320
been explored in science fiction going
 

1177
00:22:18,320 --> 00:22:21,029
been explored in science fiction going
all the way back to HG Wells and War of

1178
00:22:21,029 --> 00:22:21,039
all the way back to HG Wells and War of
 

1179
00:22:21,039 --> 00:22:22,870
all the way back to HG Wells and War of
the Worlds because that was like

1180
00:22:22,870 --> 00:22:22,880
the Worlds because that was like
 

1181
00:22:22,880 --> 00:22:25,510
the Worlds because that was like
ultimately what stopped the high-tech

1182
00:22:25,510 --> 00:22:25,520
ultimately what stopped the high-tech
 

1183
00:22:25,520 --> 00:22:27,669
ultimately what stopped the high-tech
Martians, right, from uh invading Earth

1184
00:22:27,669 --> 00:22:27,679
Martians, right, from uh invading Earth
 

1185
00:22:27,679 --> 00:22:29,350
Martians, right, from uh invading Earth
was was Earth's bacteria. So

1186
00:22:29,350 --> 00:22:29,360
was was Earth's bacteria. So
 

1187
00:22:29,360 --> 00:22:31,190
was was Earth's bacteria. So
>> gave it a cold. Yeah. Just like Yeah.

1188
00:22:31,190 --> 00:22:31,200
>> gave it a cold. Yeah. Just like Yeah.
 

1189
00:22:31,200 --> 00:22:34,789
>> gave it a cold. Yeah. Just like Yeah.
Yeah, it's it's it's um it's I think

1190
00:22:34,789 --> 00:22:34,799
Yeah, it's it's it's um it's I think
 

1191
00:22:34,799 --> 00:22:36,630
Yeah, it's it's it's um it's I think
very relevant for our future, but it's

1192
00:22:36,630 --> 00:22:36,640
very relevant for our future, but it's
 

1193
00:22:36,640 --> 00:22:38,310
very relevant for our future, but it's
actually one of the sort of oldest ideas

1194
00:22:38,310 --> 00:22:38,320
actually one of the sort of oldest ideas
 

1195
00:22:38,320 --> 00:22:40,310
actually one of the sort of oldest ideas
in sci-fi.

1196
00:22:40,310 --> 00:22:40,320
in sci-fi.
 

1197
00:22:40,320 --> 00:22:42,870
in sci-fi.
>> Um okay, so continuing with this concept

1198
00:22:42,870 --> 00:22:42,880
>> Um okay, so continuing with this concept
 

1199
00:22:42,880 --> 00:22:45,029
>> Um okay, so continuing with this concept
of of just these isolated populations,

1200
00:22:45,029 --> 00:22:45,039
of of just these isolated populations,
 

1201
00:22:45,039 --> 00:22:46,470
of of just these isolated populations,
another thing to think about from the

1202
00:22:46,470 --> 00:22:46,480
another thing to think about from the
 

1203
00:22:46,480 --> 00:22:49,270
another thing to think about from the
standpoint of evolutionary biology, um

1204
00:22:49,270 --> 00:22:49,280
standpoint of evolutionary biology, um
 

1205
00:22:49,280 --> 00:22:52,470
standpoint of evolutionary biology, um
we could what what is the possibility of

1206
00:22:52,470 --> 00:22:52,480
we could what what is the possibility of
 

1207
00:22:52,480 --> 00:22:55,430
we could what what is the possibility of
seeing these populations uh diverge from

1208
00:22:55,430 --> 00:22:55,440
seeing these populations uh diverge from
 

1209
00:22:55,440 --> 00:22:57,990
seeing these populations uh diverge from
Earth's population? um what kind of

1210
00:22:57,990 --> 00:22:58,000
Earth's population? um what kind of
 

1211
00:22:58,000 --> 00:23:00,310
Earth's population? um what kind of
changes would we see in terms of you

1212
00:23:00,310 --> 00:23:00,320
changes would we see in terms of you
 

1213
00:23:00,320 --> 00:23:03,270
changes would we see in terms of you
know phenotype uh what what might happen

1214
00:23:03,270 --> 00:23:03,280
know phenotype uh what what might happen
 

1215
00:23:03,280 --> 00:23:03,909
know phenotype uh what what might happen
there?

1216
00:23:03,909 --> 00:23:03,919
there?
 

1217
00:23:03,919 --> 00:23:05,669
there?
>> Yeah, this was actually the the thing

1218
00:23:05,669 --> 00:23:05,679
>> Yeah, this was actually the the thing
 

1219
00:23:05,679 --> 00:23:08,149
>> Yeah, this was actually the the thing
that got me into this topic in the in

1220
00:23:08,149 --> 00:23:08,159
that got me into this topic in the in
 

1221
00:23:08,159 --> 00:23:09,750
that got me into this topic in the in
the first place because as you know I'm

1222
00:23:09,750 --> 00:23:09,760
the first place because as you know I'm
 

1223
00:23:09,760 --> 00:23:11,590
the first place because as you know I'm
an evolutionary biologist and thinking

1224
00:23:11,590 --> 00:23:11,600
an evolutionary biologist and thinking
 

1225
00:23:11,600 --> 00:23:13,270
an evolutionary biologist and thinking
about the idea of taking a small number

1226
00:23:13,270 --> 00:23:13,280
about the idea of taking a small number
 

1227
00:23:13,280 --> 00:23:15,350
about the idea of taking a small number
of individuals from one place and then

1228
00:23:15,350 --> 00:23:15,360
of individuals from one place and then
 

1229
00:23:15,360 --> 00:23:17,990
of individuals from one place and then
putting them in a new environment that

1230
00:23:17,990 --> 00:23:18,000
putting them in a new environment that
 

1231
00:23:18,000 --> 00:23:20,390
putting them in a new environment that
is different. That is what happens all

1232
00:23:20,390 --> 00:23:20,400
is different. That is what happens all
 

1233
00:23:20,400 --> 00:23:23,110
is different. That is what happens all
the time on earth when like an island

1234
00:23:23,110 --> 00:23:23,120
the time on earth when like an island
 

1235
00:23:23,120 --> 00:23:26,470
the time on earth when like an island
gets you know seeded by new life and we

1236
00:23:26,470 --> 00:23:26,480
gets you know seeded by new life and we
 

1237
00:23:26,480 --> 00:23:28,070
gets you know seeded by new life and we
understand quite a bit about what

1238
00:23:28,070 --> 00:23:28,080
understand quite a bit about what
 

1239
00:23:28,080 --> 00:23:30,390
understand quite a bit about what
happens right I mean I I became an a

1240
00:23:30,390 --> 00:23:30,400
happens right I mean I I became an a
 

1241
00:23:30,400 --> 00:23:32,630
happens right I mean I I became an a
biologist uh after going to the

1242
00:23:32,630 --> 00:23:32,640
biologist uh after going to the
 

1243
00:23:32,640 --> 00:23:35,270
biologist uh after going to the
Galopagos Islands as a researcher uh as

1244
00:23:35,270 --> 00:23:35,280
Galopagos Islands as a researcher uh as
 

1245
00:23:35,280 --> 00:23:37,590
Galopagos Islands as a researcher uh as
a as an undergraduate student and you

1246
00:23:37,590 --> 00:23:37,600
a as an undergraduate student and you
 

1247
00:23:37,600 --> 00:23:40,630
a as an undergraduate student and you
know I think it's no coincidence that um

1248
00:23:40,630 --> 00:23:40,640
know I think it's no coincidence that um
 

1249
00:23:40,640 --> 00:23:42,149
know I think it's no coincidence that um
you know going back all the way to

1250
00:23:42,149 --> 00:23:42,159
you know going back all the way to
 

1251
00:23:42,159 --> 00:23:44,310
you know going back all the way to
Charles Darwin it's islands that have

1252
00:23:44,310 --> 00:23:44,320
Charles Darwin it's islands that have
 

1253
00:23:44,320 --> 00:23:47,510
Charles Darwin it's islands that have
inspired uh evolutionary biologists and

1254
00:23:47,510 --> 00:23:47,520
inspired uh evolutionary biologists and
 

1255
00:23:47,520 --> 00:23:49,510
inspired uh evolutionary biologists and
that we keep going back to islands to

1256
00:23:49,510 --> 00:23:49,520
that we keep going back to islands to
 

1257
00:23:49,520 --> 00:23:51,750
that we keep going back to islands to
study that process. So, we know a lot

1258
00:23:51,750 --> 00:23:51,760
study that process. So, we know a lot
 

1259
00:23:51,760 --> 00:23:53,510
study that process. So, we know a lot
about what what happens and and

1260
00:23:53,510 --> 00:23:53,520
about what what happens and and
 

1261
00:23:53,520 --> 00:23:56,070
about what what happens and and
isolation is a key part of it. So, being

1262
00:23:56,070 --> 00:23:56,080
isolation is a key part of it. So, being
 

1263
00:23:56,080 --> 00:23:58,710
isolation is a key part of it. So, being
just separated from other members of

1264
00:23:58,710 --> 00:23:58,720
just separated from other members of
 

1265
00:23:58,720 --> 00:24:01,830
just separated from other members of
your species is part of what kind of

1266
00:24:01,830 --> 00:24:01,840
your species is part of what kind of
 

1267
00:24:01,840 --> 00:24:04,230
your species is part of what kind of
kickstarts that separation that can

1268
00:24:04,230 --> 00:24:04,240
kickstarts that separation that can
 

1269
00:24:04,240 --> 00:24:06,549
kickstarts that separation that can
eventually lead to like the formation of

1270
00:24:06,549 --> 00:24:06,559
eventually lead to like the formation of
 

1271
00:24:06,559 --> 00:24:07,510
eventually lead to like the formation of
new species,

1272
00:24:07,510 --> 00:24:07,520
new species,
 

1273
00:24:07,520 --> 00:24:09,750
new species,
>> right? Yeah. Different set of stimuli to

1274
00:24:09,750 --> 00:24:09,760
>> right? Yeah. Different set of stimuli to
 

1275
00:24:09,760 --> 00:24:12,149
>> right? Yeah. Different set of stimuli to
to to adapt to. Of course, I mean that

1276
00:24:12,149 --> 00:24:12,159
to to adapt to. Of course, I mean that
 

1277
00:24:12,159 --> 00:24:13,590
to to adapt to. Of course, I mean that
makes perfect sense. And then the other

1278
00:24:13,590 --> 00:24:13,600
makes perfect sense. And then the other
 

1279
00:24:13,600 --> 00:24:16,230
makes perfect sense. And then the other
issue though is is uh how small the

1280
00:24:16,230 --> 00:24:16,240
issue though is is uh how small the
 

1281
00:24:16,240 --> 00:24:17,990
issue though is is uh how small the
population would be. Now would you know

1282
00:24:17,990 --> 00:24:18,000
population would be. Now would you know
 

1283
00:24:18,000 --> 00:24:20,630
population would be. Now would you know
there you have enhanced genetic drift I

1284
00:24:20,630 --> 00:24:20,640
there you have enhanced genetic drift I
 

1285
00:24:20,640 --> 00:24:21,830
there you have enhanced genetic drift I
think because of how small the

1286
00:24:21,830 --> 00:24:21,840
think because of how small the
 

1287
00:24:21,840 --> 00:24:23,909
think because of how small the
population size is. Are we going to see

1288
00:24:23,909 --> 00:24:23,919
population size is. Are we going to see
 

1289
00:24:23,919 --> 00:24:25,350
population size is. Are we going to see
faster evolution? Are they going to

1290
00:24:25,350 --> 00:24:25,360
faster evolution? Are they going to
 

1291
00:24:25,360 --> 00:24:27,990
faster evolution? Are they going to
evolve much more rapidly than you know

1292
00:24:27,990 --> 00:24:28,000
evolve much more rapidly than you know
 

1293
00:24:28,000 --> 00:24:29,590
evolve much more rapidly than you know
organisms on earth?

1294
00:24:29,590 --> 00:24:29,600
organisms on earth?
 

1295
00:24:29,600 --> 00:24:31,029
organisms on earth?
>> Yeah. So there's a few things here. So

1296
00:24:31,029 --> 00:24:31,039
>> Yeah. So there's a few things here. So
 

1297
00:24:31,039 --> 00:24:32,390
>> Yeah. So there's a few things here. So
one is that you're absolutely right that

1298
00:24:32,390 --> 00:24:32,400
one is that you're absolutely right that
 

1299
00:24:32,400 --> 00:24:34,710
one is that you're absolutely right that
the size of the founding population is

1300
00:24:34,710 --> 00:24:34,720
the size of the founding population is
 

1301
00:24:34,720 --> 00:24:37,510
the size of the founding population is
known to be a really important factor in

1302
00:24:37,510 --> 00:24:37,520
known to be a really important factor in
 

1303
00:24:37,520 --> 00:24:40,310
known to be a really important factor in
uh in in island biology and island

1304
00:24:40,310 --> 00:24:40,320
uh in in island biology and island
 

1305
00:24:40,320 --> 00:24:42,149
uh in in island biology and island
evolution. We have this thing called the

1306
00:24:42,149 --> 00:24:42,159
evolution. We have this thing called the
 

1307
00:24:42,159 --> 00:24:44,789
evolution. We have this thing called the
founder effect where basically like the

1308
00:24:44,789 --> 00:24:44,799
founder effect where basically like the
 

1309
00:24:44,799 --> 00:24:47,269
founder effect where basically like the
number of founding individuals and their

1310
00:24:47,269 --> 00:24:47,279
number of founding individuals and their
 

1311
00:24:47,279 --> 00:24:49,750
number of founding individuals and their
genetic diversity has a really big

1312
00:24:49,750 --> 00:24:49,760
genetic diversity has a really big
 

1313
00:24:49,760 --> 00:24:52,549
genetic diversity has a really big
impact on what can come next and usually

1314
00:24:52,549 --> 00:24:52,559
impact on what can come next and usually
 

1315
00:24:52,559 --> 00:24:54,870
impact on what can come next and usually
what we see is a loss of genetic

1316
00:24:54,870 --> 00:24:54,880
what we see is a loss of genetic
 

1317
00:24:54,880 --> 00:24:56,549
what we see is a loss of genetic
diversity. I mean usually it's like

1318
00:24:56,549 --> 00:24:56,559
diversity. I mean usually it's like
 

1319
00:24:56,559 --> 00:24:59,110
diversity. I mean usually it's like
whoever gets there is not a

1320
00:24:59,110 --> 00:24:59,120
whoever gets there is not a
 

1321
00:24:59,120 --> 00:25:01,110
whoever gets there is not a
representative slice of the population

1322
00:25:01,110 --> 00:25:01,120
representative slice of the population
 

1323
00:25:01,120 --> 00:25:02,950
representative slice of the population
that they came from. Right.

1324
00:25:02,950 --> 00:25:02,960
that they came from. Right.
 

1325
00:25:02,960 --> 00:25:04,630
that they came from. Right.
>> Yeah. No matter how hard we try, you

1326
00:25:04,630 --> 00:25:04,640
>> Yeah. No matter how hard we try, you
 

1327
00:25:04,640 --> 00:25:06,630
>> Yeah. No matter how hard we try, you
know, depending how many people it is.

1328
00:25:06,630 --> 00:25:06,640
know, depending how many people it is.
 

1329
00:25:06,640 --> 00:25:07,430
know, depending how many people it is.
Yeah.

1330
00:25:07,430 --> 00:25:07,440
Yeah.
 

1331
00:25:07,440 --> 00:25:10,390
Yeah.
>> Yeah. So, so the number matters, the the

1332
00:25:10,390 --> 00:25:10,400
>> Yeah. So, so the number matters, the the
 

1333
00:25:10,400 --> 00:25:13,669
>> Yeah. So, so the number matters, the the
kind of genetic composition matters. Um,

1334
00:25:13,669 --> 00:25:13,679
kind of genetic composition matters. Um,
 

1335
00:25:13,679 --> 00:25:16,230
kind of genetic composition matters. Um,
and then you know how much contact there

1336
00:25:16,230 --> 00:25:16,240
and then you know how much contact there
 

1337
00:25:16,240 --> 00:25:18,310
and then you know how much contact there
is between that population and the

1338
00:25:18,310 --> 00:25:18,320
is between that population and the
 

1339
00:25:18,320 --> 00:25:21,350
is between that population and the
source population moving forward. All of

1340
00:25:21,350 --> 00:25:21,360
source population moving forward. All of
 

1341
00:25:21,360 --> 00:25:23,430
source population moving forward. All of
that matters. Um, but you're asking

1342
00:25:23,430 --> 00:25:23,440
that matters. Um, but you're asking
 

1343
00:25:23,440 --> 00:25:25,750
that matters. Um, but you're asking
about the rate of change and the rate of

1344
00:25:25,750 --> 00:25:25,760
about the rate of change and the rate of
 

1345
00:25:25,760 --> 00:25:27,590
about the rate of change and the rate of
change is something interesting too

1346
00:25:27,590 --> 00:25:27,600
change is something interesting too
 

1347
00:25:27,600 --> 00:25:29,909
change is something interesting too
because uh there's a couple of factors

1348
00:25:29,909 --> 00:25:29,919
because uh there's a couple of factors
 

1349
00:25:29,919 --> 00:25:32,390
because uh there's a couple of factors
that affect the rate of change. one is

1350
00:25:32,390 --> 00:25:32,400
that affect the rate of change. one is
 

1351
00:25:32,400 --> 00:25:35,510
that affect the rate of change. one is
is basically like how strong is natural

1352
00:25:35,510 --> 00:25:35,520
is basically like how strong is natural
 

1353
00:25:35,520 --> 00:25:37,830
is basically like how strong is natural
selection and and that's sort of a

1354
00:25:37,830 --> 00:25:37,840
selection and and that's sort of a
 

1355
00:25:37,840 --> 00:25:40,070
selection and and that's sort of a
function of like how bad is it to be

1356
00:25:40,070 --> 00:25:40,080
function of like how bad is it to be
 

1357
00:25:40,080 --> 00:25:41,590
function of like how bad is it to be
there like how different is the

1358
00:25:41,590 --> 00:25:41,600
there like how different is the
 

1359
00:25:41,600 --> 00:25:44,149
there like how different is the
environment right so imagine like you

1360
00:25:44,149 --> 00:25:44,159
environment right so imagine like you
 

1361
00:25:44,159 --> 00:25:46,070
environment right so imagine like you
know two islands and you know you go

1362
00:25:46,070 --> 00:25:46,080
know two islands and you know you go
 

1363
00:25:46,080 --> 00:25:47,430
know two islands and you know you go
from one to the other and it's basically

1364
00:25:47,430 --> 00:25:47,440
from one to the other and it's basically
 

1365
00:25:47,440 --> 00:25:49,669
from one to the other and it's basically
the same environment okay no big deal so

1366
00:25:49,669 --> 00:25:49,679
the same environment okay no big deal so
 

1367
00:25:49,679 --> 00:25:52,149
the same environment okay no big deal so
like selection is not very strong if the

1368
00:25:52,149 --> 00:25:52,159
like selection is not very strong if the
 

1369
00:25:52,159 --> 00:25:54,549
like selection is not very strong if the
environment is dramatically different

1370
00:25:54,549 --> 00:25:54,559
environment is dramatically different
 

1371
00:25:54,559 --> 00:25:57,430
environment is dramatically different
then any individual that has a slight

1372
00:25:57,430 --> 00:25:57,440
then any individual that has a slight
 

1373
00:25:57,440 --> 00:25:59,750
then any individual that has a slight
advantage over the others in being able

1374
00:25:59,750 --> 00:25:59,760
advantage over the others in being able
 

1375
00:25:59,760 --> 00:26:01,830
advantage over the others in being able
to live in that environment is much more

1376
00:26:01,830 --> 00:26:01,840
to live in that environment is much more
 

1377
00:26:01,840 --> 00:26:03,590
to live in that environment is much more
likely to survive long enough to pass on

1378
00:26:03,590 --> 00:26:03,600
likely to survive long enough to pass on
 

1379
00:26:03,600 --> 00:26:05,430
likely to survive long enough to pass on
their genes and those genes become much

1380
00:26:05,430 --> 00:26:05,440
their genes and those genes become much
 

1381
00:26:05,440 --> 00:26:08,149
their genes and those genes become much
more common in each generation. So the

1382
00:26:08,149 --> 00:26:08,159
more common in each generation. So the
 

1383
00:26:08,159 --> 00:26:10,070
more common in each generation. So the
strength of natural selection is a

1384
00:26:10,070 --> 00:26:10,080
strength of natural selection is a
 

1385
00:26:10,080 --> 00:26:12,070
strength of natural selection is a
function of like how radically different

1386
00:26:12,070 --> 00:26:12,080
function of like how radically different
 

1387
00:26:12,080 --> 00:26:13,510
function of like how radically different
the environment is.

1388
00:26:13,510 --> 00:26:13,520
the environment is.
 

1389
00:26:13,520 --> 00:26:15,830
the environment is.
>> The moon, Mars,

1390
00:26:15,830 --> 00:26:15,840
>> The moon, Mars,
 

1391
00:26:15,840 --> 00:26:17,669
>> The moon, Mars,
>> pretty different environment. I think we

1392
00:26:17,669 --> 00:26:17,679
>> pretty different environment. I think we
 

1393
00:26:17,679 --> 00:26:18,789
>> pretty different environment. I think we
can agree on that.

1394
00:26:18,789 --> 00:26:18,799
can agree on that.
 

1395
00:26:18,799 --> 00:26:20,710
can agree on that.
>> And actually dangerous enough to like

1396
00:26:20,710 --> 00:26:20,720
>> And actually dangerous enough to like
 

1397
00:26:20,720 --> 00:26:22,950
>> And actually dangerous enough to like
you know we we are no longer in the food

1398
00:26:22,950 --> 00:26:22,960
you know we we are no longer in the food
 

1399
00:26:22,960 --> 00:26:24,870
you know we we are no longer in the food
chain here on Earth and we have support

1400
00:26:24,870 --> 00:26:24,880
chain here on Earth and we have support
 

1401
00:26:24,880 --> 00:26:26,470
chain here on Earth and we have support
systems and we have hospitals and we

1402
00:26:26,470 --> 00:26:26,480
systems and we have hospitals and we
 

1403
00:26:26,480 --> 00:26:28,149
systems and we have hospitals and we
prop up the weak and the you know

1404
00:26:28,149 --> 00:26:28,159
prop up the weak and the you know
 

1405
00:26:28,159 --> 00:26:30,310
prop up the weak and the you know
everything. But that yeah, the Martian

1406
00:26:30,310 --> 00:26:30,320
everything. But that yeah, the Martian
 

1407
00:26:30,320 --> 00:26:33,029
everything. But that yeah, the Martian
landscape is so perilous that maybe we

1408
00:26:33,029 --> 00:26:33,039
landscape is so perilous that maybe we
 

1409
00:26:33,039 --> 00:26:35,350
landscape is so perilous that maybe we
would return to natural selection be

1410
00:26:35,350 --> 00:26:35,360
would return to natural selection be
 

1411
00:26:35,360 --> 00:26:38,710
would return to natural selection be
being a strong driver over there. I mean

1412
00:26:38,710 --> 00:26:38,720
being a strong driver over there. I mean
 

1413
00:26:38,720 --> 00:26:40,630
being a strong driver over there. I mean
with that and then also the diversity

1414
00:26:40,630 --> 00:26:40,640
with that and then also the diversity
 

1415
00:26:40,640 --> 00:26:43,350
with that and then also the diversity
like do we have a sense of like what the

1416
00:26:43,350 --> 00:26:43,360
like do we have a sense of like what the
 

1417
00:26:43,360 --> 00:26:45,830
like do we have a sense of like what the
minimum size of a population would be

1418
00:26:45,830 --> 00:26:45,840
minimum size of a population would be
 

1419
00:26:45,840 --> 00:26:50,230
minimum size of a population would be
whether it's 50 or 300 or what to like

1420
00:26:50,230 --> 00:26:50,240
whether it's 50 or 300 or what to like
 

1421
00:26:50,240 --> 00:26:52,950
whether it's 50 or 300 or what to like
maintain genetic diversity as as the

1422
00:26:52,950 --> 00:26:52,960
maintain genetic diversity as as the
 

1423
00:26:52,960 --> 00:26:55,110
maintain genetic diversity as as the
colony continues to procreate and

1424
00:26:55,110 --> 00:26:55,120
colony continues to procreate and
 

1425
00:26:55,120 --> 00:26:57,590
colony continues to procreate and
proliferate. Um, do we have any hard

1426
00:26:57,590 --> 00:26:57,600
proliferate. Um, do we have any hard
 

1427
00:26:57,600 --> 00:26:59,430
proliferate. Um, do we have any hard
data, quantitative data about that kind

1428
00:26:59,430 --> 00:26:59,440
data, quantitative data about that kind
 

1429
00:26:59,440 --> 00:27:00,070
data, quantitative data about that kind
of stuff?

1430
00:27:00,070 --> 00:27:00,080
of stuff?
 

1431
00:27:00,080 --> 00:27:01,430
of stuff?
>> There have been some models, people have

1432
00:27:01,430 --> 00:27:01,440
>> There have been some models, people have
 

1433
00:27:01,440 --> 00:27:03,350
>> There have been some models, people have
tried to estimate this and the models

1434
00:27:03,350 --> 00:27:03,360
tried to estimate this and the models
 

1435
00:27:03,360 --> 00:27:06,310
tried to estimate this and the models
range dramatically from 100 to, you

1436
00:27:06,310 --> 00:27:06,320
range dramatically from 100 to, you
 

1437
00:27:06,320 --> 00:27:08,149
range dramatically from 100 to, you
know, 10,000. Um,

1438
00:27:08,149 --> 00:27:08,159
know, 10,000. Um,
 

1439
00:27:08,159 --> 00:27:09,909
know, 10,000. Um,
>> but what I would say is that it's hard

1440
00:27:09,909 --> 00:27:09,919
>> but what I would say is that it's hard
 

1441
00:27:09,919 --> 00:27:12,070
>> but what I would say is that it's hard
to really just focus on a number because

1442
00:27:12,070 --> 00:27:12,080
to really just focus on a number because
 

1443
00:27:12,080 --> 00:27:14,149
to really just focus on a number because
the composition matters too. You could

1444
00:27:14,149 --> 00:27:14,159
the composition matters too. You could
 

1445
00:27:14,159 --> 00:27:16,230
the composition matters too. You could
have 10,000, you could have a million

1446
00:27:16,230 --> 00:27:16,240
have 10,000, you could have a million
 

1447
00:27:16,240 --> 00:27:18,230
have 10,000, you could have a million
individuals, but if they're like, to be

1448
00:27:18,230 --> 00:27:18,240
individuals, but if they're like, to be
 

1449
00:27:18,240 --> 00:27:19,669
individuals, but if they're like, to be
really extreme about it, if they're

1450
00:27:19,669 --> 00:27:19,679
really extreme about it, if they're
 

1451
00:27:19,679 --> 00:27:22,230
really extreme about it, if they're
genetically identical, then actually it

1452
00:27:22,230 --> 00:27:22,240
genetically identical, then actually it
 

1453
00:27:22,240 --> 00:27:24,390
genetically identical, then actually it
doesn't matter because if they're not

1454
00:27:24,390 --> 00:27:24,400
doesn't matter because if they're not
 

1455
00:27:24,400 --> 00:27:26,390
doesn't matter because if they're not
well suited to that environment, a

1456
00:27:26,390 --> 00:27:26,400
well suited to that environment, a
 

1457
00:27:26,400 --> 00:27:28,549
well suited to that environment, a
million genetically identical identical

1458
00:27:28,549 --> 00:27:28,559
million genetically identical identical
 

1459
00:27:28,559 --> 00:27:30,149
million genetically identical identical
individuals, they're not going to

1460
00:27:30,149 --> 00:27:30,159
individuals, they're not going to
 

1461
00:27:30,159 --> 00:27:30,870
individuals, they're not going to
survive very well.

1462
00:27:30,870 --> 00:27:30,880
survive very well.
 

1463
00:27:30,880 --> 00:27:32,950
survive very well.
>> The variation would be insufficient. I

1464
00:27:32,950 --> 00:27:32,960
>> The variation would be insufficient. I
 

1465
00:27:32,960 --> 00:27:34,230
>> The variation would be insufficient. I
think this would be a case where the

1466
00:27:34,230 --> 00:27:34,240
think this would be a case where the
 

1467
00:27:34,240 --> 00:27:37,909
think this would be a case where the
anti-woke would cry DEI um but would be

1468
00:27:37,909 --> 00:27:37,919
anti-woke would cry DEI um but would be
 

1469
00:27:37,919 --> 00:27:39,830
anti-woke would cry DEI um but would be
totally at a loss to be able to

1470
00:27:39,830 --> 00:27:39,840
totally at a loss to be able to
 

1471
00:27:39,840 --> 00:27:41,990
totally at a loss to be able to
comprehend how crucial the genetic

1472
00:27:41,990 --> 00:27:42,000
comprehend how crucial the genetic
 

1473
00:27:42,000 --> 00:27:44,310
comprehend how crucial the genetic
diversity of sending you know sending a

1474
00:27:44,310 --> 00:27:44,320
diversity of sending you know sending a
 

1475
00:27:44,320 --> 00:27:46,230
diversity of sending you know sending a
diverse population would actually be

1476
00:27:46,230 --> 00:27:46,240
diverse population would actually be
 

1477
00:27:46,240 --> 00:27:47,029
diverse population would actually be
scientifically.

1478
00:27:47,029 --> 00:27:47,039
scientifically.
 

1479
00:27:47,039 --> 00:27:48,630
scientifically.
>> And this is actually the other part of

1480
00:27:48,630 --> 00:27:48,640
>> And this is actually the other part of
 

1481
00:27:48,640 --> 00:27:50,789
>> And this is actually the other part of
the equation for how fast evolution

1482
00:27:50,789 --> 00:27:50,799
the equation for how fast evolution
 

1483
00:27:50,799 --> 00:27:53,190
the equation for how fast evolution
happens because how strong natural

1484
00:27:53,190 --> 00:27:53,200
happens because how strong natural
 

1485
00:27:53,200 --> 00:27:55,750
happens because how strong natural
selection is is one part but the other

1486
00:27:55,750 --> 00:27:55,760
selection is is one part but the other
 

1487
00:27:55,760 --> 00:27:57,830
selection is is one part but the other
part is what does natural selection have

1488
00:27:57,830 --> 00:27:57,840
part is what does natural selection have
 

1489
00:27:57,840 --> 00:27:59,750
part is what does natural selection have
to work with? Because natural selection

1490
00:27:59,750 --> 00:27:59,760
to work with? Because natural selection
 

1491
00:27:59,760 --> 00:28:01,510
to work with? Because natural selection
all it can do is sort through whatever

1492
00:28:01,510 --> 00:28:01,520
all it can do is sort through whatever
 

1493
00:28:01,520 --> 00:28:03,909
all it can do is sort through whatever
there is and just say like yeah like

1494
00:28:03,909 --> 00:28:03,919
there is and just say like yeah like
 

1495
00:28:03,919 --> 00:28:04,549
there is and just say like yeah like
this

1496
00:28:04,549 --> 00:28:04,559
this
 

1497
00:28:04,559 --> 00:28:06,549
this
>> this trait is better in this environment

1498
00:28:06,549 --> 00:28:06,559
>> this trait is better in this environment
 

1499
00:28:06,559 --> 00:28:08,389
>> this trait is better in this environment
this one isn't. It can't make new

1500
00:28:08,389 --> 00:28:08,399
this one isn't. It can't make new
 

1501
00:28:08,399 --> 00:28:10,950
this one isn't. It can't make new
traits. That's what mutation does. So

1502
00:28:10,950 --> 00:28:10,960
traits. That's what mutation does. So
 

1503
00:28:10,960 --> 00:28:12,950
traits. That's what mutation does. So
that basically you have to have some

1504
00:28:12,950 --> 00:28:12,960
that basically you have to have some
 

1505
00:28:12,960 --> 00:28:15,110
that basically you have to have some
genetic diversity for natural selection

1506
00:28:15,110 --> 00:28:15,120
genetic diversity for natural selection
 

1507
00:28:15,120 --> 00:28:17,669
genetic diversity for natural selection
to work with. So we can either send a

1508
00:28:17,669 --> 00:28:17,679
to work with. So we can either send a
 

1509
00:28:17,679 --> 00:28:20,070
to work with. So we can either send a
genetically diverse population to start

1510
00:28:20,070 --> 00:28:20,080
genetically diverse population to start
 

1511
00:28:20,080 --> 00:28:21,110
genetically diverse population to start
with

1512
00:28:21,110 --> 00:28:21,120
with
 

1513
00:28:21,120 --> 00:28:24,070
with
>> and or acquire more genetic variation

1514
00:28:24,070 --> 00:28:24,080
>> and or acquire more genetic variation
 

1515
00:28:24,080 --> 00:28:26,310
>> and or acquire more genetic variation
there. How does that happen? Mutation.

1516
00:28:26,310 --> 00:28:26,320
there. How does that happen? Mutation.
 

1517
00:28:26,320 --> 00:28:27,669
there. How does that happen? Mutation.
And that's where it gets interesting

1518
00:28:27,669 --> 00:28:27,679
And that's where it gets interesting
 

1519
00:28:27,679 --> 00:28:30,070
And that's where it gets interesting
because mutation's always happening. I

1520
00:28:30,070 --> 00:28:30,080
because mutation's always happening. I
 

1521
00:28:30,080 --> 00:28:31,190
because mutation's always happening. I
mean, that's just sort of like, you

1522
00:28:31,190 --> 00:28:31,200
mean, that's just sort of like, you
 

1523
00:28:31,200 --> 00:28:32,230
mean, that's just sort of like, you
know, it's just happening in the

1524
00:28:32,230 --> 00:28:32,240
know, it's just happening in the
 

1525
00:28:32,240 --> 00:28:34,149
know, it's just happening in the
background. But we also know that there

1526
00:28:34,149 --> 00:28:34,159
background. But we also know that there
 

1527
00:28:34,159 --> 00:28:36,230
background. But we also know that there
are things that can make mut mutations

1528
00:28:36,230 --> 00:28:36,240
are things that can make mut mutations
 

1529
00:28:36,240 --> 00:28:38,230
are things that can make mut mutations
more common. One of those things is

1530
00:28:38,230 --> 00:28:38,240
more common. One of those things is
 

1531
00:28:38,240 --> 00:28:39,029
more common. One of those things is
radiation.

1532
00:28:39,029 --> 00:28:39,039
radiation.
 

1533
00:28:39,039 --> 00:28:41,350
radiation.
>> Yeah. So having a higher radiation

1534
00:28:41,350 --> 00:28:41,360
>> Yeah. So having a higher radiation
 

1535
00:28:41,360 --> 00:28:44,230
>> Yeah. So having a higher radiation
exposure, if it's not so high that it

1536
00:28:44,230 --> 00:28:44,240
exposure, if it's not so high that it
 

1537
00:28:44,240 --> 00:28:46,470
exposure, if it's not so high that it
just kills people, but if it's high

1538
00:28:46,470 --> 00:28:46,480
just kills people, but if it's high
 

1539
00:28:46,480 --> 00:28:47,750
just kills people, but if it's high
enough that you're getting some

1540
00:28:47,750 --> 00:28:47,760
enough that you're getting some
 

1541
00:28:47,760 --> 00:28:50,310
enough that you're getting some
mutation, a lot of that mutation is not

1542
00:28:50,310 --> 00:28:50,320
mutation, a lot of that mutation is not
 

1543
00:28:50,320 --> 00:28:51,669
mutation, a lot of that mutation is not
going to be helpful, but every now and

1544
00:28:51,669 --> 00:28:51,679
going to be helpful, but every now and
 

1545
00:28:51,679 --> 00:28:53,669
going to be helpful, but every now and
then you will get a beneficial mutation

1546
00:28:53,669 --> 00:28:53,679
then you will get a beneficial mutation
 

1547
00:28:53,679 --> 00:28:55,909
then you will get a beneficial mutation
happening and that could actually

1548
00:28:55,909 --> 00:28:55,919
happening and that could actually
 

1549
00:28:55,919 --> 00:28:58,389
happening and that could actually
increase the the pool of possibilities

1550
00:28:58,389 --> 00:28:58,399
increase the the pool of possibilities
 

1551
00:28:58,399 --> 00:29:00,389
increase the the pool of possibilities
for natural selection. So yeah,

1552
00:29:00,389 --> 00:29:00,399
for natural selection. So yeah,
 

1553
00:29:00,399 --> 00:29:02,230
for natural selection. So yeah,
>> combine that with high strength of

1554
00:29:02,230 --> 00:29:02,240
>> combine that with high strength of
 

1555
00:29:02,240 --> 00:29:04,149
>> combine that with high strength of
natural selection, I think you would

1556
00:29:04,149 --> 00:29:04,159
natural selection, I think you would
 

1557
00:29:04,159 --> 00:29:06,310
natural selection, I think you would
actually get quite rapid evolutionary

1558
00:29:06,310 --> 00:29:06,320
actually get quite rapid evolutionary
 

1559
00:29:06,320 --> 00:29:06,870
actually get quite rapid evolutionary
change.

1560
00:29:06,870 --> 00:29:06,880
change.
 

1561
00:29:06,880 --> 00:29:09,190
change.
>> Yeah. Do do we do you have any sense of

1562
00:29:09,190 --> 00:29:09,200
>> Yeah. Do do we do you have any sense of
 

1563
00:29:09,200 --> 00:29:11,750
>> Yeah. Do do we do you have any sense of
like what is it all speculative or are

1564
00:29:11,750 --> 00:29:11,760
like what is it all speculative or are
 

1565
00:29:11,760 --> 00:29:14,710
like what is it all speculative or are
there any identified morphologies or or

1566
00:29:14,710 --> 00:29:14,720
there any identified morphologies or or
 

1567
00:29:14,720 --> 00:29:19,190
there any identified morphologies or or
or phenotypes that you think would be

1568
00:29:19,190 --> 00:29:19,200
or phenotypes that you think would be
 

1569
00:29:19,200 --> 00:29:21,430
or phenotypes that you think would be
beneficial on say like the Martian

1570
00:29:21,430 --> 00:29:21,440
beneficial on say like the Martian
 

1571
00:29:21,440 --> 00:29:22,630
beneficial on say like the Martian
environment?

1572
00:29:22,630 --> 00:29:22,640
environment?
 

1573
00:29:22,640 --> 00:29:24,149
environment?
>> Well, I think we should be clear that a

1574
00:29:24,149 --> 00:29:24,159
>> Well, I think we should be clear that a
 

1575
00:29:24,159 --> 00:29:25,830
>> Well, I think we should be clear that a
lot of what we're talking about is you

1576
00:29:25,830 --> 00:29:25,840
lot of what we're talking about is you
 

1577
00:29:25,840 --> 00:29:28,149
lot of what we're talking about is you
know by nature speculating because we

1578
00:29:28,149 --> 00:29:28,159
know by nature speculating because we
 

1579
00:29:28,159 --> 00:29:29,830
know by nature speculating because we
can't ever predict with any certainty

1580
00:29:29,830 --> 00:29:29,840
can't ever predict with any certainty
 

1581
00:29:29,840 --> 00:29:32,149
can't ever predict with any certainty
what evolution will do. we tend to in

1582
00:29:32,149 --> 00:29:32,159
what evolution will do. we tend to in
 

1583
00:29:32,159 --> 00:29:34,230
what evolution will do. we tend to in
evolutionary biology kind of, you know,

1584
00:29:34,230 --> 00:29:34,240
evolutionary biology kind of, you know,
 

1585
00:29:34,240 --> 00:29:35,990
evolutionary biology kind of, you know,
look backwards and and reconstruct what

1586
00:29:35,990 --> 00:29:36,000
look backwards and and reconstruct what
 

1587
00:29:36,000 --> 00:29:38,070
look backwards and and reconstruct what
has already happened. But I also think

1588
00:29:38,070 --> 00:29:38,080
has already happened. But I also think
 

1589
00:29:38,080 --> 00:29:40,149
has already happened. But I also think
it's useful as an exercise to kind of

1590
00:29:40,149 --> 00:29:40,159
it's useful as an exercise to kind of
 

1591
00:29:40,159 --> 00:29:42,710
it's useful as an exercise to kind of
ask, well, what are the parallels

1592
00:29:42,710 --> 00:29:42,720
ask, well, what are the parallels
 

1593
00:29:42,720 --> 00:29:45,110
ask, well, what are the parallels
between that evolution that we would

1594
00:29:45,110 --> 00:29:45,120
between that evolution that we would
 

1595
00:29:45,120 --> 00:29:47,510
between that evolution that we would
expect to happen out in in space and

1596
00:29:47,510 --> 00:29:47,520
expect to happen out in in space and
 

1597
00:29:47,520 --> 00:29:49,830
expect to happen out in in space and
what we know has happened in the past on

1598
00:29:49,830 --> 00:29:49,840
what we know has happened in the past on
 

1599
00:29:49,840 --> 00:29:51,909
what we know has happened in the past on
Earth? Like we understand the process of

1600
00:29:51,909 --> 00:29:51,919
Earth? Like we understand the process of
 

1601
00:29:51,919 --> 00:29:54,230
Earth? Like we understand the process of
evolution. We have, you know, 4 and a

1602
00:29:54,230 --> 00:29:54,240
evolution. We have, you know, 4 and a
 

1603
00:29:54,240 --> 00:29:56,389
evolution. We have, you know, 4 and a
half billion years of evolutionary

1604
00:29:56,389 --> 00:29:56,399
half billion years of evolutionary
 

1605
00:29:56,399 --> 00:29:58,870
half billion years of evolutionary
history on Earth to draw on to look for

1606
00:29:58,870 --> 00:29:58,880
history on Earth to draw on to look for
 

1607
00:29:58,880 --> 00:30:00,710
history on Earth to draw on to look for
examples. And so that's what I've tried

1608
00:30:00,710 --> 00:30:00,720
examples. And so that's what I've tried
 

1609
00:30:00,720 --> 00:30:02,950
examples. And so that's what I've tried
to do in my in my you know writing and

1610
00:30:02,950 --> 00:30:02,960
to do in my in my you know writing and
 

1611
00:30:02,960 --> 00:30:05,669
to do in my in my you know writing and
in u in my book is to say like how can

1612
00:30:05,669 --> 00:30:05,679
in u in my book is to say like how can
 

1613
00:30:05,679 --> 00:30:08,389
in u in my book is to say like how can
we apply what we know to to sort of come

1614
00:30:08,389 --> 00:30:08,399
we apply what we know to to sort of come
 

1615
00:30:08,399 --> 00:30:10,870
we apply what we know to to sort of come
up with some plausible scenarios. One

1616
00:30:10,870 --> 00:30:10,880
up with some plausible scenarios. One
 

1617
00:30:10,880 --> 00:30:12,149
up with some plausible scenarios. One
thing is like okay let's talk about

1618
00:30:12,149 --> 00:30:12,159
thing is like okay let's talk about
 

1619
00:30:12,159 --> 00:30:13,909
thing is like okay let's talk about
radiation. We know what radiation does.

1620
00:30:13,909 --> 00:30:13,919
radiation. We know what radiation does.
 

1621
00:30:13,919 --> 00:30:16,950
radiation. We know what radiation does.
It damages DNA. Organisms differ and

1622
00:30:16,950 --> 00:30:16,960
It damages DNA. Organisms differ and
 

1623
00:30:16,960 --> 00:30:20,149
It damages DNA. Organisms differ and
actually humans differ in the extent to

1624
00:30:20,149 --> 00:30:20,159
actually humans differ in the extent to
 

1625
00:30:20,159 --> 00:30:22,870
actually humans differ in the extent to
which we are able to handle that damage

1626
00:30:22,870 --> 00:30:22,880
which we are able to handle that damage
 

1627
00:30:22,880 --> 00:30:24,389
which we are able to handle that damage
and repair it. Mhm.

1628
00:30:24,389 --> 00:30:24,399
and repair it. Mhm.
 

1629
00:30:24,399 --> 00:30:26,470
and repair it. Mhm.
>> So, one possibility is, you know, if you

1630
00:30:26,470 --> 00:30:26,480
>> So, one possibility is, you know, if you
 

1631
00:30:26,480 --> 00:30:29,110
>> So, one possibility is, you know, if you
sent a genetically diverse population,

1632
00:30:29,110 --> 00:30:29,120
sent a genetically diverse population,
 

1633
00:30:29,120 --> 00:30:30,789
sent a genetically diverse population,
uh some of those individuals are likely

1634
00:30:30,789 --> 00:30:30,799
uh some of those individuals are likely
 

1635
00:30:30,799 --> 00:30:32,870
uh some of those individuals are likely
to be better than others at at uh you

1636
00:30:32,870 --> 00:30:32,880
to be better than others at at uh you
 

1637
00:30:32,880 --> 00:30:36,230
to be better than others at at uh you
know, tolerating radiation uh exposure.

1638
00:30:36,230 --> 00:30:36,240
know, tolerating radiation uh exposure.
 

1639
00:30:36,240 --> 00:30:37,990
know, tolerating radiation uh exposure.
And so, you might imagine that those

1640
00:30:37,990 --> 00:30:38,000
And so, you might imagine that those
 

1641
00:30:38,000 --> 00:30:40,310
And so, you might imagine that those
that are better at it are likely to to

1642
00:30:40,310 --> 00:30:40,320
that are better at it are likely to to
 

1643
00:30:40,320 --> 00:30:42,149
that are better at it are likely to to
pass on more of their genes. And so,

1644
00:30:42,149 --> 00:30:42,159
pass on more of their genes. And so,
 

1645
00:30:42,159 --> 00:30:44,230
pass on more of their genes. And so,
over time, you get more radiation

1646
00:30:44,230 --> 00:30:44,240
over time, you get more radiation
 

1647
00:30:44,240 --> 00:30:46,630
over time, you get more radiation
resistance evolving. That seems likely.

1648
00:30:46,630 --> 00:30:46,640
resistance evolving. That seems likely.
 

1649
00:30:46,640 --> 00:30:49,110
resistance evolving. That seems likely.
>> More enhanced DNA repair pathways or

1650
00:30:49,110 --> 00:30:49,120
>> More enhanced DNA repair pathways or
 

1651
00:30:49,120 --> 00:30:49,990
>> More enhanced DNA repair pathways or
something like that. Yeah,

1652
00:30:49,990 --> 00:30:50,000
something like that. Yeah,
 

1653
00:30:50,000 --> 00:30:52,149
something like that. Yeah,
>> that's right. or something like we know

1654
00:30:52,149 --> 00:30:52,159
>> that's right. or something like we know
 

1655
00:30:52,159 --> 00:30:55,190
>> that's right. or something like we know
that pigments are used by many organisms

1656
00:30:55,190 --> 00:30:55,200
that pigments are used by many organisms
 

1657
00:30:55,200 --> 00:30:58,950
that pigments are used by many organisms
to uh either block damage from from uh

1658
00:30:58,950 --> 00:30:58,960
to uh either block damage from from uh
 

1659
00:30:58,960 --> 00:31:02,310
to uh either block damage from from uh
radiation or to repair it. So you know

1660
00:31:02,310 --> 00:31:02,320
radiation or to repair it. So you know
 

1661
00:31:02,320 --> 00:31:03,909
radiation or to repair it. So you know
we have melanin in our skin that's

1662
00:31:03,909 --> 00:31:03,919
we have melanin in our skin that's
 

1663
00:31:03,919 --> 00:31:05,830
we have melanin in our skin that's
helpful with um you know protecting us

1664
00:31:05,830 --> 00:31:05,840
helpful with um you know protecting us
 

1665
00:31:05,840 --> 00:31:08,470
helpful with um you know protecting us
from uh ultraviolet radiation. Other

1666
00:31:08,470 --> 00:31:08,480
from uh ultraviolet radiation. Other
 

1667
00:31:08,480 --> 00:31:11,350
from uh ultraviolet radiation. Other
organisms use pigments like carotenoids.

1668
00:31:11,350 --> 00:31:11,360
organisms use pigments like carotenoids.
 

1669
00:31:11,360 --> 00:31:13,510
organisms use pigments like carotenoids.
This is what you know makes uh carrots

1670
00:31:13,510 --> 00:31:13,520
This is what you know makes uh carrots
 

1671
00:31:13,520 --> 00:31:14,549
This is what you know makes uh carrots
orange, right?

1672
00:31:14,549 --> 00:31:14,559
orange, right?
 

1673
00:31:14,559 --> 00:31:16,870
orange, right?
>> U most animals can't make carotenoids.

1674
00:31:16,870 --> 00:31:16,880
>> U most animals can't make carotenoids.
 

1675
00:31:16,880 --> 00:31:18,549
>> U most animals can't make carotenoids.
They get them from their diet. But

1676
00:31:18,549 --> 00:31:18,559
They get them from their diet. But
 

1677
00:31:18,559 --> 00:31:20,230
They get them from their diet. But
there's one kind of insect. there's a

1678
00:31:20,230 --> 00:31:20,240
there's one kind of insect. there's a
 

1679
00:31:20,240 --> 00:31:22,630
there's one kind of insect. there's a
type of aphid that has actually acquired

1680
00:31:22,630 --> 00:31:22,640
type of aphid that has actually acquired
 

1681
00:31:22,640 --> 00:31:26,310
type of aphid that has actually acquired
the genes for making carotenoids and

1682
00:31:26,310 --> 00:31:26,320
the genes for making carotenoids and
 

1683
00:31:26,320 --> 00:31:28,470
the genes for making carotenoids and
they became orange in the process. So we

1684
00:31:28,470 --> 00:31:28,480
they became orange in the process. So we
 

1685
00:31:28,480 --> 00:31:30,230
they became orange in the process. So we
know there's like at least a precedent

1686
00:31:30,230 --> 00:31:30,240
know there's like at least a precedent
 

1687
00:31:30,240 --> 00:31:33,590
know there's like at least a precedent
for that among some uh organisms on

1688
00:31:33,590 --> 00:31:33,600
for that among some uh organisms on
 

1689
00:31:33,600 --> 00:31:35,350
for that among some uh organisms on
Earth. Now we can't say that that's what

1690
00:31:35,350 --> 00:31:35,360
Earth. Now we can't say that that's what
 

1691
00:31:35,360 --> 00:31:37,029
Earth. Now we can't say that that's what
would happen on Mars, but it's kind of a

1692
00:31:37,029 --> 00:31:37,039
would happen on Mars, but it's kind of a
 

1693
00:31:37,039 --> 00:31:38,549
would happen on Mars, but it's kind of a
fun thought experiment to think like

1694
00:31:38,549 --> 00:31:38,559
fun thought experiment to think like
 

1695
00:31:38,559 --> 00:31:40,149
fun thought experiment to think like
well something like that could you know

1696
00:31:40,149 --> 00:31:40,159
well something like that could you know
 

1697
00:31:40,159 --> 00:31:42,230
well something like that could you know
you could imagine another type of

1698
00:31:42,230 --> 00:31:42,240
you could imagine another type of
 

1699
00:31:42,240 --> 00:31:43,269
you could imagine another type of
pigment

1700
00:31:43,269 --> 00:31:43,279
pigment
 

1701
00:31:43,279 --> 00:31:46,630
pigment
>> being used for radiation protection and

1702
00:31:46,630 --> 00:31:46,640
>> being used for radiation protection and
 

1703
00:31:46,640 --> 00:31:48,389
>> being used for radiation protection and
that would come with a fun side effect

1704
00:31:48,389 --> 00:31:48,399
that would come with a fun side effect
 

1705
00:31:48,399 --> 00:31:50,950
that would come with a fun side effect
of uh you know, changing their color.

1706
00:31:50,950 --> 00:31:50,960
of uh you know, changing their color.
 

1707
00:31:50,960 --> 00:31:53,430
of uh you know, changing their color.
>> Those damp bright orange martians, that

1708
00:31:53,430 --> 00:31:53,440
>> Those damp bright orange martians, that
 

1709
00:31:53,440 --> 00:31:54,950
>> Those damp bright orange martians, that
would be crazy. Yeah. I mean, you think

1710
00:31:54,950 --> 00:31:54,960
would be crazy. Yeah. I mean, you think
 

1711
00:31:54,960 --> 00:31:56,149
would be crazy. Yeah. I mean, you think
about it, right? A pigment can be

1712
00:31:56,149 --> 00:31:56,159
about it, right? A pigment can be
 

1713
00:31:56,159 --> 00:31:58,230
about it, right? A pigment can be
biosynthesized. You acquire the ability

1714
00:31:58,230 --> 00:31:58,240
biosynthesized. You acquire the ability
 

1715
00:31:58,240 --> 00:32:00,070
biosynthesized. You acquire the ability
genetically to biosynthesize it. That is

1716
00:32:00,070 --> 00:32:00,080
genetically to biosynthesize it. That is
 

1717
00:32:00,080 --> 00:32:01,830
genetically to biosynthesize it. That is
favored uh you know, in that landscape

1718
00:32:01,830 --> 00:32:01,840
favored uh you know, in that landscape
 

1719
00:32:01,840 --> 00:32:04,149
favored uh you know, in that landscape
because it confers a survival advantage

1720
00:32:04,149 --> 00:32:04,159
because it confers a survival advantage
 

1721
00:32:04,159 --> 00:32:06,149
because it confers a survival advantage
in terms of uh resisting uh you know,

1722
00:32:06,149 --> 00:32:06,159
in terms of uh resisting uh you know,
 

1723
00:32:06,159 --> 00:32:07,669
in terms of uh resisting uh you know,
DNA damage

1724
00:32:07,669 --> 00:32:07,679
DNA damage
 

1725
00:32:07,679 --> 00:32:09,830
DNA damage
>> could happen. Yeah. I mean, thinking

1726
00:32:09,830 --> 00:32:09,840
>> could happen. Yeah. I mean, thinking
 

1727
00:32:09,840 --> 00:32:11,509
>> could happen. Yeah. I mean, thinking
about it just like how how much

1728
00:32:11,509 --> 00:32:11,519
about it just like how how much
 

1729
00:32:11,519 --> 00:32:13,110
about it just like how how much
evolution would have to take place? Like

1730
00:32:13,110 --> 00:32:13,120
evolution would have to take place? Like
 

1731
00:32:13,120 --> 00:32:15,750
evolution would have to take place? Like
will could there be

1732
00:32:15,750 --> 00:32:15,760
will could there be
 

1733
00:32:15,760 --> 00:32:17,590
will could there be
would we refer to these populations

1734
00:32:17,590 --> 00:32:17,600
would we refer to these populations
 

1735
00:32:17,600 --> 00:32:19,509
would we refer to these populations
eventually as new species? Like will it

1736
00:32:19,509 --> 00:32:19,519
eventually as new species? Like will it
 

1737
00:32:19,519 --> 00:32:22,070
eventually as new species? Like will it
be homo martianis? You know what I mean?

1738
00:32:22,070 --> 00:32:22,080
be homo martianis? You know what I mean?
 

1739
00:32:22,080 --> 00:32:24,389
be homo martianis? You know what I mean?
How long would that take to get there?

1740
00:32:24,389 --> 00:32:24,399
How long would that take to get there?
 

1741
00:32:24,399 --> 00:32:26,630
How long would that take to get there?
>> I don't know. It's that's crazy to think

1742
00:32:26,630 --> 00:32:26,640
>> I don't know. It's that's crazy to think
 

1743
00:32:26,640 --> 00:32:27,029
>> I don't know. It's that's crazy to think
about.

1744
00:32:27,029 --> 00:32:27,039
about.
 

1745
00:32:27,039 --> 00:32:28,710
about.
>> It is. is and I think but I think it's a

1746
00:32:28,710 --> 00:32:28,720
>> It is. is and I think but I think it's a
 

1747
00:32:28,720 --> 00:32:30,630
>> It is. is and I think but I think it's a
useful exercise because I like to make

1748
00:32:30,630 --> 00:32:30,640
useful exercise because I like to make
 

1749
00:32:30,640 --> 00:32:32,230
useful exercise because I like to make
sure that people like are who are

1750
00:32:32,230 --> 00:32:32,240
sure that people like are who are
 

1751
00:32:32,240 --> 00:32:35,669
sure that people like are who are
wanting to create a true settlement on

1752
00:32:35,669 --> 00:32:35,679
wanting to create a true settlement on
 

1753
00:32:35,679 --> 00:32:37,990
wanting to create a true settlement on
the moon or on Mars or elsewhere like

1754
00:32:37,990 --> 00:32:38,000
the moon or on Mars or elsewhere like
 

1755
00:32:38,000 --> 00:32:40,149
the moon or on Mars or elsewhere like
understand like what the consequences

1756
00:32:40,149 --> 00:32:40,159
understand like what the consequences
 

1757
00:32:40,159 --> 00:32:42,950
understand like what the consequences
would be of doing that centuries down to

1758
00:32:42,950 --> 00:32:42,960
would be of doing that centuries down to
 

1759
00:32:42,960 --> 00:32:45,029
would be of doing that centuries down to
say yeah well or even maybe faster than

1760
00:32:45,029 --> 00:32:45,039
say yeah well or even maybe faster than
 

1761
00:32:45,039 --> 00:32:47,990
say yeah well or even maybe faster than
that if that evolutionary process as I

1762
00:32:47,990 --> 00:32:48,000
that if that evolutionary process as I
 

1763
00:32:48,000 --> 00:32:50,710
that if that evolutionary process as I
predict it would indeed be accelerated.

1764
00:32:50,710 --> 00:32:50,720
predict it would indeed be accelerated.
 

1765
00:32:50,720 --> 00:32:53,430
predict it would indeed be accelerated.
So um you know what we know is that

1766
00:32:53,430 --> 00:32:53,440
So um you know what we know is that
 

1767
00:32:53,440 --> 00:32:57,029
So um you know what we know is that
species tend to come into existence um

1768
00:32:57,029 --> 00:32:57,039
species tend to come into existence um
 

1769
00:32:57,039 --> 00:32:59,990
species tend to come into existence um
in situations where there isn't much

1770
00:32:59,990 --> 00:33:00,000
in situations where there isn't much
 

1771
00:33:00,000 --> 00:33:03,269
in situations where there isn't much
opportunity for them to exchange genes

1772
00:33:03,269 --> 00:33:03,279
opportunity for them to exchange genes
 

1773
00:33:03,279 --> 00:33:05,669
opportunity for them to exchange genes
with other species. So in other words

1774
00:33:05,669 --> 00:33:05,679
with other species. So in other words
 

1775
00:33:05,679 --> 00:33:07,830
with other species. So in other words
like if you have um you know an island

1776
00:33:07,830 --> 00:33:07,840
like if you have um you know an island
 

1777
00:33:07,840 --> 00:33:09,830
like if you have um you know an island
situation where individuals aren't able

1778
00:33:09,830 --> 00:33:09,840
situation where individuals aren't able
 

1779
00:33:09,840 --> 00:33:12,870
situation where individuals aren't able
to easily move between islands right

1780
00:33:12,870 --> 00:33:12,880
to easily move between islands right
 

1781
00:33:12,880 --> 00:33:15,590
to easily move between islands right
that's a setup for evolving new species

1782
00:33:15,590 --> 00:33:15,600
that's a setup for evolving new species
 

1783
00:33:15,600 --> 00:33:19,350
that's a setup for evolving new species
speciation. Um, and so if you on the

1784
00:33:19,350 --> 00:33:19,360
speciation. Um, and so if you on the
 

1785
00:33:19,360 --> 00:33:21,350
speciation. Um, and so if you on the
other hand are exchanging, if you're

1786
00:33:21,350 --> 00:33:21,360
other hand are exchanging, if you're
 

1787
00:33:21,360 --> 00:33:22,710
other hand are exchanging, if you're
going back and forth, right, if you're

1788
00:33:22,710 --> 00:33:22,720
going back and forth, right, if you're
 

1789
00:33:22,720 --> 00:33:24,470
going back and forth, right, if you're
sending people back and forth between

1790
00:33:24,470 --> 00:33:24,480
sending people back and forth between
 

1791
00:33:24,480 --> 00:33:26,870
sending people back and forth between
Earth and Mars regularly and they're

1792
00:33:26,870 --> 00:33:26,880
Earth and Mars regularly and they're
 

1793
00:33:26,880 --> 00:33:28,310
Earth and Mars regularly and they're
exchanging genes,

1794
00:33:28,310 --> 00:33:28,320
exchanging genes,
 

1795
00:33:28,320 --> 00:33:30,630
exchanging genes,
>> then that would actually make it less

1796
00:33:30,630 --> 00:33:30,640
>> then that would actually make it less
 

1797
00:33:30,640 --> 00:33:32,950
>> then that would actually make it less
likely that a new species evolves there,

1798
00:33:32,950 --> 00:33:32,960
likely that a new species evolves there,
 

1799
00:33:32,960 --> 00:33:34,710
likely that a new species evolves there,
right? Because basically like any new

1800
00:33:34,710 --> 00:33:34,720
right? Because basically like any new
 

1801
00:33:34,720 --> 00:33:36,389
right? Because basically like any new
kind of variation that comes into

1802
00:33:36,389 --> 00:33:36,399
kind of variation that comes into
 

1803
00:33:36,399 --> 00:33:39,190
kind of variation that comes into
existence kind of gets gets spread,

1804
00:33:39,190 --> 00:33:39,200
existence kind of gets gets spread,
 

1805
00:33:39,200 --> 00:33:41,430
existence kind of gets gets spread,
right? And you can't become separate as

1806
00:33:41,430 --> 00:33:41,440
right? And you can't become separate as
 

1807
00:33:41,440 --> 00:33:43,029
right? And you can't become separate as
>> if it's not truly isolated. If we're

1808
00:33:43,029 --> 00:33:43,039
>> if it's not truly isolated. If we're
 

1809
00:33:43,039 --> 00:33:44,710
>> if it's not truly isolated. If we're
continuing continually adding to the

1810
00:33:44,710 --> 00:33:44,720
continuing continually adding to the
 

1811
00:33:44,720 --> 00:33:47,029
continuing continually adding to the
Martian population from from Earth, uh

1812
00:33:47,029 --> 00:33:47,039
Martian population from from Earth, uh
 

1813
00:33:47,039 --> 00:33:47,750
Martian population from from Earth, uh
yeah, that would

1814
00:33:47,750 --> 00:33:47,760
yeah, that would
 

1815
00:33:47,760 --> 00:33:48,310
yeah, that would
>> that's right.

1816
00:33:48,310 --> 00:33:48,320
>> that's right.
 

1817
00:33:48,320 --> 00:33:49,350
>> that's right.
>> mitigate that. Yeah.

1818
00:33:49,350 --> 00:33:49,360
>> mitigate that. Yeah.
 

1819
00:33:49,360 --> 00:33:51,350
>> mitigate that. Yeah.
>> So then you have to ask, well, why why

1820
00:33:51,350 --> 00:33:51,360
>> So then you have to ask, well, why why
 

1821
00:33:51,360 --> 00:33:52,789
>> So then you have to ask, well, why why
would that happen? Like what would cause

1822
00:33:52,789 --> 00:33:52,799
would that happen? Like what would cause
 

1823
00:33:52,799 --> 00:33:54,630
would that happen? Like what would cause
you know like what influences how often

1824
00:33:54,630 --> 00:33:54,640
you know like what influences how often
 

1825
00:33:54,640 --> 00:33:57,430
you know like what influences how often
we send uh ships back and forth? And you

1826
00:33:57,430 --> 00:33:57,440
we send uh ships back and forth? And you
 

1827
00:33:57,440 --> 00:33:59,110
we send uh ships back and forth? And you
can think of a lot of things. I mean the

1828
00:33:59,110 --> 00:33:59,120
can think of a lot of things. I mean the
 

1829
00:33:59,120 --> 00:34:01,269
can think of a lot of things. I mean the
economy, the political will, the you

1830
00:34:01,269 --> 00:34:01,279
economy, the political will, the you
 

1831
00:34:01,279 --> 00:34:04,389
economy, the political will, the you
know the who knows geopolitics but um

1832
00:34:04,389 --> 00:34:04,399
know the who knows geopolitics but um
 

1833
00:34:04,399 --> 00:34:06,470
know the who knows geopolitics but um
but there's another factor that I think

1834
00:34:06,470 --> 00:34:06,480
but there's another factor that I think
 

1835
00:34:06,480 --> 00:34:08,869
but there's another factor that I think
uh could play a role and it goes back to

1836
00:34:08,869 --> 00:34:08,879
uh could play a role and it goes back to
 

1837
00:34:08,879 --> 00:34:10,550
uh could play a role and it goes back to
what we were talking about earlier with

1838
00:34:10,550 --> 00:34:10,560
what we were talking about earlier with
 

1839
00:34:10,560 --> 00:34:12,710
what we were talking about earlier with
microbes and infectious disease because

1840
00:34:12,710 --> 00:34:12,720
microbes and infectious disease because
 

1841
00:34:12,720 --> 00:34:15,990
microbes and infectious disease because
if it's true that you uh you know would

1842
00:34:15,990 --> 00:34:16,000
if it's true that you uh you know would
 

1843
00:34:16,000 --> 00:34:19,030
if it's true that you uh you know would
be at risk of spreading a disease if

1844
00:34:19,030 --> 00:34:19,040
be at risk of spreading a disease if
 

1845
00:34:19,040 --> 00:34:21,190
be at risk of spreading a disease if
you're coming from Earth and going to

1846
00:34:21,190 --> 00:34:21,200
you're coming from Earth and going to
 

1847
00:34:21,200 --> 00:34:23,430
you're coming from Earth and going to
you know Mars where they don't have all

1848
00:34:23,430 --> 00:34:23,440
you know Mars where they don't have all
 

1849
00:34:23,440 --> 00:34:26,470
you know Mars where they don't have all
of this uh you know microbial diversity

1850
00:34:26,470 --> 00:34:26,480
of this uh you know microbial diversity
 

1851
00:34:26,480 --> 00:34:28,069
of this uh you know microbial diversity
then you really need to keep those

1852
00:34:28,069 --> 00:34:28,079
then you really need to keep those
 

1853
00:34:28,079 --> 00:34:29,669
then you really need to keep those
people separate to keep them safe,

1854
00:34:29,669 --> 00:34:29,679
people separate to keep them safe,
 

1855
00:34:29,679 --> 00:34:31,190
people separate to keep them safe,
right? You would need to to like an

1856
00:34:31,190 --> 00:34:31,200
right? You would need to to like an
 

1857
00:34:31,200 --> 00:34:32,950
right? You would need to to like an
enforce a quarantine or or just keep

1858
00:34:32,950 --> 00:34:32,960
enforce a quarantine or or just keep
 

1859
00:34:32,960 --> 00:34:35,030
enforce a quarantine or or just keep
them separated. Um, and the reverse

1860
00:34:35,030 --> 00:34:35,040
them separated. Um, and the reverse
 

1861
00:34:35,040 --> 00:34:36,069
them separated. Um, and the reverse
could be true. You could have the

1862
00:34:36,069 --> 00:34:36,079
could be true. You could have the
 

1863
00:34:36,079 --> 00:34:38,389
could be true. You could have the
evolution of some kind of unique

1864
00:34:38,389 --> 00:34:38,399
evolution of some kind of unique
 

1865
00:34:38,399 --> 00:34:40,710
evolution of some kind of unique
pathogen on Mars that would be super

1866
00:34:40,710 --> 00:34:40,720
pathogen on Mars that would be super
 

1867
00:34:40,720 --> 00:34:42,149
pathogen on Mars that would be super
dangerous to people on Earth that

1868
00:34:42,149 --> 00:34:42,159
dangerous to people on Earth that
 

1869
00:34:42,159 --> 00:34:43,589
dangerous to people on Earth that
haven't been exposed to it.

1870
00:34:43,589 --> 00:34:43,599
haven't been exposed to it.
 

1871
00:34:43,599 --> 00:34:44,149
haven't been exposed to it.
>> That's true.

1872
00:34:44,149 --> 00:34:44,159
>> That's true.
 

1873
00:34:44,159 --> 00:34:46,629
>> That's true.
>> Um, so I think like actually infectious

1874
00:34:46,629 --> 00:34:46,639
>> Um, so I think like actually infectious
 

1875
00:34:46,639 --> 00:34:49,430
>> Um, so I think like actually infectious
disease could play a really major role

1876
00:34:49,430 --> 00:34:49,440
disease could play a really major role
 

1877
00:34:49,440 --> 00:34:52,069
disease could play a really major role
in uh making it hard to go back and

1878
00:34:52,069 --> 00:34:52,079
in uh making it hard to go back and
 

1879
00:34:52,079 --> 00:34:53,909
in uh making it hard to go back and
forth between planets once you have

1880
00:34:53,909 --> 00:34:53,919
forth between planets once you have
 

1881
00:34:53,919 --> 00:34:56,149
forth between planets once you have
people actually born on those other

1882
00:34:56,149 --> 00:34:56,159
people actually born on those other
 

1883
00:34:56,159 --> 00:34:59,349
people actually born on those other
planets. Um, and if that's true, that

1884
00:34:59,349 --> 00:34:59,359
planets. Um, and if that's true, that
 

1885
00:34:59,359 --> 00:35:01,670
planets. Um, and if that's true, that
would make speciation, the evolution of

1886
00:35:01,670 --> 00:35:01,680
would make speciation, the evolution of
 

1887
00:35:01,680 --> 00:35:04,310
would make speciation, the evolution of
a new human species on another world,

1888
00:35:04,310 --> 00:35:04,320
a new human species on another world,
 

1889
00:35:04,320 --> 00:35:06,470
a new human species on another world,
much more likely and much more rapid.

1890
00:35:06,470 --> 00:35:06,480
much more likely and much more rapid.
 

1891
00:35:06,480 --> 00:35:08,790
much more likely and much more rapid.
>> Wow. Yeah. The pathogens, they just get

1892
00:35:08,790 --> 00:35:08,800
>> Wow. Yeah. The pathogens, they just get
 

1893
00:35:08,800 --> 00:35:10,950
>> Wow. Yeah. The pathogens, they just get
us at every turn. We can't escape. We

1894
00:35:10,950 --> 00:35:10,960
us at every turn. We can't escape. We
 

1895
00:35:10,960 --> 00:35:13,030
us at every turn. We can't escape. We
can't even go to space and get away from

1896
00:35:13,030 --> 00:35:13,040
can't even go to space and get away from
 

1897
00:35:13,040 --> 00:35:13,510
can't even go to space and get away from
these things.

1898
00:35:13,510 --> 00:35:13,520
these things.
 

1899
00:35:13,520 --> 00:35:16,230
these things.
>> We're living in a microbial world.

1900
00:35:16,230 --> 00:35:16,240
>> We're living in a microbial world.
 

1901
00:35:16,240 --> 00:35:17,589
>> We're living in a microbial world.
>> Yeah. We're just we're we're just

1902
00:35:17,589 --> 00:35:17,599
>> Yeah. We're just we're we're just
 

1903
00:35:17,599 --> 00:35:20,710
>> Yeah. We're just we're we're just
guests. So I mean the last thing I mean

1904
00:35:20,710 --> 00:35:20,720
guests. So I mean the last thing I mean
 

1905
00:35:20,720 --> 00:35:22,950
guests. So I mean the last thing I mean
I think given given what we're saying

1906
00:35:22,950 --> 00:35:22,960
I think given given what we're saying
 

1907
00:35:22,960 --> 00:35:26,230
I think given given what we're saying
about evolutionary principles um

1908
00:35:26,230 --> 00:35:26,240
about evolutionary principles um
 

1909
00:35:26,240 --> 00:35:28,150
about evolutionary principles um
>> you know where where does technology

1910
00:35:28,150 --> 00:35:28,160
>> you know where where does technology
 

1911
00:35:28,160 --> 00:35:31,109
>> you know where where does technology
come into play where will there be some

1912
00:35:31,109 --> 00:35:31,119
come into play where will there be some
 

1913
00:35:31,119 --> 00:35:32,710
come into play where will there be some
technological innovation that can

1914
00:35:32,710 --> 00:35:32,720
technological innovation that can
 

1915
00:35:32,720 --> 00:35:34,390
technological innovation that can
mitigate some of the these negative

1916
00:35:34,390 --> 00:35:34,400
mitigate some of the these negative
 

1917
00:35:34,400 --> 00:35:35,589
mitigate some of the these negative
eventualities. We're talking about

1918
00:35:35,589 --> 00:35:35,599
eventualities. We're talking about
 

1919
00:35:35,599 --> 00:35:37,030
eventualities. We're talking about
pathogens. We're talking about other

1920
00:35:37,030 --> 00:35:37,040
pathogens. We're talking about other
 

1921
00:35:37,040 --> 00:35:39,270
pathogens. We're talking about other
possible negative uh ramifications. You

1922
00:35:39,270 --> 00:35:39,280
possible negative uh ramifications. You
 

1923
00:35:39,280 --> 00:35:40,630
possible negative uh ramifications. You
know bone density and all these other

1924
00:35:40,630 --> 00:35:40,640
know bone density and all these other
 

1925
00:35:40,640 --> 00:35:43,589
know bone density and all these other
things. Is it is it are can we

1926
00:35:43,589 --> 00:35:43,599
things. Is it is it are can we
 

1927
00:35:43,599 --> 00:35:46,550
things. Is it is it are can we
genetically engineer ourselves in a in a

1928
00:35:46,550 --> 00:35:46,560
genetically engineer ourselves in a in a
 

1929
00:35:46,560 --> 00:35:48,790
genetically engineer ourselves in a in a
in a positive way or will we go the

1930
00:35:48,790 --> 00:35:48,800
in a positive way or will we go the
 

1931
00:35:48,800 --> 00:35:50,790
in a positive way or will we go the
route of cybernetics? Will we merge with

1932
00:35:50,790 --> 00:35:50,800
route of cybernetics? Will we merge with
 

1933
00:35:50,800 --> 00:35:52,390
route of cybernetics? Will we merge with
some kind of technology? What I mean

1934
00:35:52,390 --> 00:35:52,400
some kind of technology? What I mean
 

1935
00:35:52,400 --> 00:35:54,950
some kind of technology? What I mean
this is way speculative but any thoughts

1936
00:35:54,950 --> 00:35:54,960
this is way speculative but any thoughts
 

1937
00:35:54,960 --> 00:35:57,589
this is way speculative but any thoughts
here? uh it is and at the same time

1938
00:35:57,589 --> 00:35:57,599
here? uh it is and at the same time
 

1939
00:35:57,599 --> 00:35:59,190
here? uh it is and at the same time
there are people actively working on it

1940
00:35:59,190 --> 00:35:59,200
there are people actively working on it
 

1941
00:35:59,200 --> 00:36:00,550
there are people actively working on it
and that was one of the things I was I

1942
00:36:00,550 --> 00:36:00,560
and that was one of the things I was I
 

1943
00:36:00,560 --> 00:36:02,390
and that was one of the things I was I
was excited to explore as I was you know

1944
00:36:02,390 --> 00:36:02,400
was excited to explore as I was you know
 

1945
00:36:02,400 --> 00:36:04,630
was excited to explore as I was you know
researching my book is that there are

1946
00:36:04,630 --> 00:36:04,640
researching my book is that there are
 

1947
00:36:04,640 --> 00:36:06,950
researching my book is that there are
are labs and I I visited some of these

1948
00:36:06,950 --> 00:36:06,960
are labs and I I visited some of these
 

1949
00:36:06,960 --> 00:36:08,950
are labs and I I visited some of these
where people are actively working on

1950
00:36:08,950 --> 00:36:08,960
where people are actively working on
 

1951
00:36:08,960 --> 00:36:12,069
where people are actively working on
trying to see can we take say genes from

1952
00:36:12,069 --> 00:36:12,079
trying to see can we take say genes from
 

1953
00:36:12,079 --> 00:36:13,829
trying to see can we take say genes from
tardigrades which are known to be able

1954
00:36:13,829 --> 00:36:13,839
tardigrades which are known to be able
 

1955
00:36:13,839 --> 00:36:15,589
tardigrades which are known to be able
to tolerate extreme environments

1956
00:36:15,589 --> 00:36:15,599
to tolerate extreme environments
 

1957
00:36:15,599 --> 00:36:18,310
to tolerate extreme environments
including space and insert them into

1958
00:36:18,310 --> 00:36:18,320
including space and insert them into
 

1959
00:36:18,320 --> 00:36:20,230
including space and insert them into
human cells and the short answer seems

1960
00:36:20,230 --> 00:36:20,240
human cells and the short answer seems
 

1961
00:36:20,240 --> 00:36:22,950
human cells and the short answer seems
to be yeah we can and those human cells

1962
00:36:22,950 --> 00:36:22,960
to be yeah we can and those human cells
 

1963
00:36:22,960 --> 00:36:25,670
to be yeah we can and those human cells
at least grown in in culture in a

1964
00:36:25,670 --> 00:36:25,680
at least grown in in culture in a
 

1965
00:36:25,680 --> 00:36:27,750
at least grown in in culture in a
are able to become more radiation

1966
00:36:27,750 --> 00:36:27,760
are able to become more radiation
 

1967
00:36:27,760 --> 00:36:30,230
are able to become more radiation
resistant. So, you know, nobody has yet

1968
00:36:30,230 --> 00:36:30,240
resistant. So, you know, nobody has yet
 

1969
00:36:30,240 --> 00:36:32,630
resistant. So, you know, nobody has yet
tried putting that into a a living

1970
00:36:32,630 --> 00:36:32,640
tried putting that into a a living
 

1971
00:36:32,640 --> 00:36:36,390
tried putting that into a a living
individual person or even an animal.

1972
00:36:36,390 --> 00:36:36,400
individual person or even an animal.
 

1973
00:36:36,400 --> 00:36:38,950
individual person or even an animal.
>> Yeah, absolutely. But if that were to be

1974
00:36:38,950 --> 00:36:38,960
>> Yeah, absolutely. But if that were to be
 

1975
00:36:38,960 --> 00:36:40,550
>> Yeah, absolutely. But if that were to be
possible, it's interesting to think

1976
00:36:40,550 --> 00:36:40,560
possible, it's interesting to think
 

1977
00:36:40,560 --> 00:36:43,030
possible, it's interesting to think
about, you know, what are the what are

1978
00:36:43,030 --> 00:36:43,040
about, you know, what are the what are
 

1979
00:36:43,040 --> 00:36:43,990
about, you know, what are the what are
the limits of that? Like

1980
00:36:43,990 --> 00:36:44,000
the limits of that? Like
 

1981
00:36:44,000 --> 00:36:46,950
the limits of that? Like
>> do we what are the discrete proteins

1982
00:36:46,950 --> 00:36:46,960
>> do we what are the discrete proteins
 

1983
00:36:46,960 --> 00:36:49,109
>> do we what are the discrete proteins
that are being expressed? How does that

1984
00:36:49,109 --> 00:36:49,119
that are being expressed? How does that
 

1985
00:36:49,119 --> 00:36:51,750
that are being expressed? How does that
work mechanistically? Well, so for an

1986
00:36:51,750 --> 00:36:51,760
work mechanistically? Well, so for an
 

1987
00:36:51,760 --> 00:36:54,390
work mechanistically? Well, so for an
one example of this is there is a gene

1988
00:36:54,390 --> 00:36:54,400
one example of this is there is a gene
 

1989
00:36:54,400 --> 00:36:57,670
one example of this is there is a gene
called DUP and this stands for damage

1990
00:36:57,670 --> 00:36:57,680
called DUP and this stands for damage
 

1991
00:36:57,680 --> 00:36:59,510
called DUP and this stands for damage
suppressor. This was a a gene that was

1992
00:36:59,510 --> 00:36:59,520
suppressor. This was a a gene that was
 

1993
00:36:59,520 --> 00:37:01,829
suppressor. This was a a gene that was
identified in tardigrades. It produces a

1994
00:37:01,829 --> 00:37:01,839
identified in tardigrades. It produces a
 

1995
00:37:01,839 --> 00:37:04,710
identified in tardigrades. It produces a
protein called DUP. Uh this is a damage

1996
00:37:04,710 --> 00:37:04,720
protein called DUP. Uh this is a damage
 

1997
00:37:04,720 --> 00:37:08,069
protein called DUP. Uh this is a damage
suppressor. So radiation damage to DNA

1998
00:37:08,069 --> 00:37:08,079
suppressor. So radiation damage to DNA
 

1999
00:37:08,079 --> 00:37:11,190
suppressor. So radiation damage to DNA
is being suppressed by this protein. And

2000
00:37:11,190 --> 00:37:11,200
is being suppressed by this protein. And
 

2001
00:37:11,200 --> 00:37:15,670
is being suppressed by this protein. And
so if you insert the gene DUP into a

2002
00:37:15,670 --> 00:37:15,680
so if you insert the gene DUP into a
 

2003
00:37:15,680 --> 00:37:17,910
so if you insert the gene DUP into a
human cell, it will produce that DUP

2004
00:37:17,910 --> 00:37:17,920
human cell, it will produce that DUP
 

2005
00:37:17,920 --> 00:37:21,829
human cell, it will produce that DUP
protein. and uh has been shown to uh

2006
00:37:21,829 --> 00:37:21,839
protein. and uh has been shown to uh
 

2007
00:37:21,839 --> 00:37:25,030
protein. and uh has been shown to uh
actively suppress radiation damage in in

2008
00:37:25,030 --> 00:37:25,040
actively suppress radiation damage in in
 

2009
00:37:25,040 --> 00:37:27,589
actively suppress radiation damage in in
in vitro. Right. So in in uh a

2010
00:37:27,589 --> 00:37:27,599
in vitro. Right. So in in uh a
 

2011
00:37:27,599 --> 00:37:28,950
in vitro. Right. So in in uh a
laboratory setting. Yep.

2012
00:37:28,950 --> 00:37:28,960
laboratory setting. Yep.
 

2013
00:37:28,960 --> 00:37:30,630
laboratory setting. Yep.
>> Right. And if that's happening in every

2014
00:37:30,630 --> 00:37:30,640
>> Right. And if that's happening in every
 

2015
00:37:30,640 --> 00:37:32,470
>> Right. And if that's happening in every
cell, then why wouldn't it happen in

2016
00:37:32,470 --> 00:37:32,480
cell, then why wouldn't it happen in
 

2017
00:37:32,480 --> 00:37:34,470
cell, then why wouldn't it happen in
every cell of a living organism?

2018
00:37:34,470 --> 00:37:34,480
every cell of a living organism?
 

2019
00:37:34,480 --> 00:37:36,550
every cell of a living organism?
Presumably. Uh we don't know.

2020
00:37:36,550 --> 00:37:36,560
Presumably. Uh we don't know.
 

2021
00:37:36,560 --> 00:37:37,829
Presumably. Uh we don't know.
>> Yeah. As you know, it gets more

2022
00:37:37,829 --> 00:37:37,839
>> Yeah. As you know, it gets more
 

2023
00:37:37,839 --> 00:37:39,510
>> Yeah. As you know, it gets more
complicated because, you know, genes

2024
00:37:39,510 --> 00:37:39,520
complicated because, you know, genes
 

2025
00:37:39,520 --> 00:37:41,829
complicated because, you know, genes
interact with one another and genes from

2026
00:37:41,829 --> 00:37:41,839
interact with one another and genes from
 

2027
00:37:41,839 --> 00:37:44,390
interact with one another and genes from
one type of tissue can interact from

2028
00:37:44,390 --> 00:37:44,400
one type of tissue can interact from
 

2029
00:37:44,400 --> 00:37:46,069
one type of tissue can interact from
genes from a different type of tissue in

2030
00:37:46,069 --> 00:37:46,079
genes from a different type of tissue in
 

2031
00:37:46,079 --> 00:37:47,990
genes from a different type of tissue in
ways that can be hard to predict in a a

2032
00:37:47,990 --> 00:37:48,000
ways that can be hard to predict in a a
 

2033
00:37:48,000 --> 00:37:49,750
ways that can be hard to predict in a a
simple lab study. But yeah, but that

2034
00:37:49,750 --> 00:37:49,760
simple lab study. But yeah, but that
 

2035
00:37:49,760 --> 00:37:51,430
simple lab study. But yeah, but that
people are actively working on that. So,

2036
00:37:51,430 --> 00:37:51,440
people are actively working on that. So,
 

2037
00:37:51,440 --> 00:37:53,670
people are actively working on that. So,
you know, there is this idea that uh we

2038
00:37:53,670 --> 00:37:53,680
you know, there is this idea that uh we
 

2039
00:37:53,680 --> 00:37:58,230
you know, there is this idea that uh we
can enable um future space explorers by

2040
00:37:58,230 --> 00:37:58,240
can enable um future space explorers by
 

2041
00:37:58,240 --> 00:38:01,670
can enable um future space explorers by
being able to basically equip them with

2042
00:38:01,670 --> 00:38:01,680
being able to basically equip them with
 

2043
00:38:01,680 --> 00:38:03,109
being able to basically equip them with
essentially superpowers, right? I mean,

2044
00:38:03,109 --> 00:38:03,119
essentially superpowers, right? I mean,
 

2045
00:38:03,119 --> 00:38:05,510
essentially superpowers, right? I mean,
it's the abilities of organisms from

2046
00:38:05,510 --> 00:38:05,520
it's the abilities of organisms from
 

2047
00:38:05,520 --> 00:38:07,030
it's the abilities of organisms from
Earth that are known to be able to

2048
00:38:07,030 --> 00:38:07,040
Earth that are known to be able to
 

2049
00:38:07,040 --> 00:38:08,870
Earth that are known to be able to
tolerate extreme environments, whether

2050
00:38:08,870 --> 00:38:08,880
tolerate extreme environments, whether
 

2051
00:38:08,880 --> 00:38:10,950
tolerate extreme environments, whether
it's radiation or temperature or

2052
00:38:10,950 --> 00:38:10,960
it's radiation or temperature or
 

2053
00:38:10,960 --> 00:38:13,109
it's radiation or temperature or
pressure. Um, we know what the

2054
00:38:13,109 --> 00:38:13,119
pressure. Um, we know what the
 

2055
00:38:13,119 --> 00:38:15,109
pressure. Um, we know what the
conditions are like in space. We know

2056
00:38:15,109 --> 00:38:15,119
conditions are like in space. We know
 

2057
00:38:15,119 --> 00:38:16,550
conditions are like in space. We know
that there are organisms that can

2058
00:38:16,550 --> 00:38:16,560
that there are organisms that can
 

2059
00:38:16,560 --> 00:38:18,310
that there are organisms that can
survive in extreme environments. If we

2060
00:38:18,310 --> 00:38:18,320
survive in extreme environments. If we
 

2061
00:38:18,320 --> 00:38:20,550
survive in extreme environments. If we
can identify the genes that are allowing

2062
00:38:20,550 --> 00:38:20,560
can identify the genes that are allowing
 

2063
00:38:20,560 --> 00:38:23,109
can identify the genes that are allowing
them to do that and show that you can

2064
00:38:23,109 --> 00:38:23,119
them to do that and show that you can
 

2065
00:38:23,119 --> 00:38:26,390
them to do that and show that you can
safely put them into a human cell, a

2066
00:38:26,390 --> 00:38:26,400
safely put them into a human cell, a
 

2067
00:38:26,400 --> 00:38:28,069
safely put them into a human cell, a
human tissue, a human individual, then

2068
00:38:28,069 --> 00:38:28,079
human tissue, a human individual, then
 

2069
00:38:28,079 --> 00:38:30,870
human tissue, a human individual, then
in principle we may be able to

2070
00:38:30,870 --> 00:38:30,880
in principle we may be able to
 

2071
00:38:30,880 --> 00:38:34,150
in principle we may be able to
essentially uh en enhance the ability of

2072
00:38:34,150 --> 00:38:34,160
essentially uh en enhance the ability of
 

2073
00:38:34,160 --> 00:38:36,390
essentially uh en enhance the ability of
people to adapt to the environment of

2074
00:38:36,390 --> 00:38:36,400
people to adapt to the environment of
 

2075
00:38:36,400 --> 00:38:37,270
people to adapt to the environment of
space.

2076
00:38:37,270 --> 00:38:37,280
space.
 

2077
00:38:37,280 --> 00:38:39,270
space.
>> Now I think it raises really important

2078
00:38:39,270 --> 00:38:39,280
>> Now I think it raises really important
 

2079
00:38:39,280 --> 00:38:42,710
>> Now I think it raises really important
ethical questions, right? Yeah. Um and

2080
00:38:42,710 --> 00:38:42,720
ethical questions, right? Yeah. Um and
 

2081
00:38:42,720 --> 00:38:45,270
ethical questions, right? Yeah. Um and
uh those are questions that we need to

2082
00:38:45,270 --> 00:38:45,280
uh those are questions that we need to
 

2083
00:38:45,280 --> 00:38:47,589
uh those are questions that we need to
be addressing along with the biological

2084
00:38:47,589 --> 00:38:47,599
be addressing along with the biological
 

2085
00:38:47,599 --> 00:38:49,990
be addressing along with the biological
questions. Yeah. Um but at the same

2086
00:38:49,990 --> 00:38:50,000
questions. Yeah. Um but at the same
 

2087
00:38:50,000 --> 00:38:51,990
questions. Yeah. Um but at the same
time, if we decide that it's important

2088
00:38:51,990 --> 00:38:52,000
time, if we decide that it's important
 

2089
00:38:52,000 --> 00:38:54,069
time, if we decide that it's important
to be living in space,

2090
00:38:54,069 --> 00:38:54,079
to be living in space,
 

2091
00:38:54,079 --> 00:38:56,550
to be living in space,
>> then you know maybe it's the most

2092
00:38:56,550 --> 00:38:56,560
>> then you know maybe it's the most
 

2093
00:38:56,560 --> 00:38:59,270
>> then you know maybe it's the most
ethical thing to do to make sure that we

2094
00:38:59,270 --> 00:38:59,280
ethical thing to do to make sure that we
 

2095
00:38:59,280 --> 00:39:01,430
ethical thing to do to make sure that we
are alleviating human suffering by using

2096
00:39:01,430 --> 00:39:01,440
are alleviating human suffering by using
 

2097
00:39:01,440 --> 00:39:02,150
are alleviating human suffering by using
those technologies

2098
00:39:02,150 --> 00:39:02,160
those technologies
 

2099
00:39:02,160 --> 00:39:03,829
those technologies
>> by equipping ourselves. Yeah, I can

2100
00:39:03,829 --> 00:39:03,839
>> by equipping ourselves. Yeah, I can
 

2101
00:39:03,839 --> 00:39:05,589
>> by equipping ourselves. Yeah, I can
already envision the push back from, you

2102
00:39:05,589 --> 00:39:05,599
already envision the push back from, you
 

2103
00:39:05,599 --> 00:39:06,630
already envision the push back from, you
know, especially the religious

2104
00:39:06,630 --> 00:39:06,640
know, especially the religious
 

2105
00:39:06,640 --> 00:39:10,310
know, especially the religious
community. Uh, and you know, the valid

2106
00:39:10,310 --> 00:39:10,320
community. Uh, and you know, the valid
 

2107
00:39:10,320 --> 00:39:12,069
community. Uh, and you know, the valid
push back could exist, but not for the

2108
00:39:12,069 --> 00:39:12,079
push back could exist, but not for the
 

2109
00:39:12,079 --> 00:39:13,750
push back could exist, but not for the
reasons that they would be citing. You

2110
00:39:13,750 --> 00:39:13,760
reasons that they would be citing. You
 

2111
00:39:13,760 --> 00:39:16,470
reasons that they would be citing. You
know, should we do this? Yeah. I mean,

2112
00:39:16,470 --> 00:39:16,480
know, should we do this? Yeah. I mean,
 

2113
00:39:16,480 --> 00:39:18,470
know, should we do this? Yeah. I mean,
it's it's a there arguments can be made

2114
00:39:18,470 --> 00:39:18,480
it's it's a there arguments can be made
 

2115
00:39:18,480 --> 00:39:20,470
it's it's a there arguments can be made
on both sides. All I know is it's

2116
00:39:20,470 --> 00:39:20,480
on both sides. All I know is it's
 

2117
00:39:20,480 --> 00:39:22,470
on both sides. All I know is it's
absolutely terrifying and fascinating

2118
00:39:22,470 --> 00:39:22,480
absolutely terrifying and fascinating
 

2119
00:39:22,480 --> 00:39:25,430
absolutely terrifying and fascinating
and uh I lament that I probably won't

2120
00:39:25,430 --> 00:39:25,440
and uh I lament that I probably won't
 

2121
00:39:25,440 --> 00:39:27,750
and uh I lament that I probably won't
live long enough to see a lot of this

2122
00:39:27,750 --> 00:39:27,760
live long enough to see a lot of this
 

2123
00:39:27,760 --> 00:39:30,630
live long enough to see a lot of this
change go down, but uh it's wild to

2124
00:39:30,630 --> 00:39:30,640
change go down, but uh it's wild to
 

2125
00:39:30,640 --> 00:39:32,550
change go down, but uh it's wild to
think about. So, yeah. Well, we're going

2126
00:39:32,550 --> 00:39:32,560
think about. So, yeah. Well, we're going
 

2127
00:39:32,560 --> 00:39:34,630
think about. So, yeah. Well, we're going
to learn a lot from the creation of this

2128
00:39:34,630 --> 00:39:34,640
to learn a lot from the creation of this
 

2129
00:39:34,640 --> 00:39:36,870
to learn a lot from the creation of this
moon base that, you know, NASA says

2130
00:39:36,870 --> 00:39:36,880
moon base that, you know, NASA says
 

2131
00:39:36,880 --> 00:39:38,150
moon base that, you know, NASA says
they're going to build within the next

2132
00:39:38,150 --> 00:39:38,160
they're going to build within the next
 

2133
00:39:38,160 --> 00:39:40,310
they're going to build within the next
decade. And so, if we truly did, as we

2134
00:39:40,310 --> 00:39:40,320
decade. And so, if we truly did, as we
 

2135
00:39:40,320 --> 00:39:41,829
decade. And so, if we truly did, as we
started the conversation talking about,

2136
00:39:41,829 --> 00:39:41,839
started the conversation talking about,
 

2137
00:39:41,839 --> 00:39:43,670
started the conversation talking about,
you know, what will happen to people

2138
00:39:43,670 --> 00:39:43,680
you know, what will happen to people
 

2139
00:39:43,680 --> 00:39:45,990
you know, what will happen to people
living on a lunar base, we will learn a

2140
00:39:45,990 --> 00:39:46,000
living on a lunar base, we will learn a
 

2141
00:39:46,000 --> 00:39:48,310
living on a lunar base, we will learn a
lot about what happens to their bodies.

2142
00:39:48,310 --> 00:39:48,320
lot about what happens to their bodies.
 

2143
00:39:48,320 --> 00:39:49,990
lot about what happens to their bodies.
And we have the potential of doing some

2144
00:39:49,990 --> 00:39:50,000
And we have the potential of doing some
 

2145
00:39:50,000 --> 00:39:52,710
And we have the potential of doing some
really cool science to see, can we use

2146
00:39:52,710 --> 00:39:52,720
really cool science to see, can we use
 

2147
00:39:52,720 --> 00:39:54,310
really cool science to see, can we use
genetic engineering? I mean, we'll want

2148
00:39:54,310 --> 00:39:54,320
genetic engineering? I mean, we'll want
 

2149
00:39:54,320 --> 00:39:56,150
genetic engineering? I mean, we'll want
to start with with animal models, I

2150
00:39:56,150 --> 00:39:56,160
to start with with animal models, I
 

2151
00:39:56,160 --> 00:39:58,470
to start with with animal models, I
would think, and kind of show that like

2152
00:39:58,470 --> 00:39:58,480
would think, and kind of show that like
 

2153
00:39:58,480 --> 00:40:01,910
would think, and kind of show that like
if it's safe and effective to use

2154
00:40:01,910 --> 00:40:01,920
if it's safe and effective to use
 

2155
00:40:01,920 --> 00:40:04,390
if it's safe and effective to use
genetic engineering to modify their DNA

2156
00:40:04,390 --> 00:40:04,400
genetic engineering to modify their DNA
 

2157
00:40:04,400 --> 00:40:05,990
genetic engineering to modify their DNA
to equip them with the ability to

2158
00:40:05,990 --> 00:40:06,000
to equip them with the ability to
 

2159
00:40:06,000 --> 00:40:08,230
to equip them with the ability to
tolerate high radiation, like that that

2160
00:40:08,230 --> 00:40:08,240
tolerate high radiation, like that that
 

2161
00:40:08,240 --> 00:40:10,069
tolerate high radiation, like that that
would be pretty incredible to find out.

2162
00:40:10,069 --> 00:40:10,079
would be pretty incredible to find out.
 

2163
00:40:10,079 --> 00:40:11,670
would be pretty incredible to find out.
>> It would be.

2164
00:40:11,670 --> 00:40:11,680
>> It would be.
 

2165
00:40:11,680 --> 00:40:13,349
>> It would be.
>> So, a lot of science to be done.

2166
00:40:13,349 --> 00:40:13,359
>> So, a lot of science to be done.
 

2167
00:40:13,359 --> 00:40:16,390
>> So, a lot of science to be done.
>> Yeah. Animal studies first as always.

2168
00:40:16,390 --> 00:40:16,400
>> Yeah. Animal studies first as always.
 

2169
00:40:16,400 --> 00:40:18,150
>> Yeah. Animal studies first as always.
Yeah. No, it's it it really is

2170
00:40:18,150 --> 00:40:18,160
Yeah. No, it's it it really is
 

2171
00:40:18,160 --> 00:40:19,589
Yeah. No, it's it it really is
incredible. I mean, I I think that's

2172
00:40:19,589 --> 00:40:19,599
incredible. I mean, I I think that's
 

2173
00:40:19,599 --> 00:40:22,790
incredible. I mean, I I think that's
what is lost with with uh with the hype

2174
00:40:22,790 --> 00:40:22,800
what is lost with with uh with the hype
 

2175
00:40:22,800 --> 00:40:26,630
what is lost with with uh with the hype
on around Artemis 2 right now is there's

2176
00:40:26,630 --> 00:40:26,640
on around Artemis 2 right now is there's
 

2177
00:40:26,640 --> 00:40:29,109
on around Artemis 2 right now is there's
just so much focus on naysayers. Like

2178
00:40:29,109 --> 00:40:29,119
just so much focus on naysayers. Like
 

2179
00:40:29,119 --> 00:40:30,390
just so much focus on naysayers. Like
whether it's moon landing deniers or

2180
00:40:30,390 --> 00:40:30,400
whether it's moon landing deniers or
 

2181
00:40:30,400 --> 00:40:31,510
whether it's moon landing deniers or
something like, "Oh, they're just

2182
00:40:31,510 --> 00:40:31,520
something like, "Oh, they're just
 

2183
00:40:31,520 --> 00:40:32,950
something like, "Oh, they're just
they're just orbiting the moon right

2184
00:40:32,950 --> 00:40:32,960
they're just orbiting the moon right
 

2185
00:40:32,960 --> 00:40:34,150
they're just orbiting the moon right
now. They're not even doing anything."

2186
00:40:34,150 --> 00:40:34,160
now. They're not even doing anything."
 

2187
00:40:34,160 --> 00:40:35,349
now. They're not even doing anything."
They're even like, "Okay, man. They're

2188
00:40:35,349 --> 00:40:35,359
They're even like, "Okay, man. They're
 

2189
00:40:35,359 --> 00:40:36,630
They're even like, "Okay, man. They're
orbiting it once, then they're going to

2190
00:40:36,630 --> 00:40:36,640
orbiting it once, then they're going to
 

2191
00:40:36,640 --> 00:40:37,670
orbiting it once, then they're going to
land, then they're going to build a

2192
00:40:37,670 --> 00:40:37,680
land, then they're going to build a
 

2193
00:40:37,680 --> 00:40:38,870
land, then they're going to build a
base, then it's going to be a Mars

2194
00:40:38,870 --> 00:40:38,880
base, then it's going to be a Mars
 

2195
00:40:38,880 --> 00:40:40,710
base, then it's going to be a Mars
base." Like, think long term. Like,

2196
00:40:40,710 --> 00:40:40,720
base." Like, think long term. Like,
 

2197
00:40:40,720 --> 00:40:42,790
base." Like, think long term. Like,
we're actually doing it. We're actually

2198
00:40:42,790 --> 00:40:42,800
we're actually doing it. We're actually
 

2199
00:40:42,800 --> 00:40:44,870
we're actually doing it. We're actually
doing the future thing right now. It's

2200
00:40:44,870 --> 00:40:44,880
doing the future thing right now. It's
 

2201
00:40:44,880 --> 00:40:47,589
doing the future thing right now. It's
just the first steps, but it's

2202
00:40:47,589 --> 00:40:47,599
just the first steps, but it's
 

2203
00:40:47,599 --> 00:40:48,230
just the first steps, but it's
incredible.

2204
00:40:48,230 --> 00:40:48,240
incredible.
 

2205
00:40:48,240 --> 00:40:49,829
incredible.
>> Cool. There's some cool science being

2206
00:40:49,829 --> 00:40:49,839
>> Cool. There's some cool science being
 

2207
00:40:49,839 --> 00:40:52,310
>> Cool. There's some cool science being
done on this mission, right? So, you

2208
00:40:52,310 --> 00:40:52,320
done on this mission, right? So, you
 

2209
00:40:52,320 --> 00:40:53,589
done on this mission, right? So, you
know, there's this cool experiment

2210
00:40:53,589 --> 00:40:53,599
know, there's this cool experiment
 

2211
00:40:53,599 --> 00:40:55,829
know, there's this cool experiment
called Avatar where it's basically

2212
00:40:55,829 --> 00:40:55,839
called Avatar where it's basically
 

2213
00:40:55,839 --> 00:40:58,069
called Avatar where it's basically
organs on a chip. They've actually taken

2214
00:40:58,069 --> 00:40:58,079
organs on a chip. They've actually taken
 

2215
00:40:58,079 --> 00:41:00,790
organs on a chip. They've actually taken
stem cells from the four Artemis 2

2216
00:41:00,790 --> 00:41:00,800
stem cells from the four Artemis 2
 

2217
00:41:00,800 --> 00:41:03,349
stem cells from the four Artemis 2
astronauts and put them into a device

2218
00:41:03,349 --> 00:41:03,359
astronauts and put them into a device
 

2219
00:41:03,359 --> 00:41:06,390
astronauts and put them into a device
that keeps those stem cells alive while

2220
00:41:06,390 --> 00:41:06,400
that keeps those stem cells alive while
 

2221
00:41:06,400 --> 00:41:09,510
that keeps those stem cells alive while
the mission is orbiting the moon. And in

2222
00:41:09,510 --> 00:41:09,520
the mission is orbiting the moon. And in
 

2223
00:41:09,520 --> 00:41:12,470
the mission is orbiting the moon. And in
theory, if we can study those cells and

2224
00:41:12,470 --> 00:41:12,480
theory, if we can study those cells and
 

2225
00:41:12,480 --> 00:41:14,390
theory, if we can study those cells and
understand how like the radiation

2226
00:41:14,390 --> 00:41:14,400
understand how like the radiation
 

2227
00:41:14,400 --> 00:41:16,550
understand how like the radiation
environment is affecting them in the

2228
00:41:16,550 --> 00:41:16,560
environment is affecting them in the
 

2229
00:41:16,560 --> 00:41:18,309
environment is affecting them in the
future, we could send something like

2230
00:41:18,309 --> 00:41:18,319
future, we could send something like
 

2231
00:41:18,319 --> 00:41:20,550
future, we could send something like
that to other places, we could send a

2232
00:41:20,550 --> 00:41:20,560
that to other places, we could send a
 

2233
00:41:20,560 --> 00:41:22,870
that to other places, we could send a
chip like that to Mars without having to

2234
00:41:22,870 --> 00:41:22,880
chip like that to Mars without having to
 

2235
00:41:22,880 --> 00:41:25,030
chip like that to Mars without having to
send people there and then we can look

2236
00:41:25,030 --> 00:41:25,040
send people there and then we can look
 

2237
00:41:25,040 --> 00:41:26,870
send people there and then we can look
at what is the effect of that

2238
00:41:26,870 --> 00:41:26,880
at what is the effect of that
 

2239
00:41:26,880 --> 00:41:29,510
at what is the effect of that
environment on those cells and have a

2240
00:41:29,510 --> 00:41:29,520
environment on those cells and have a
 

2241
00:41:29,520 --> 00:41:31,270
environment on those cells and have a
better idea about how dangerous it's

2242
00:41:31,270 --> 00:41:31,280
better idea about how dangerous it's
 

2243
00:41:31,280 --> 00:41:33,349
better idea about how dangerous it's
going to be or how we can help shield

2244
00:41:33,349 --> 00:41:33,359
going to be or how we can help shield
 

2245
00:41:33,359 --> 00:41:35,430
going to be or how we can help shield
them from radiation. So that that

2246
00:41:35,430 --> 00:41:35,440
them from radiation. So that that
 

2247
00:41:35,440 --> 00:41:38,230
them from radiation. So that that
science alone, yeah, sure, we're doing a

2248
00:41:38,230 --> 00:41:38,240
science alone, yeah, sure, we're doing a
 

2249
00:41:38,240 --> 00:41:41,510
science alone, yeah, sure, we're doing a
a trajectory that was done in the 1960s

2250
00:41:41,510 --> 00:41:41,520
a trajectory that was done in the 1960s
 

2251
00:41:41,520 --> 00:41:43,910
a trajectory that was done in the 1960s
and 70s, but we're doing science that we

2252
00:41:43,910 --> 00:41:43,920
and 70s, but we're doing science that we
 

2253
00:41:43,920 --> 00:41:46,630
and 70s, but we're doing science that we
couldn't conceive of even 10 years ago.

2254
00:41:46,630 --> 00:41:46,640
couldn't conceive of even 10 years ago.
 

2255
00:41:46,640 --> 00:41:48,390
couldn't conceive of even 10 years ago.
So that that's exciting to me.

2256
00:41:48,390 --> 00:41:48,400
So that that's exciting to me.
 

2257
00:41:48,400 --> 00:41:49,750
So that that's exciting to me.
>> That is crazy. I didn't even think of

2258
00:41:49,750 --> 00:41:49,760
>> That is crazy. I didn't even think of
 

2259
00:41:49,760 --> 00:41:53,030
>> That is crazy. I didn't even think of
that. Send human cells to Mars first

2260
00:41:53,030 --> 00:41:53,040
that. Send human cells to Mars first
 

2261
00:41:53,040 --> 00:41:55,990
that. Send human cells to Mars first
before people and see how that goes.

2262
00:41:55,990 --> 00:41:56,000
before people and see how that goes.
 

2263
00:41:56,000 --> 00:41:57,670
before people and see how that goes.
It's incredible.

2264
00:41:57,670 --> 00:41:57,680
It's incredible.
 

2265
00:41:57,680 --> 00:41:59,829
It's incredible.
>> Yeah. Well, I think that's that's given

2266
00:41:59,829 --> 00:41:59,839
>> Yeah. Well, I think that's that's given
 

2267
00:41:59,839 --> 00:42:02,150
>> Yeah. Well, I think that's that's given
us quite a lot to think about. Uh yeah,

2268
00:42:02,150 --> 00:42:02,160
us quite a lot to think about. Uh yeah,
 

2269
00:42:02,160 --> 00:42:03,750
us quite a lot to think about. Uh yeah,
where where can people learn more about

2270
00:42:03,750 --> 00:42:03,760
where where can people learn more about
 

2271
00:42:03,760 --> 00:42:06,069
where where can people learn more about
you and your your your book and things

2272
00:42:06,069 --> 00:42:06,079
you and your your your book and things
 

2273
00:42:06,079 --> 00:42:06,870
you and your your your book and things
like that?

2274
00:42:06,870 --> 00:42:06,880
like that?
 

2275
00:42:06,880 --> 00:42:08,870
like that?
>> Yeah, thanks. So, uh I mean I've got a

2276
00:42:08,870 --> 00:42:08,880
>> Yeah, thanks. So, uh I mean I've got a
 

2277
00:42:08,880 --> 00:42:11,430
>> Yeah, thanks. So, uh I mean I've got a
website solomon.ry.edu.

2278
00:42:11,430 --> 00:42:11,440
website solomon.ry.edu.
 

2279
00:42:11,440 --> 00:42:12,950
website solomon.ry.edu.
Uh but the book is called Becoming

2280
00:42:12,950 --> 00:42:12,960
Uh but the book is called Becoming
 

2281
00:42:12,960 --> 00:42:15,349
Uh but the book is called Becoming
Martian: How Living in Space Will Change

2282
00:42:15,349 --> 00:42:15,359
Martian: How Living in Space Will Change
 

2283
00:42:15,359 --> 00:42:17,510
Martian: How Living in Space Will Change
Our Bodies and Minds and uh it's

2284
00:42:17,510 --> 00:42:17,520
Our Bodies and Minds and uh it's
 

2285
00:42:17,520 --> 00:42:19,750
Our Bodies and Minds and uh it's
published by MIT Press. You can find it

2286
00:42:19,750 --> 00:42:19,760
published by MIT Press. You can find it
 

2287
00:42:19,760 --> 00:42:23,190
published by MIT Press. You can find it
on the MIT Press website or Amazon or uh

2288
00:42:23,190 --> 00:42:23,200
on the MIT Press website or Amazon or uh
 

2289
00:42:23,200 --> 00:42:25,030
on the MIT Press website or Amazon or uh
any place that you find your books. So,

2290
00:42:25,030 --> 00:42:25,040
any place that you find your books. So,
 

2291
00:42:25,040 --> 00:42:26,069
any place that you find your books. So,
yeah, check it out.

2292
00:42:26,069 --> 00:42:26,079
yeah, check it out.
 

2293
00:42:26,079 --> 00:42:27,510
yeah, check it out.
>> Fantastic. Thanks so much for talking

2294
00:42:27,510 --> 00:42:27,520
>> Fantastic. Thanks so much for talking
 

2295
00:42:27,520 --> 00:42:28,069
>> Fantastic. Thanks so much for talking
with me.

2296
00:42:28,069 --> 00:42:28,079
with me.
 

2297
00:42:28,079 --> 00:42:30,069
with me.
>> Thanks for having me on. This was fun.

2298
00:42:30,069 --> 00:42:30,079
>> Thanks for having me on. This was fun.
 

2299
00:42:30,079 --> 00:42:32,150
>> Thanks for having me on. This was fun.
Fascinating stuff. No, I get a little

2300
00:42:32,150 --> 00:42:32,160
Fascinating stuff. No, I get a little
 

2301
00:42:32,160 --> 00:42:33,910
Fascinating stuff. No, I get a little
giddy just thinking about it. Despite

2302
00:42:33,910 --> 00:42:33,920
giddy just thinking about it. Despite
 

2303
00:42:33,920 --> 00:42:35,910
giddy just thinking about it. Despite
the current war on science and the

2304
00:42:35,910 --> 00:42:35,920
the current war on science and the
 

2305
00:42:35,920 --> 00:42:37,910
the current war on science and the
despair I feel on a daily basis

2306
00:42:37,910 --> 00:42:37,920
despair I feel on a daily basis
 

2307
00:42:37,920 --> 00:42:40,230
despair I feel on a daily basis
regarding widespread disinformation and

2308
00:42:40,230 --> 00:42:40,240
regarding widespread disinformation and
 

2309
00:42:40,240 --> 00:42:42,069
regarding widespread disinformation and
public perception of science, there

2310
00:42:42,069 --> 00:42:42,079
public perception of science, there
 

2311
00:42:42,079 --> 00:42:44,630
public perception of science, there
lives a tiny atrophied optimist

2312
00:42:44,630 --> 00:42:44,640
lives a tiny atrophied optimist
 

2313
00:42:44,640 --> 00:42:47,109
lives a tiny atrophied optimist
somewhere inside me. And he does fully

2314
00:42:47,109 --> 00:42:47,119
somewhere inside me. And he does fully
 

2315
00:42:47,119 --> 00:42:49,109
somewhere inside me. And he does fully
believe that humans will live off-world

2316
00:42:49,109 --> 00:42:49,119
believe that humans will live off-world
 

2317
00:42:49,119 --> 00:42:51,349
believe that humans will live off-world
within the century. And while it saddens

2318
00:42:51,349 --> 00:42:51,359
within the century. And while it saddens
 

2319
00:42:51,359 --> 00:42:53,190
within the century. And while it saddens
me to my core that I'll never get to see

2320
00:42:53,190 --> 00:42:53,200
me to my core that I'll never get to see
 

2321
00:42:53,200 --> 00:42:55,829
me to my core that I'll never get to see
these places and gaze up at a sky that

2322
00:42:55,829 --> 00:42:55,839
these places and gaze up at a sky that
 

2323
00:42:55,839 --> 00:42:57,589
these places and gaze up at a sky that
is different from Earth's, I will always

2324
00:42:57,589 --> 00:42:57,599
is different from Earth's, I will always
 

2325
00:42:57,599 --> 00:42:59,589
is different from Earth's, I will always
retain a sense of pride knowing that

2326
00:42:59,589 --> 00:42:59,599
retain a sense of pride knowing that
 

2327
00:42:59,599 --> 00:43:00,870
retain a sense of pride knowing that
I've been a contributor to the

2328
00:43:00,870 --> 00:43:00,880
I've been a contributor to the
 

2329
00:43:00,880 --> 00:43:02,470
I've been a contributor to the
pro-science faction that will have

2330
00:43:02,470 --> 00:43:02,480
pro-science faction that will have
 

2331
00:43:02,480 --> 00:43:05,030
pro-science faction that will have
gotten us there. The moon, Mars, and

2332
00:43:05,030 --> 00:43:05,040
gotten us there. The moon, Mars, and
 

2333
00:43:05,040 --> 00:43:06,870
gotten us there. The moon, Mars, and
other systems. I'll see you in my

2334
00:43:06,870 --> 00:43:06,880
other systems. I'll see you in my
 

2335
00:43:06,880 --> 00:43:11,800
other systems. I'll see you in my
dreams. Thanks for watching, Space Nuts.